Bearing capacity optimization of T-shaped soil-cement column-improved soft ground under soft fill

During dredging activities, a large amount of dredged clay slurry or lump is produced. A dumping site composed of soft clay near the water body is often used to deposit dredged soft fill. Soil-cement columns are commonly employed to treat the soft ground for this application. Under soft fill, failure of soft clay dominates the behaviour of composite ground. Hence, a soil-cement slab is needed to form a load transfer platform above the columns, which is costly. As an alternative, the use of T-shaped column with an enlarged column cap is proposed. In this study, the responses of composite ground with T-shaped column are measured experimentally, which are used to calibrate a numerical model. The results of numerical parametric analyses show that the implementation of T-shaped column under soft fill can change the governing failure mode into column failure, once the diameter of column cap exceeds a certain value, after which the improvement efficiency is the same between T-shaped column and column-slab system. The height of column cap results in negligible difference in bearing capacity, and a minimum value of 0.3 m is suggested for use in design to avoid punching failure.     

Bearing capacity and failure behaviors of floating stiffened deep cement mixing columns under axial load

This research aims to clarify and gain an insight into the impact of the length of the stiffened core and the strength of the deep cement mixing (DCM) socket on the behaviors of floating stiffened deep cement mixing (SDCM) columns. The observed behaviors include the axial ultimate bearing capacity, settlement and failure mode. The study begins by conducting a series of physical model tests as a preliminary investigation. The results reveal that the strength of the DCM socket can be reduced to a certain value by inserting a sufficiently long reinforced core to achieve the highest possible load-carrying capacity, indicating an optimum length of the stiffened core for a specific DCM socket strength. For a parametric study on the actual scale condition, full-scale load tests on a floating DCM and an SDCM column with eucalyptus wood as a core in the thick soft clay layer area were carried out to provide a reference case. The extended numerical analysis results suggest that the modes of failure depend on the length of the stiffened core and the strength of the DCM socket. The results from the numerical parametric study were used to establish a guideline chart for suggesting the appropriate length of the core in accordance with the strength of the DCM socket of the floating SDCM columns. The field pile load test results also confirm that core materials with a lower strength and stiffness, such as eucalyptus wood, could potentially be used as a reinforced core.     

内置FRP约束混凝土的方钢管混凝土轴压承载力

钢管混凝土FRP混凝土(SCFC)组合柱是新近提出的一种新型组合柱形式。提出考虑外钢管与FRP的双重约束效果,采用双剪统一理论分析了SCFC组合柱外钢管、外层混凝土、FRP管以及内层混凝土的应力状态,根据静力平衡条件得到了SCFC组合柱的轴压承载力计算公式,其与试验结果能够较好吻合。分析了含钢率、FRP与钢的相对配置率、FRP径厚比以及FRP管直径对轴压承载力提高系数的影响,结果表明:随着含钢率的增加、FRP与钢的相对配置率的提高以及FRP径厚比的减小,SCFC组合柱轴压承载力提高系数都有一定程度提高;内FRP管直径与外钢管边长之比在0.65~0.75之间时,轴压承载力增益效果较好。     

钉形搅拌桩复合地基承载力特性

为了研究钉形搅拌桩复合地基的承载特性,通过现场复合地基荷载试验对比分析了钉形搅拌桩和常规搅拌桩复合地基的承载力与桩土应力比,以三维数值模拟分析了设计参数对钉形搅拌桩复合地基承载力的影响,并探讨了钉形搅拌桩复合地基承载力计算方法。现场试验结果表明：钉形搅拌桩在节省水泥用量和施工时间的同时,取得了比常规搅拌桩更高的复合地基承载力,显示出很好的加固效果和经济效益。数值模拟结果表明：钉形搅拌桩复合地基承载力随着扩大头高度增加或桩间距减小而增大,随扩大头直径或桩长先增大后不变,即从复合地基承载力角度存在最优扩大头直径和桩长。钉形搅拌桩单桩承载力包括了扩大头下部土体的贡献,故可以将钉形搅拌桩等效为直径为扩大头直径的常规截面搅拌桩,按照桩、土复合的方法进行复合地基承载力计算,计算实例表明该方法计算的钉形搅拌桩复合地基承载力与现场荷载试验的结果比较接近。     

碎石桩复合地基承载力和沉降若干问题

本文首先简要地讨论了碎石桩复合地基可能的破坏模式，随后系统地分析了三十几组复合地基的实测数据，探讨了这种加固处理技术可能达到的效果。通过对桩土应力比、面积置换率以及天然地基压缩模量对复合地基承载力的提高和沉降折减系数的影响的讨论，指出了这些参数在设计取值时所需注意的问题。     

双层散体材料桩复合地基固结解析理论

研究了考虑应力集中效应的双层散体材料桩复合地基固结问题 ,在得到此类双层地基系统正交公式的基础上 ,给出了解析解答 ,并通过编程计算 ,分析了此类地基固结基本性状。研究表明 ,根据本文提出的计算模型 ,桩径比和桩体刚度对地基的固结速率有较大影响 ;分别按孔压和沉降定义的总平均固结度有一定程度差别 ;采用竖井固结理论计算得到的平均固结度较本文理论的计算结果偏小。     

The effects of explosive mass ratio on residual compressive capacity of contact blast damaged composite columns

The risks associated with suitcase bombs are of serious concern because they can be easily handled and placed within close proximity of key structural components of building structures. The most common failure mode of structures subjected to blast loads from satchel and suitcase bombs is progressive collapse. The high-fidelity physics-based computer program, LS-DYNA is utilized in this study to provide numerical simulations of the dynamic response and residual axial capacity of composite columns subjected to blast loads. A field test using contact explosive was conducted on one composite column specimen. The test results were compared with the analytical results to validate the finite element model. An extensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the relationship between residual axial capacity and structural and loading parameters such as material strength, column detail and blast conditions. Two empirical equations were derived through a multivariable regression analysis in terms of the various parameters to predict the residual capacity index based on the explosive mass ratio (ω_TNT).     

Analytical model for predicting axial capacity and behavior of concrete encased steel composite stub columns

The axial compressive capacity and force-deformation behavior of concrete encased steel stub columns were analytically investigated. An analytical model was developed for predicting the force-deformation response for composite stub columns with various structural steel sections and volumetric lateral reinforcement. Constitutive relationships were established for materials used in the composite cross section, which included unconfined concrete, partially and highly confined concrete, structural steel section, and longitudinal reinforcing bar. The axial capacity of composite stub columns can be determined from strengths contributed from each material component following the stress-strain relationship. Analytical results show that the axial load-carrying capacity and force-deformation behavior measured in the experiments can be accurately predicted. In addition to the lateral reinforcement, the structural steel section can provide a confinement effect on the concrete and enhance the axial capacity and post-peak strength.     

变荷载下散体材料桩复合地基固结研究

研究了复合地基固结问题,给出了变荷载及排水影响区土体内水平向渗透系数沿径向任意变化情况下散体材料桩复合地基固结一般解,讨论了复合地基固结特性。研究表明,水平向渗透系数和加载速率对复合地基固结有重要影响。加载越快,复合地基固结越快,瞬时加载时固结最快;加载越慢,桩径比(n)、扰动区大小(s)和施工扰动程度(ks/kh)对复合地基固结的影响会逐渐减弱。     

部分抗剪连接的型钢混凝土组合柱正截面承载力计算

在JGJ 138-2001《型钢混凝土组合结构技术规程》中,型钢混凝土柱的正截面承载力需根据平截面假定进行计算,但该规范并没有明确给出当平截面假定不满足时型钢混凝土柱的承载力计算方法。为此,提出抗剪连接系数的概念,用于描述型钢混凝土柱中型钢与混凝土之间的相对界面抗剪能力,综合平截面假定和叠加原理,得到在部分抗剪连接条件下普通型钢混凝土（SRC）柱和分散型钢混凝土（ISRC）柱的正截面承载力与抗剪连接系数之间的定量关系,进而提出SRC柱和ISRC柱的正截面承载力设计简化方法。计算结果表明：当轴压比相同时,SRC柱和ISRC柱的受弯承载力随其抗剪连接系数的增大而增大;轴压比越大,抗剪连接系数对组合柱的受弯承载力的影响越小;与SRC柱相比,抗剪连接系数对ISRC柱的受弯承载力影响更加显著。试验结果与计算结果的对比表明,采用所提出的方法可以较准确地计算ISRC柱的压弯承载力,计算结果具有一定的安全余度。     

Fire resistance of composite columns with embedded I-section steel — Effects of section size and load level

This paper presents a numerical study on the fire resistance of embedded I-section composite columns designed according to EC4 Pt.1.2. The objective is to examine the effects of cross-sectional dimension and load level on column fire resistance. Four groups of columns consisting of square cross-section are chosen for study. Their cross-sectional dimensions range from 250×250 to 400×250 mm², respectively. These columns are subjected to axial compression forces and four-face uniform heating. Within each group four load levels are studied, viz., 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. Based on numerical analyses, it is found that under high load levels, columns with small cross-sections fail to meet the fire resistance as suggested by EC4 Pt.1.2. To validate and to prove the reliability of the numerical study, four composite columns were tested under transient heating scheme. The experimental results were validated against finite element (hereafter: FE) analyses. FE predictions of both cross-sectional temperature distribution and structural response during heating agreed reasonably well with experimental data. Column failure times are also predicted using a simple method suggested by EC4 Part 1.2. It shows that EC4 predictions agree very closely with the FE predictions.     

软土中超长水泥搅拌桩复合地基承载力研究

对软土中18m长水泥搅拌桩复合地基,进行了现场单桩静载试验、承压板下有无褥垫层的单桩复合地基载荷试验、四桩复合地基载荷试验及桩中心插12m长微型加劲钢管的单桩复合地基载荷试验,研究了复合地基破坏模式、褥垫层、桩身强度等因素对复合地基承载力的影响,对软土中超长水泥搅拌桩复合地基承载力检验方法及承载力评价提出了建议。     

加筋地基承载力特性及破坏模式的试验研究

利用自制的模型试验设备,做了一系列加筋地基的模型试验,应用数字照相变形量测技术,结合地基土压力和基础的沉降的量测来研究加筋地基的加筋机理和变形破坏模式。基础荷载作用下的地基变形场用连续的数码相片记录,然后用数字照相变形量测技术分析得到地基的增量变形场和地基的破坏面。试验结果表明,无加筋地基的破坏模式和经典的地基破坏模式吻合较好,加筋地基的破坏模式会因为加筋体的存在而发生一定程度的改变。文中模型试验所揭示的加筋地基的变形破坏机理可作为加筋地基的极限分析的基础。     

A large-scale shaking table model test for acceleration and deformation response of geosynthetic encased stone column composite ground

Effective mitigation of seismic-induced ground hazards requires an improved understanding of ground response in terms of earthquake wave propagation and ground deformation. Here, this paper examines the effects of geosynthetic-encased stone columns (ESCs) and ordinary stone columns (SCs) on the acceleration amplitude and frequency content responses of sand profiles, and the deformation of the ground using a large-scale shaking table model test. The model was excited by 15 shaking events including El Centro motion, Wenchuan Qingping motion and Kobe motion with peaks ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 g. The results indicate that the ESCs more significantly amplify surface accelerations compared to the SCs in the frequencies ranging from 10 to 17 Hz and from 2.5 to 9 Hz. The horizontal peak acceleration values in the ESCs composite ground are approximately twice those of the SCs composite ground. The acceleration response of the ground is influenced by the applied acceleration peak and frequency content, reinforced type, and structure. After the seismic excitation, the ESCs composite ground develops much narrower surface cracks distributed in a larger area compared to the SCs.     

筋箍长度及刚度对加筋碎石桩复合地基承载力影响分析

针对加筋碎石桩复合地基中桩体性能,通过有限元数值模拟与模型试验对比分析,验证了数值模型的可靠性,进而变换加筋长度,研究分析了复合基础下端承加筋单桩与群桩的极限承载能力和破坏模式。研究结果表明:筋材强度较低时,加筋长度不会对桩体破坏模式产生影响,对极限承载能力提高有限;随着筋材强度不断提高,碎石桩在加筋体以下区域发生剪切破坏,并且随着加筋长度的增加向更深土层发展,基础的极限承载能力线性增长。加筋长度对群桩复合地基不同位置处桩体的破坏模式影响不同。相较于边桩,中心桩在桩身较深位置处发生剪切破坏,筋材需达到较深的长度才发挥约束效果。     

Load carrying capacity of composite beams prestressed with external tendons under positive moment

Tests have been carried out to study the ultimate moment and incremental tendon stress of steel-concrete composite beams prestressed with external tendons under positive moment. It appears that adding prestressing by external tendons of the composite beams can significantly increase the yield load and the ultimate resistance of the beams. The deflection at the serviceability state is also reduced. However, a substantial incremental stress will develop in the tendons at the ultimate state. On the basis of the compatibility of the tendons and the composite beam at the anchorage section, and equilibrium of the internal force, the neutral axis equation of the composite beam section at the ultimate state is derived. The simplified expressions for the ultimate incremental tendon stress related to the ultimate span/deflection value for four typical external tendon cases are developed. The results compare well with the test results and the finite element analysis. A simplified method for predicting the ultimate incremental tendon force and the load carrying capacity of the composite beams prestressed with external tendons is proposed.     

悬浮长芯劲性搅拌桩复合地基固结解析解

推导出瞬时加荷情况下悬浮长芯劲性搅拌桩复合地基的固结方程和相应的定解条件,利用三层地基一维固结理论,建立了相应的固结解析解,包括桩间土和下卧层土中超静孔隙水压力解答和复合地基整体平均固结度解答。通过固结速率解析解与有限元数值解的比较,证明了解析解的合理性。利用解析解进行复合地基固结速率影响因素分析,研究了悬浮长芯劲性搅拌桩复合地基的固结性状。结果表明:悬浮长芯劲性搅拌桩复合地基的固结速率主要受桩的贯入比和下卧层刚度的影响。复合地基的固结速率随桩的贯入比和下卧层土压缩模量的增加而增大。搅拌桩壳长度、厚度和刚度以及芯桩截面含心率的变化对复合地基固结速率没有影响。增加芯桩的压缩模量只会使固结前期复合地基的固结速率略微减小,不会影响固结后期复合地基的固结速率。     

Experimental and numerical investigations on large-section rectangular CFT columns with distributive beam under axial compression

In order to improve the co-working performance between the core concrete and steel tube for large-section rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (LSCFT) columns when a vertical load is directly applied to the steel tube, a distributive beam is proposed as a load transferring measure. Four scaled LSCFT column specimens with different details were tested under axial compression to investigate the mechanical behavior and load transferring mechanism of the LSCFT columns with a distributive beam. The experimental results indicated that the bearing capacity of the LSCFT columns without a distributive beam was close to the yield capacity of the steel tube and the load shared by the core concrete was negligible. In contrast, the specimen with a distributive beam and inner stiffeners could bear a much higher load. In addition, refined nonlinear finite element models were developed to further analyze the load-transferring mechanism of LSCFT columns with different details. The numerical results showed that the ultimate load of the specimen with a distributive beam and inner stiffeners was much closer to the theoretical value calculated from Chinese code CECS159:2004. Setting a distributive beam and inner stiffeners simultaneously in LSCFT columns could ensure the cooperation between the core concrete and steel tube.     

Analysis of thin-walled steel RHS columns filled with concrete under long-term sustained loads

The present study is an attempt to predict the time-dependent behavior of concrete-filled thin walled steel RHS (rectangular hollow section) columns by means of a model that is proposed by the ACI Specifications (ACI Committee 209,1992) [1]. A theoretical model of analysis to account for shrinkage and creep effects on concrete-filled steel RHS columns under sustained loading is presented, and is a development of the analysis used for short-term loading (Han et al, 2001a) [2]. A comparison of results calculated using this model shows good agreement with test results. The main objectives of this paper were threefold: firstly, to report a series of tests on the behavior of concrete-filled steel RHS columns under long-term sustained loading, in addition to providing further tests on the static ultimate strength of the composite columns. Secondly, to analyze influence of several parameters, such as changing steel ratio, long-term sustained load level, slenderness ratio, strength of the materials and depth-to-width ratio on the capacities of the concrete-filled steel RHS columns. And finally, to develop formulas for the calculations of the ultimate strength of the concrete-filled steel RHS columns with long-term sustained loading effects are considered, such formulas should be suitable for incorporation into building codes.