不同应力路径下的邓肯–张模型模量公式

实际工程中,土体可能处于轴向卸载、侧向加载、侧向卸载应力路径下,而邓肯–张模型是在轴向加载条件下得到的,这限制了它的适用范围。本文模拟邓肯-张模型思路推导了不同应力路径下的切线模量公式,从而使模量公式系列化,扩大了邓肯–张模型适用范围;根据不同应力路径试验的结果,发现公式推导中使用的假设可以得到验证。     

砂土在小应变下考虑应力路径影响的本构模型的试验研究

以标准砂为试样,利用GDS数字控制应力路径三轴仪进行了K0初始应力条件下8条特殊应力路径试验。在小应变区域内,通过刻画在应力空间的等应变应力线的变化规律,推导了可以考虑任意应力路径和应力路径方向变化的杨氏模量计算方法,并对泊松比进行了研究,建立了砂土在小应变区域内可以考虑复杂应力条件的本构模型。模型可以反映小应变时砂土的高模量、非线性以及模量急剧变化等主要特征;也可以模拟一般模型所不能考虑的应力路径方向变化引起的模量变化。     

论《土、岩石和混凝土的单硬化本构模型》

1 IntroductionThe rock and soil are the geologic media in thestate of nature that suffered many geologic vicissi-tudes during a very long time.The mechanical re-sponses for rock and soil under the common actionexerted by external load and surrounding circ…     

A new model to predict soil pressure acting on deep burial jacked pipes

Soil pressure is a critical factor to pipe jacking projects both during and after the jacking. Current practices are based on modifications of one of Terzaghi arching model, e.g. Japan Microtunnelling Association, German standard ATV A 161, UK ‘Pipe Jacking Association’, ASCE 27, and Chinese standard GB 50332. In these practices, it is assumed that shearing bands arise from the outside of tunnel cross sections and extend to the ground surface. However, the shearing bands may desist below the ground surface (This scenario is called deep burial). If these practices are still applied, the calculations will result in underestimations. In this paper, a new calculation model, modified from the other Terzaghi arching model was proposed to specifically predict the soil pressure acting on the deep burial jacked pipes. Values of crucial parameters of the height of the shearing bands, friction angle, friction coefficient, soil pressure ratio, silo width and soil cohesion were analyzed based on published tunnel research results and trap-door experiments. The correctness of the new model was verified by in-situ measured soil pressure in Gongbei Tunnel project in Zhuhai city. In comparison to the in-situ measured soil pressure, the new model provided more logical estimations, while the current practices were found to underestimate the soil pressure.     

列车交通荷载作用下地基土单元体的应力路径

为研究列车交通荷载作用下地基内部动应力特征以及土体单元经历的应力路径,基于2.5维有限元数值方法建立轨道-路堤-地基耦合分析模型,其中轨道在轮轴荷载作用下的弯曲变形用欧拉梁来描述,而列车荷载被简化为作用于轨道上的单个或多个移动轮轴荷载,通过基于半解析的方法推导得到了地基中的动应力解答。剖析列车轮轴荷载作用过程中地基内部土单元体经历的应力路径和其中的主应力轴旋转现象;发现当列车速度低于地基剪切波速时,不同速度的荷载作用下不同地基深度处的土单元应力路径曲线形状都很相似;而当荷载速度增大到接近或者超过地基剪切波速时,土单元应力路径曲线和应力分布均发生很大改变。分析结果为研究交通荷载作用下软土的动力特性及地基长期附加沉降提供了基础。     

Removal of trace organic chemicals in onsite wastewater soil treatment units: A laboratory experiment

Onsite wastewater treatment is used by 20% of residences in the United States. The ability of these systems, specifically soil treatment units (STUs), to attenuate trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) is not well understood. TOrCs released by STUs pose a potential risk to downstream groundwater and hydraulically-connected surface water that may be used as a drinking water source. A series of bench-scale experiments were conducted using sand columns to represent STUs and to evaluate the efficacy of TOrC attenuation as a function of hydraulic loading rate (1, 4, 8, 12, and 30 cm/day). Each hydraulic loading rate was examined using triplicate experimental columns. Columns were initially seeded with raw wastewater to establish a microbial community, after which they were fed with synthetic wastewater and spiked with 17 TOrCs, in four equal doses per day, to provide a consistent influent water quality. After an initial start-up phase, effluent from all columns consistently demonstrated >90% reductions in dissolved organic carbon and nearly complete (>85%) oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, comparable to the performance of field STUs. The results of this study suggest STUs are capable of attenuating many TOrCs present in domestic wastewater, but attenuation is compound-specific. A subset of TOrCs exhibited an inverse relationship with hydraulic loading rate and attenuation efficiency. Atenolol, cimetidine, and TCPP were more effectively attenuated over time in each experiment, suggesting that the microbial community evolved to a stage where these TOrCs were more effectively biotransformed. Aerobic conditions as compared to anaerobic conditions resulted in more efficient attenuation of acetaminophen and cimetidine.     

堆石料等应力比路径三模量增量非线性模型

已有研究表明,土石坝内堆石料在填筑期的应力路径可近似为等应力比的路径。根据等应力比三轴排水剪切试验,介绍了一个三模量增量非线性模型,即模型除给出堆石体积模量K和剪切模量G的表达式外,对剪应力产生的体变和平均主应力产生的剪切应变也采用了交叉模量J表达。采用粒子群优化算法通过全量本构关系曲线确定增量模型参数。通过对试验数据的拟合发现,三模量模型可以较好地反映堆石料的应力与变形特性。     

Predicting soil quality indices with near infrared analysis in a wildfire chronosequence

We investigated the power of near infrared (NIR) analysis for the quantitative assessment of soil quality in a wildfire chronosequence. The effect of wildfire disturbance and soil engineering activity of earthworms on soil organic matter quality was first assessed with principal component analysis of NIR spectra. Three soil quality indices were further calculated using an adaptation of the method proposed by Velasquez et al. [Velasquez, E., Lavelle, P., Andrade, M. GISQ, a multifunctional indicator of soil quality. Soil Biol Biochem 2007; 39: 3066-3080.], each one addressing an ecosystem service provided by soils: organic matter storage, nutrient supply and biological activity. Partial least squares regression models were developed to test the predicting ability of NIR analysis for these soil quality indices. All models reached coefficients of determination above 0.90 and ratios of performance to deviation above 2.8. This finding provides new opportunities for the monitoring of soil quality, using NIR scanning of soil samples.     

Cost effect of earthquake region and soil type for office buildings in Turkey

In this study, the change in the load-bearing system cost of a reinforced concrete office building has been investigated in relation to the earthquake regions and soil types. Three different office projects each with five stories were investigated. The structural design calculations have been made according to four different soil types and four different earthquake regions. According to each combination, concrete, steel and formwork adopted approximations were calculated to reach the rough cost of each office building. The changes in the cost of projects according to the soil type and earthquake region were examined with multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance. In general, the change in cost has been observed around 22% between first and fourth soil type and 14% between first and fourth earthquake region.     

冻土路基应力变形数值模型

冻土路基中水、热随气候的变化是不均匀的 ,由此引起的土性变化也是不均匀的 ,土性的不均匀变化导致路基不均匀变形 ,当路基中的不均匀变形超过容许值时 ,路基便产生破坏 ,冻土路基土性的动态变化及由此引起的变形差异 ,是冻土路基设计中应注意的关键问题。基于此 ,在现有土力学弹塑性理论和流变理论的基础上 ,模拟水、热及土性的动态变化 ,建立了冻土路基应力及变形的二维数值模型 ,模型考虑了冻土的流变变形、自身体积变形和瞬时变形 ,重点考虑了土性变化情况下土的流变变形和瞬时变形特征     

Centrifuge model tests of geotextile-reinforced soil embankments during an earthquake

The behavior of geotextile-reinforced embankments during an earthquake was investigated using centrifuge model tests, considering a variety of factors such as gradient of slope, water content of soil, geotextile spacing, and input shaking wave. The geotextile-reinforcement mechanism was revealed on the basis of the observations with comparison of the unreinforced embankment. The geotextile significantly decreases the deformation of the embankment and restricts sliding failure that occurs in the unreinforced embankment during an earthquake. The displacement exhibits an evidently irreversible accumulation with a fluctuation during the earthquake which is significantly dependent on the magnitude of input shaking. The peak strain of the geotextile exhibits a nearly triangular distribution in the vertical direction. The embankment can be divided into two zones, a restricting zone and restricted zone, where the soil and geotextile, respectively, play an active restriction role in the soil-geotextile interaction. The soil restricts the geotextile in the restricting zone, and this restriction is transferred to the restricted zone through the geotextile. The strain magnitude of the geotextile and the horizontal displacement of the geotextile-reinforced embankment decrease with increasing geotextile layers, with decreasing water content of the soil, with decreasing gradient of the slope, and with decreasing amplitude of the earthquake wave.     

基于K_0固结排水卸荷应力路径试验粉土应力–变形特性研究

针对开挖土体复杂卸荷应力路径,按不同初始应力状态和卸荷应力比,对南水北调南干渠粉质黏土开展了K_0固结排水卸荷应力路径试验。试样首先在不同围压条件下K_0固结稳定,然后根据不同的轴向应力和径向应力卸荷比,进行卸荷试验,以模拟实际土体开挖过程中的应力路径。试验结果表明土体的应力应变特性与应力路径密切相关:不同卸荷应力比条件下,试样可能为压缩,先伸长再压缩或者为伸长变形;卸荷应力路径下压缩和伸长应力比临界值与初始固结状态和土性相关;相同平均应力增量条件下,卸荷应力比越小,试样体积膨胀绝对值越大;土体强度参数受加荷方式和应力路径影响不大。试验结果和常规三轴试验有显著区别,需要发展能够描述卸荷应力路径下的土体本构模型,对开挖土体开展符合工程实际的应力变形分析。     

考虑土层非线性效应的四川地区场地放大系数模型

为研究四川地区场地放大效应对地震动的影响,选取了该地区105个场地的钻孔资料和897条强震记录,结合强震数据分析和等效线性化计算结果讨论了地震动强度、场地条件对地震动场地放大的影响,建立了考虑土层非线性反应的场地放大系数模型,并探讨了模型在地震动估计中的应用效果。对模型结果的分析表明:当地震动强度较小时,场地放大系数随Vs30增大而减小,减小的幅度与反应谱的周期相关,当周期为0.2 s时,减小得最为显著;当地震动强度较大时,在同一场地上,场地放大系数随地震动强度增大而减小,减小的幅度与反应谱的周期相关,当周期大于1 s时,场地放大系数与地震动强度无关;此外,土层非线性反应对地震动的影响随场地变硬而不明显,当Vs30大于500 m/s时,可忽略这一影响。与只考虑线性场地反应影响的地震动衰减关系相比,利用本文模型建立的地震动衰减关系可显著地减小估计四川地区地震动时的标准差,尤其对于近场短周期地震动减小幅度可达12%。     

Dynamic stress accumulation effects on soil strength under cyclic loading

To further understand the influence of dynamic stress accumulation effects on soil strength under cyclic loading, a series of dynamic–static coupling tests and stepwise cyclic loading tests were carried out using typical granite residual soil. The mechanism of dynamic stress accumulation was analyzed from the macro and micro perspectives, and the effect thereof on soil strength was discussed from the perspectives of energy and mechanics. The test results showed that a dynamic stress accumulation effect would occur in the soil under cyclic loading, which was one of the main reasons for the failure of the soil structure and the change of the strength. When the accumulation degree was small, the effect facilitated the compaction of soil, and improved the static load strength of the soil. When the accumulation degree exceeded a certain threshold, the effect resulted in rapid the soil damage. The greater the dynamic stress accumulation in the soil, the more obvious the weakening degree of the progressive cyclic loading strength. At the same time, the more prone the soil to dynamic stress accumulation, the greater the internal accumulation of variable situation energy. Failure occurred when the dynamic stress accumulation in the soil exceeded the bearing capacity of the structure, providing further insight for solving the negative impact of dynamic stress accumulation on subgrade soil.     

考虑桩土滑移的弹性理论法计算桩周土体位移

以单桩的弹性理论法为基础,建立了考虑桩土界面产生相对滑移时的计算模型,根据桩周土体所受的应力,采用Mindlin解求解桩周土体的位移,最后得出了桩周土体的位移分布情况。     

基于分数阶黏弹性地基模型的群桩时效行为研究

基于有限单元法,将群桩划分为有限个2节点单元,从而构建了竖向受荷群桩的有限元求解方程;为了模拟饱和软黏土的流变特性,通过Laplace变换,推导了分数阶导数Merchant模型中的应力–应变关系;引入弹性-黏弹性对应原理,得到横观各向同性分数阶黏弹性饱和软土地基的边界元解答;考虑桩-土界面处的位移协调,将群桩有限元求解...     

解析预应力管桩在天津软土地区应用中的问题

通过典型实例对天津软土地区采用预应力管桩常出现的各类问题进行了原因分析,指出在实际应用中应综合考虑各种因素进行针对性勘察、设计与施工,从而延长与发挥其在软土地区的应用寿命与价值。     

等应力比路径下粗粒土湿化试验研究

采用古水面板坝玄武岩堆石料进行了等应力比路径下的粗粒土湿化试验。试验结果表明,在等应力比路径下的土体的湿化变形不仅受应力状态的影响还受加载应力路径的影响。在传统湿化变形公式中引入应力路径参量,并采用体积应力和参考应力水平描述应力状态对湿化变形的影响,建立了等应力比路径下的湿化变形公式。所建立的湿化变形公式能够很好地描述等应力比路径下的粗粒土湿化变形。     

Relating thermal conductivity of soil skeleton with soil texture by the concept of“local thermal conductivity fluctuation”

The thermal conductivity of the soil skeletonλ;is an essential parameter from the point of view of the correct assessment of soil overall/effective conductivity.This work introduces the concept of“local thermal conductivity fluctuation”which characterizes the microscale variation of conductivity within the solid phase.It is proposed to link the“local fluctuation”of thermal conductivityλwith the soil texture-the information that is available at the scale of engineering applications.It was possible to relate the skeleton thermal conductivity with the grain size distribution of the soil.Finally,based on a large series of numerical simulations,the paper provides four triangle diagrams(at different organic matter contents:0%,2%,4%and 6%)relating the value ofλ;with volume fraction of individual soil separates.This result is extremely important from the practical point of view.One can quickly evaluateλ;value provided that information on the grain size distribution and organic matter content is available.