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1 IntroductionThe rock and soil are the geologic media in thestate of nature that suffered many geologic vicissi-tudes during a very long time.The mechanical re-sponses for rock and soil under the common actionexerted by external load and surrounding circ… 相似文献
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《Soils and Foundations》2022,62(3):101155
Rockfill materials used for dam construction show obvious stress path dependency during construction process. The constitutive model for rockfill materials are mainly established based on conventional triaxial test. This brings some deviation to the numerical calculation for earth rockfill dam engineering, and it is necessary to develop a constitutive model considering stress paths effect. In the framework of generalized plasticity, plastic modulus can be expressed as the function of dilatancy equation and tangent modulus, hence the influence of stress paths on model can be transfer to the dilatancy equation and tangent modulus. This leads to a new method to describe stress-strain response of rockfill under various loading stress paths. Based on the analysis of large-scale triaxial experiments of rockfill materials with various stress paths, we proposed new dilatancy equation and tangent modulus to better describe stress paths effect and corresponding modified generalized plasticity model is established. Through the prediction and comparison of three groups of rockfill materials triaxial tests, the model established in this paper can simulate behaviors of rockfill materials under various stress paths, using only a set of parameters. 相似文献
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复合地基中桩土应力比分析 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
本文通过对四桩承台的载荷试验结果的分析,介绍了群桩在复合地基中的工怍性质,分析了整个加载过程中该复合地基试验的桩土应力比的变化,得到了桩土应力分布规律,指出了四桩承台下复合地基桩土应力比的极大值即为地基加固后的允许荷载值。 相似文献
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《岩石力学与岩土工程学报(英文版)》2022,14(2):653-662
For estimating the long-term stability of underground framework, it is vital to learn the mechanical and rheological characteristics of rock in multiple water saturation conditions. However, the majority of previous studies explored the rheological properties of rock in air-dried and water saturated conditions, as well as the water effects on compressive and tensile strengths. In this study, andesite was subjected to direct shear tests under five water saturation conditions, which were controlled by varying the wetting and drying time. The tests were conducted at alternating displacement rates under three vertical stresses. The results reveal that the shear strength decreases exponentially as water saturation increases, and that the increase in shear strength with a tenfold increase in displacement rate is nearly constant for each of the vertical stresses. Based on the findings of the shear tests in this study and the compression and tension tests in previous studies, the influences of both water saturation and loading rate on the Hoek-Brown failure criterion for the andesite was examined. These results indicate that the brittleness index of the andesite, which is defined as the ratio of uniaxial compressive strength to tensile strength, is independent of both water saturation and loading rate and that the influences of the water saturation dependence and the loading rate dependence of the failure criterion can be converted between each other. 相似文献
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Michelle Norris 《Housing Studies》2016,31(1):81-101
This article presents an historical institutional analysis of government supports for home ownership in Ireland. In doing so, it critiques the interpretation of the Irish home ownership system and, by extension, of this tenure’s meaning and role as a neo-liberal project which dominates the comparative housing literature. Rather than liberal policies, the article argues that between the 1920s and 1970s, government subsidies slowly expanded, in terms of generosity, variety and universal availability, to such a scale that Ireland’s home ownership regime was effectively ‘socialised’. This regime (not market forces) raised home ownership to 80 per cent of households. However, ideological, financial and socio-economic supports for this regime weakened and during the 1980s home ownership was marketised as universal subsidies were withdrawn and mortgage lending privatised. The implications of this redirection were initially disguised by low house price inflation, but when the economy boomed in the 1990s home ownership contracted sharply to levels which could be supported solely by the market. 相似文献
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Evolutionary economic geography (EEG) indicates that regional industrial development is path dependent. The empirical studies in EEG however have not paid sufficient attention to the importance of global linkages nor the role of regional institutions in driving industrial dynamics. Based on firm level data of four‐digit manufacturing industries during 1998 to 2008 in China, we find that Chinese regions branch into new industries technologically related to the existing industrial portfolio and related industries are less likely to exit. Further analysis reveals that global linkages, economic liberalization and state involvement not only create favourable conditions to allow a larger role of technological relatedness but also generate opportunities for Chinese regions to create new paths of industrial development. 相似文献
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《岩石力学与岩土工程学报(英文版)》2023,15(1):239-254
Geotechnical engineering often involves different types of geomaterials, such as sandy soil and clayey soil. Existing studies have confirmed that these soils have some common features, i.e. their mechanical behaviors depend not only on the inherent characteristics but also on their initial states. To describe the main mechanical behaviors of different soils within a simple and reasonable constitutive framework is of great significance for the numerical analysis on geotechnical engineering. This paper first introduces a model based on the concepts of superloading and subloading, which considers the “state dependence” (effects of overconsolidation and structure) of soil and only adds two material parameters compared with the Cam-Clay model. Secondly, conventional triaxial tests are systematically carried out on four types of soils (i.e. sand, silty clay, clay, and intermediate soil) with different initial void ratios, and the mechanical similarities and differences of these soils are discussed uniformly. After that, six material parameters of these soils are uniformly determined based on the concepts of superloading and subloading, and then used in constitutive calculations to verify the feasibility. The calculated results show a good agreement with test data, indicating that the model based on the concepts of superloading and subloading has great potential for describing the general mechanical behaviors of different soils within a unified framework. This work is expected to be applied to constitutive selection and parameter determination in the geotechnical numerical analysis of complex soil profiles. 相似文献
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Sebastian Kohl 《Housing Studies》2016,31(6):694-713
The homeownership rate in the United States has continuously been about 20 percentage points higher than that of Germany. This homeownership gap is traced back to before the First World War at the urban level. Existing approaches, relying on socio-economic factors, demographics, culture or housing policy, cannot explain the persistence of these differences in homeownership. This article fills this explanatory gap by making a path-dependence argument: it argues that nineteenth-century urban conditions either began to create the American suburbanized single-family house cities or compact multi-unit-building cities, as in Germany. US cities developed differently from German ones because they lacked feudal shackles, were governed as “private cities” and gave easier access to mortgages and building land. The more historically suburbanized a city, the lower its homeownership rate today. Economic and political reinforcing mechanisms kept the two countries on their paths. The article’s contribution is to give a historical and city-focused answer to a standing question in the housing literature. 相似文献
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Andre Sorensen 《Planning Perspectives》2013,28(1):17-38
This paper outlines an historical institutionalist (HI) research agenda for planning history. HI approaches to the understanding of institutions, path dependence, positive feedback effects in public policy, and patterned processes of institutional change offer a robust theoretical framework and a valuable set of conceptual and analytic tools for the analysis of continuity and change in public policy. Yet, to date, there has been no systematic effort to incorporate historical institutionalism into planning history research. The body of the paper proposes planning history relevant definitions of institutions, path dependence, critical junctures, and incremental change processes, outlines recent HI literature applying and extending these concepts, and frames a number of research questions for planning history that these approaches suggest. A concluding section explores the potential application and leverage of HI approaches to the study of planning history and international comparative planning studies and outlines a research agenda. 相似文献
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Based on a soil–water coupled finite deformation analysis, theoretical considerations and numerical calculations were carried out under the undrained plane strain condition in order to reproduce a uniform deformation field. Rather than the “quasi-static” equation of motion, which does not include inertia forces, a dynamic equation of motion which includes inertia forces was used. At first, a theoretical consideration was carried out to realize uniform deformation for a saturated soil that satisfied the element-wise undrained/constant-volume condition. This presents an “infinitely slow loading” case without ignoring the inertia term based on the u–p formulation. In other words, it can be seen that under general slow loading that is not infinitely slow, a gradient in the pore water pressure will always be produced, resulting in the migration of pore water and loss/collapse of uniformity. This first conclusion is useful for verifying numerical analysis code made in the finite deformation regime. Next, the uniform deformation of a plane strain rectangular soil specimen was measured under constant cell pressure and undrained boundary conditions using a dynamic soil–water coupled analysis in which the SYS Cam-clay model was employed as the elasto-plastic constitutive model for the soil skeleton. In addition, the effects of the loading rates as well as loading applications, with/without inertia forces, on the loss of uniformity in deformation were shown to have a significant influence on the inertia term even though the loss itself was extremely small. 相似文献
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本文通过工程实例,对考虑负摩阻力的基桩进行了单桩竖向承载力的计算和分析对比,理论分析表明在有负摩阻力产生的场地,桩的实际受力和静载试验时的受力与变形性状存在较大的差异。根据静载试验时桩土受力和变形特点,指出对于端承型桩单桩竖向极限承载力设计值不应直接取自静载试验的竖向极限承载力,应将试验结果扣除由负摩阻力引起的下拉力后用于工程桩的设计,否则桩的承载力将存在不安全的因素,通过工程桩的检测和竣工后的沉降监测说明取值合理。 相似文献
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Koji Nakashima Yukio Nakata Masayuki Hyodo Norimasa Yoshimoto Shotaro Hiraoka Shintaro Kajiyama 《Soils and Foundations》2021,61(2):506-519
Depressurization is an effective method to produce methane gas from methane hydrate reservoirs. However, during gas production, sediments consolidate due to increasing effective stress. Revealing the compressive characteristics of methane hydrate-bearing sands during consolidation is essential for an accurate understanding of sediment properties and for the development of a constitutive model. Therefore, a series of isotropic consolidation tests was performed on sand in which methane hydrate was artificially generated, and its compressibility characteristics were evaluated. Furthermore, to assess prolonged production, creep compressive behavior was investigated. The experimental results showed volumetric strain due to increasing confining stress decreased with increasing initial methane hydrate saturation. Particle crushing during consolidation was inhibited by the presence of methane hydrate. It was confirmed that the increase in the effects of methane hydrate on soil compressibility followed a power function with the increase in methane hydrate saturation. Creep deformation was observed during the stress holding period regardless of the presence of methane hydrate. Creep behavior during the stress holding period was related to the extent to which the creep component had dissipated before the stress holding period in the past. A theoretical concept for creep strain was proposed based on the experimental results. 相似文献
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动三轴试验中饱和软黏土的孔压特性及其对有效应力路径的影响 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
变围压动三轴试验能够同时施加循环变化的偏应力与循环变化的围压,可以模拟地震荷载下动剪应力与动正应力的耦合。通过GDS双向动三轴设备进行一系列饱和软黏土的变围压动三轴试验,系统研究循环偏应力和循环围压耦合对饱和软黏土孔压特性的影响。试验结果表明:在单纯循环围压条件下,饱和软黏土会产生相应的正的瞬时动孔压,但是并没有产生明显的负的瞬时动孔压;在循环偏应力与循环围压耦合情况下,饱和软黏土的孔压时程曲线表现出与常规动三轴试验不同的特性,即动孔压的振幅更大,并且最大动孔压和最小动孔压表现出不同的发展规律:最大动孔压持续增长,而最小动孔压在加载一定周数后趋于稳定。此外,对残余孔压的定义进行量化,并对循环偏应力和循环围压耦合对有效应力路径的影响进行研究。 相似文献
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土的应力方向依赖性是指土的力学特性随应力方向改变而改变的性质,包含两层含义:一是材料的方向性,即土的各向异性,是应力方向依赖性产生的内在原因;二是应力的方向性,即通常所说的“应力主轴旋转效应”,是应力方向依赖性的外部客观条件。以材料各向异性主轴和应力主轴的位置关系分类,相关试验研究可划分成“应力不转、试样旋转”和“旋转应力、试样不转”两类。诸多证据表明,材料的方向性与应力的方向性之间存在某种密切的关联。随着各向异性主轴和应力主轴发生相对旋转,试样所表现出的力学性质存在显著的差异。旋转角度相同时的剪切试验研究表明(包括直剪试验、三轴试验、定轴剪切试验等),旋转角度、潜在滑移面位置和试样的强度与变形之间存在某种特定的关系。通过对比梳理两类试验的试验原理与重要结论,明晰了土应力方向依赖性的试验研究框架,为相关研究提供一些新的思路,以期抛砖引玉,引起广大岩土工作者对该问题的思考。 相似文献
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本文通过对黄土进行不同应力路径的试验研究,探讨了应力路径对黄土应力应变关系的影响及原因,建立了不同应力路径下黄土的本构关系。 相似文献
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针对国际上大多数HCA仪在主应力轴循环旋转试验中只能提供轴力和扭矩两个加载变量的现状,指出了这种变载方式在模拟主应力轴循环旋转应力路径方面存在的局限性。通过详细的数学推导提出了三种切实可行,且能模拟实际工程中土体经历主应力轴循环旋转的应力加载方式:①在满足轴力W等于3πrori(pi-po)的前提下,仅变化扭矩MT可实现围压p不变,中主应力参数b恒定(0.5),而剪应力q随大主应力轴转角α有规律循环变化的应力路径;②在保持b不变的前提下(此时b可以设定为不等于0.5的任意合理值),只要W和MT能满足一定的三角函数关系式,同时以p—q形式的临界状态线为准绳,通过控制轴力的加载范围限制试验中允许出现的q的峰值,就可以实现p、q之间保持恒定线性关系而α有规律循环变化的应力路径;③若不考虑中主应力对于土体性状影响,则可通过对W和MT采用较为简单的三角函数关系来实现保持q不变,而(σ1+σ3)/2随α单调递减的应力变化方式。研究成果不仅给后继的试验方案提供了理论基础,也为HCA仪器功能的完善提供了很好的依据。 相似文献
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Onsite wastewater treatment is used by 20% of residences in the United States. The ability of these systems, specifically soil treatment units (STUs), to attenuate trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) is not well understood. TOrCs released by STUs pose a potential risk to downstream groundwater and hydraulically-connected surface water that may be used as a drinking water source. A series of bench-scale experiments were conducted using sand columns to represent STUs and to evaluate the efficacy of TOrC attenuation as a function of hydraulic loading rate (1, 4, 8, 12, and 30 cm/day). Each hydraulic loading rate was examined using triplicate experimental columns. Columns were initially seeded with raw wastewater to establish a microbial community, after which they were fed with synthetic wastewater and spiked with 17 TOrCs, in four equal doses per day, to provide a consistent influent water quality. After an initial start-up phase, effluent from all columns consistently demonstrated >90% reductions in dissolved organic carbon and nearly complete (>85%) oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, comparable to the performance of field STUs. The results of this study suggest STUs are capable of attenuating many TOrCs present in domestic wastewater, but attenuation is compound-specific. A subset of TOrCs exhibited an inverse relationship with hydraulic loading rate and attenuation efficiency. Atenolol, cimetidine, and TCPP were more effectively attenuated over time in each experiment, suggesting that the microbial community evolved to a stage where these TOrCs were more effectively biotransformed. Aerobic conditions as compared to anaerobic conditions resulted in more efficient attenuation of acetaminophen and cimetidine. 相似文献