大掺量自来水厂污泥粉对混凝土强度和微观结构的影响

以煅烧后的自来水厂污泥粉(CWTS)取代部分水泥制备大掺量污泥粉混凝土，研究了大掺量CWTS对于混凝土强度、孔结构和纳米力学性能的影响。结果表明：尽管大掺量CWTS不利于混凝土的28天抗压强度发展，但是20wt%和40wt%的CWTS能够增强混凝土的90天抗压强度；由于CWTS的火山灰活性和填充作用，掺有20wt%～40wt%CWTS的混凝土90天孔结构被明显细化，大于1μm的孔隙含量明显减少；同时，从纳米尺度特征中观察到掺加20wt%CWTS能够明显降低基体中孔隙相和未水化相含量，并提高C-S-H相的体积分数，特别是高密度C-S-H相；此外，掺加20wt%的CWTS能够使界面过渡区(ITZ)宽度相对降低20%，并且掺加40wt%CWTS的实验组与对照组(0wt%CWTS)具有相似的ITZ宽度。由此可见，使用大掺量(20wt%～40wt%) CWTS取代水泥制备混凝土，不仅具备较好的经济和环境效应，也有益于其90天力学性能和微结构的改善。     

电石渣改性固体废弃物胶固粉的制备及性能研究

以32.5级普通硅酸盐水泥、Ⅱ级粉煤灰和芒硝为原料,工业废弃物电石渣为添加材料,制备了不同电石渣掺杂量(0,0.5%,1.0%和1.5%(质量分数))的改性胶固粉,分析了电石渣掺杂量对改性胶固粉晶体结构、微观形貌、力学性能、凝结时间和结合水量的影响。结果表明,电石渣的掺杂没有生成新的产物,但加速了C₂S和C₃S的消耗,提高了水化反应的速率,当电石渣的掺杂量为1.0%(质量分数)时,水化产物结合最为紧密;随着电石渣掺杂量的增加,改性胶固粉的凝结时间逐渐减小,28 d的抗压强度和化学结合水量均先增大后减小。当电石渣的掺杂量为1.0%(质量分数)时,28 d的抗压强度和化学结合水量达到了最大值,分别为2.98 MPa和6.8%。这是因为适量电石渣的掺入加速了胶固粉的水化反应,增加了其结构致密性,从而提高了胶固粉的力学性能。由此可知,电石渣的最佳掺杂量为1.0%(质量分数)。     

硫铝酸盐水泥基高性能混凝土的制备及性能研究

采用硫铝酸盐水泥,根据设计配比,配制了硫铝酸盐水泥基高性能混凝土,探究了硫铝酸盐水泥不同掺量(0,3%,6%和9%(质量分数))对高性能混凝土力学性能(抗压强度)和耐久性能(侵蚀性)的影响。通过XRD、SEM、热分析和力学性能分析等对硫铝酸盐水泥基高性能混凝土进行了表征。结果表明,随着硫铝酸盐水泥掺量的增加,钙矾石(AFt)的衍射峰逐渐增强,水化反应加快,高性能混凝土的结构变得更加致密;所有试样中的六方板状的Ca(OH)_2均比较厚,且呈现出片层状,整体结构的致密性比较接近,而随着硫铝酸盐水泥掺量的增加,整体的密度有变得蓬松的趋势;随着硫铝酸盐水泥掺量的增加,CH的含量增加,前期的水化放热能力得到提高,所有试样在3和28 d时的抗压强度均呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,当硫铝酸盐水泥的掺量为9%时,试样的抗压强度在28 d达到了最大值41.1 MPa,相比3 d增加了19.83%;随着硫铝酸盐水泥掺量的增加,高性能混凝土试样的强度损失逐渐增加,耐久性变差,当硫铝酸盐水泥的掺量为9%时,腐蚀90 d的强度损失率达到了最大值10.3%。     

矿粉改性高性能混凝土的力学性能和耐久性能研究

以S115矿粉为掺和料,制备了矿粉改性高性能混凝土,通过XRD、SEM、复合盐溶液干湿循环测试等手段,分析了矿粉取代率对混凝土的晶格结构、微观形貌、力学性能和耐久性能的影响。结果表明,适量矿粉的掺入能够加速水泥的水化反应速率,增加网格结构的致密度,从而改善混凝土的微观形貌,提高混凝土的强度。矿粉取代率的增大会降低水泥石前期的强度,显著提高水泥石后期的强度。当矿粉取代率为50%时,养护28 d的混凝土的抗压强度和抗折强度均达到了最大值,分别为52.5和7.4 MPa。矿粉取代水泥后,混凝土在复合盐溶液的侵蚀下相对动弹性模量和质量损失率的下降趋势变得平缓,在30次干湿循环后,矿粉取代率50%的混凝土的相对动弹性模量最高为88%,质量损失率最小为1.6%,抗盐溶液侵蚀性能最佳。混凝土的腐蚀产物主要是针状结构的钙矾石和块状的石膏,这些产物存在于混凝土的孔隙和裂纹中,多次干湿循环后体积膨胀产生了内部应力,生成了深裂纹,最终撑裂混凝土,使混凝土失效。综合可知,矿粉的最佳取代率为50%。     

建筑用不同取代率粉煤灰再生混凝土的力学性能及耐久性能研究

以废弃混凝土为再生骨料,采用湿法粉磨处理I级粉煤灰,制备出不同取代率粉煤灰再生混凝土,通过XRD、SEM、力学性能测试、干缩率测试等手段,研究了不同取代率的I级粉煤灰对再生混凝土的力学性能和耐久性能的影响。结果表明,湿法粉磨处理后的粉煤灰表面玻璃体被破坏,火山灰效应增强,从而提高了再生混凝土的水化速率,使水化产物C—S—H和AFt数量增加,混凝土密实度增大。粉煤灰再生混凝土的抗压强度随粉煤灰取代率的增大先增大后降低,粉煤灰取代率45%的混凝土的抗压强度最大为42.05 MPa,其水化产物Ca(OH)₂的含量最多为11.742%。挠度测试表明,粉煤灰取代率45%的混凝土屈服阶段对应的载荷为217 N,挠度最大为1.7 mm,在28 d时粉煤灰取代率45%的混凝土的干缩率最低为1.021×10^-4。综合可知,粉煤灰取代率45%的混凝土性能最优。     

微波养护对掺矿渣超高性能混凝土力学性能的影响及机理

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)是继高强度、高性能混凝土之后新近发展起来的一类新型混凝土材料。UHPC自身具备超高强度及高耐久性等优点,使其在高层、超高层建筑、大跨度空间结构与恶劣腐蚀环境下的重大土木工程中有广阔应用前景。本工作从材料制备角度,通过矿物掺合料改变UHPC基本配合比并且采用效率更高的微波养护方式对试件进行养护。通过一系列实验,观察矿渣的使用和微波养护对UHPC力学性能的影响,并通过微观表征分析研究其影响机理。制备了10%、25%、50%、70%和90%矿渣取代基本配合比中水泥部分用量试件,采用3 d延迟微波养护制度养护,测试3 d及28 d强度,随后选取性能典型试件进行29Si NMR、27Al NMR和XRD分析。实验发现标准养护下UHPC强度随着矿渣掺入而降低,但微波养护通过加速矿渣水化反应加强了混凝土力学强度发展进程。该加强效应对早期性能发展的影响更显著,且随着矿渣掺量增加而增强。微观表征分析首先确定了微波养护对试样水化的加速作用,并促进了晶体产物和短链C-S-H的形成,达到进一步克服矿渣对UHPC强度发展的延迟作用。     

耐碱性玻璃纤维增强混凝土的制备及力学性能研究

采用ZrO_2含量为13.60%(质量分数)的耐碱性玻璃纤维和粉煤灰替换部分水泥制备了耐碱性玻璃纤维增强混凝土,研究了不同粉煤灰含量、玻璃纤维含量和水灰比对玻璃纤维增强混凝土(GRC)的耐老化性能的影响。结果表明,以W/B=0.35,粉煤灰含量(FA)/(C+FA)=40%,玻璃纤维含量2%(体积分数)制备的耐碱玻璃纤维增强混凝土抗压强度和抗弯强度以及干缩性能最好,抗压强度和抗弯强度分别为59.6和8.21 MPa;虽然掺入大量粉煤灰调节基体水化pH值,但是抗压实验断口形貌显示耐碱性玻璃纤维表面仍然受到腐蚀;通过自密实填料法制备的高粉煤灰含量自密实混凝土,其早期和后期的抗压强度和抗弯强度均表现优异,对高性能GRC复合材料的制备具有重要的指导意义。     

再生混凝土微粉在碱激发胶材体系中的作用效应研究

再生混凝土微粉(RCP)中含有大量的SiO₂、CaO、Al₂O₃和少量未水化的水泥,通过物理或化学激发后可作为辅助性胶凝材料(SCMs)。再生微粉的资源化利用对节约原料和处置利用废弃物具有重要意义。本工作制备了不同RCP取代率的碱激发胶凝材料,研究了其流动性能、力学性能、微观表征及水化过程。结果表明,RCP的掺入提高了碱激发胶凝材料的流动性,10%～40%取代率下胶凝材料的流动性总体提高了2%～12%;当RCP掺量为10%时,碱矿渣胶凝材料的抗压强度提高了13%;RCP中的非活性颗粒填充了水化产物间的孔隙,形成了密实的微观结构;RCP中非活性颗粒阻碍了碱溶液与矿渣的反应,因此RCP的掺入推迟了碱激发体系第二放热峰的出现,降低了胶凝材料的早期放热速率。     

速凝剂对低水胶比浆体早期水化与微观结构的影响

低水胶比、高胶凝材料掺量的超高性能混凝土(UHPC)在常温养护条件下易产生凝结硬化不及时的问题。为促进UHPC在隧道初支、工程结构快速修复中的推广应用,拟采用有碱速凝剂(NA)和无碱速凝剂(AS)提升低水胶比浆体的早期凝结硬化速率。本工作通过水化热、水化溶出离子浓度、凝结时间和抗压强度试验研究速凝剂作用下低水胶比浆体的早期水化行为及凝结硬化规律,采用X射线衍射、SEM形貌观察和EDS能谱等手段对水化产物物相组成及微观结构演变规律进行了分析。结果表明,速凝剂的掺入加快了低水胶比复合胶凝材料浆体的早期水化速率,同时也促进了浆体的凝结硬化;NA对UHPC的促凝效果优于AS,其中NA-2%的1 d抗压强度为53.3 MPa, 28 d强度比为94.9%,而AS-4%的1 d抗压强度为38.9 MPa, 28 d强度比为92.3%;速凝剂促使低水胶比浆体快速生成大量水化产物,进而提高了浆体早期微观结构的致密性,且水化产物物相组成受速凝剂类型的影响较为显著。     

利用电石渣替代水泥开发固碳胶凝材料

本研究利用电石渣替代部分水泥,制备新型固碳胶凝材料,研究了不同电石渣含量的胶凝材料对600 kg/m³等级泡沫混凝土的基础性能及固碳性能的影响。研究表明：电石渣的掺入导致泡沫混凝土气孔变大,28 d抗压强度先升高后降低,保温性能提高;当电石渣取代10%水泥,制备出的泡沫混凝土干密度为595 kg/m³,28 d抗压强度比未掺加电石渣的提高4.2%,达5.0 MPa;当电石渣取代50%水泥,制备出的泡沫混凝土导热系数比未掺加电石渣的降低17.1%,为1.131 W·m^-1·K^-1。电石渣掺加有利于改善泡沫混凝土收缩,当电石渣掺量增加,泡沫混凝土先呈现收缩减小后出现膨胀。碳化养护不仅能够固化封存CO₂,还能提高泡沫混凝土的力学性能与保温性能。电石渣掺量越高,泡沫混凝土固碳能力越强,电石渣掺量为50%时,CO₂的捕获量达到46.02 wt%。     

DSC and TG Analysis of a Blended Binder Based on Waste Ceramic Powder and Portland Cement

Cement industry belongs to the business sectors characteristic by high energy consumption and high \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) generation. Therefore, any replacement of cement in concrete by waste materials can lead to immediate environmental benefits. In this paper, a possible use of waste ceramic powder in blended binders is studied. At first, the chemical composition of Portland cement and ceramic powder is analyzed using the X-ray fluorescence method. Then, thermal and mechanical characterization of hydrated blended binders containing up to 24 % ceramic is carried out within the time period of 2 days to 28 days. The differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry measurements are performed in the temperature range of \(25\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) to \(1000\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) in an argon atmosphere. The measurement of compressive strength is done according to the European standards for cement mortars. The thermal analysis results in the identification of temperature and quantification of enthalpy and mass changes related to the liberation of physically bound water, calcium-silicate-hydrates dehydration and portlandite, vaterite and calcite decomposition. The portlandite content is found to decrease with time for all blends which provides the evidence of the pozzolanic activity of ceramic powder even within the limited monitoring time of 28 days. Taking into account the favorable results obtained in the measurement of compressive strength, it can be concluded that the applied waste ceramic powder can be successfully used as a supplementary cementing material to Portland cement in an amount of up to 24 mass%.     

Compressive strength and durability properties of ceramic wastes based concrete

This paper presents an experimental study on the properties and on the durability of concrete containing ceramic wastes. Several concrete mixes possessing a target mean compressive strength of 30 MPa were prepared with 20% cement replacement by ceramic powder (W/B = 0.6). A concrete mix with ceramic sand and granite aggregates were also prepared as well as a concrete mix with natural sand and coarse ceramic aggregates (W/B = 0.5). The mechanical and durability performance of ceramic waste based concrete are assessed by means of mechanical tests, water performance, permeability, chloride diffusion and also accelerated aging tests. Results show that concrete with partial cement replacement by ceramic powder although it has minor strength loss possess increase durability performance. Results also shows that concrete mixtures with ceramic aggregates perform better than the control concrete mixtures concerning compressive strength, capillarity water absorption, oxygen permeability and chloride diffusion. The replacement of cement and aggregates in concrete by ceramic wastes will have major environmental benefits.     

Primary particle size and agglomerate size effects of amorphous silica in ultra-high performance concrete

Silica fume is widely used in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). However, it is a by-product in the industrial silicon production and therefore far from an optimized additive. Silica fume improves the compressive strength, but its detailed reaction mechanisms in concretes with low water/cement ratios are not yet fully understood. This study focuses on the influence of primary particle sizes and sizes of agglomerates of different amorphous silicas in UHPC. As a reference system, wet-chemically synthesized silica was used with very high purity, defined particle sizes, narrow primary particle size distributions and controllable agglomerate sizes. The obtained data were compared to silica fume. The results indicate that non-agglomerated silica particles produce the highest strength after 7 d, but a clear dependence on primary particle sizes, as suggested by calculations of packing density, was not confirmed. UHPC may be improved by incorporating an ameliorated dispersion of silica e.g. through commercial silica sols.     

再生钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土的力学性能

采用来自于废旧轮胎的两种再生钢纤维制备含粗骨料的超高性能混凝土,并测定其抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、断裂能和静弹性模量等力学性能,空白组及普通钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土作对比性能试验。结果显示,未附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维使超高性能混凝土的抗压强度略微下降,降低幅度为3.91%,其余各类型钢纤维均有利于提高超高性能混凝土的力学性能;而附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维显著提高了超高性能混凝土的断裂能,约为普通钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土的4倍。此外,再生钢纤维对超高性能混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度和静弹性模量的提高效果均优于普通钢纤维。再生钢纤维,尤其是附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维,可以作为一种增韧材料替代普通钢纤维应用到超高性能混凝土工程结构中。      

Ceramic wastes as alternative raw materials for Portland cement clinker production

The cement industry has for some time been seeking procedures that would effectively reduce the high energy and environmental costs of cement manufacture. One such procedure is the use of alternative materials as partial replacements for fuel, raw materials or even clinker. The present study explores the reactivity and burnability of cement raw mixes containing fired red or white ceramic wall tile wastes and combinations of the two as alternative raw materials.The results showed that the new raw mixes containing this kind of waste to be technically viable, and to have higher reactivity and burnability than a conventional mix, providing that the particle size of the waste used is lower than 90 μm. The mineralogical composition and distribution in the experimental clinker prepared were comparable to the properties of the clinker manufactured with conventional raw materials. Due to the presence of oxides such as ZnO, ZrO₂ and B₂O₃ in tile glazing, the content of these oxides was higher in clinker made with such waste. The mix of red and white ceramic wall tile waste was found to perform equally or better than each type of waste separately, a promising indication that separation of the two would be unnecessary for the purpose described above.     

掺CWCPM的砂浆强度灰色关联分析及预测模型的建立

为提高建筑垃圾砖粉活性,将其与粉煤灰、矿粉、激发剂复合形成建筑垃圾复合粉体材料(Construction waste composite powder materials,以下简称CWCPM)。从宏观和微观两方面研究了CWCPM对砂浆力学性能的影响,并采用灰色关联分析及多元回归分析理论,研究了水灰比、CWCPM掺量与砂浆强度的关联性,建立了砂浆抗压强度与水灰比、CWCPM掺量、龄期之间的定量关系模型。结果表明,CWCPM降低了砂浆早期强度,而其合理的颗粒级配及二次水化反应提高了砂浆后期强度;其中CWCPM掺量为抗压强度的准优因素,抗折强度受水灰比的影响较大;多元回归模型对砂浆抗压强度的预测精度较高,为CWCPM的有效利用提供了理论依据。     

Fine ceramics replacing cement in mortars Partial replacement of cement with fine ceramics in rendering mortars

The main objective of the use of very fine red clay ceramic waste in rendering mortars is the reduction in the primary binder (cement) content made possible by the potential pozzolanic effect of this recycled material, with very clear environmental benefits in the reduction of overly-high energy consuming cement and economic benefits in the potential reduction of the cost of mortars. This paper presents an experimental program where ceramic waste crushed to very fine particles was used to partially replace cement in mortars manufacturing, acting as a secondary binder. A large number of tests of the most relevant characteristics of various mortars in which this principle was applied were performed and compared with the results of the same tests in a reference rendering mortar with no ceramic fines (and no reduction of the cement content). The results are most promising both from a performance-based and an environmental point of view.     

Development of engineered cementitious composites with limestone powder and blast furnace slag

Nowadays limestone powder and blast furnace slag (BFS) are widely used in concrete as blended materials in cement. The replacement of Portland cement by limestone powder and BFS can lower the cost and enhance the greenness of concrete, since the production of these two materials needs less energy and causes less CO₂ emission than Portland cement. Moreover, the use of limestone powder and BFS improves the properties of fresh and hardened concrete, such as workability and durability. Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) is a class of ultra ductile fiber reinforced cementitious composites, characterized by high ductility, tight crack width control and relatively low fiber content. The limestone powder and BFS are used to produce ECC in this research. The mix proportion is designed experimentally by adjusting the amount of limestone powder and BFS, accompanied by four-point bending test and uniaxial tensile test. This study results in an ECC mix proportion with the Portland cement content as low as 15% of powder by weight. This mixture, at 28 days, exhibits a high tensile strain capacity of 3.3%, a tight crack width of 57 μm and a moderate compressive strength of 38 MPa. In order to promote a wide use of ECC, it was tried to simplify the mixing of ECC with only two matrix materials, i.e. BFS cement and limestone powder, instead of three matrix materials. By replacing Portland cement and BFS in the aforementioned ECC mixture with BFS cement, the ECC with BFS cement and limestone powder exhibits a tensile strain capacity of 3.1%, a crack width of 76 μm and a compressive strength of 40 MPa after 28 days of curing.     

Utilization of ceramic waste as fine aggregate within Portland cement and fly ash concretes

The aim of this research work was to investigate the feasibility of using ceramic waste and fly ash to produce mortar and concrete. Ceramic waste fragments obtained from local industry were crushed and sieved to produce fine aggregates. The measured concrete properties demonstrate that while workability was reduced with increasing ceramic waste content for Portland cement concrete and fly ash concrete, the workability of the fly ash concrete with 100% ceramic waste as fine aggregate remained sufficient, in contrast to the Portland cement control concrete with 100% ceramic waste where close to zero slump was measured. The compressive strength of ceramic waste concrete was found to increase with ceramic waste content and was optimum at 50% for the control concrete, dropping when the ceramic waste content was increased beyond 50%. This was a direct consequence of having a less workable concrete. However, the compressive strength in the fly ash concrete increased with increasing ceramic waste content up to 100%. The benefits of using ceramic waste as fine aggregate in concrete containing fly ash were therefore verified.     

Eco-efficient ultra-high performance concrete development by means of response surface methodology

The research described in this paper represents a statistically based model with the help of response surface methodology (RSM) aiming to study the applicability of this method to ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) mixture design and its optimization. Besides, the effects of silica fume, ultra-fine fly ash (UFFA) and sand as three main variable constituents of UHPC on workability and compressive strength as the main performance criteria and responses of this high-tech material were investigated. The models proposed here demonstrate a perfect correlation among variables and responses. Furthermore, through performing a multi-objective optimization, cement and silica fume, as two main constituents of UHPC affecting its eco-efficiency and cost, were substituted by UFFA and sand as much as possible. Finally, an eco-efficient UHPC with cement and silica fume content of 640 kg/m³ and 56.3 kg/m³ respectively and compressive strength and flow diameter of 160.3 MPa and 19 cm was developed.