Modeling compression behavior of cement-treated zinc-contaminated clayey soils

In this paper, the compression behavior of cement-treated soil with various cement contents and zinc concentrations is presented and modeled by the destructuring framework and the concept of the Intrinsic Compression Line (ICL). The void ratio of a cement-treated sample with Zn contamination is the sum of the void ratio sustained by the intrinsic soil fabric (destructured void ratio) and the additional void ratio due to cementation. The compression index at the pre-yield state, C_s, increases as the Zn concentration increases or as the cement content decreases. At the post-yield state, the additional void ratio is inversely proportional to the effective vertical stress. The rate of reduction in the additional void ratio is controlled by the destructuring index, b. The values for b and yield stress are mainly dependent upon the degree of cementation, which is controlled by the cement content and the Zn concentration. Based on a critical analysis of the test data, a practical (simple and rational) method for assessing the compressibility of cement-treated soil with various Zn concentrations is suggested. The proposed predictive method is useful not only for quickly determining compression curves, with acceptable errors, but also for examining the results of tests on cement-treated zinc-contaminated soil.     

Forecast formula for strength of cement-treated clay

A simple formula with no fitting parameters is proposed, with which the strength of cement-treated soil can be calculated at any curing time with the known cement-water ratio (the ratio of the cement mass to the mass sum of the water in the soil and the water in the cement paste) of the cement-treated soil and the corresponding strength at a certain short curing time. The results obtained with this formula basically reflect the law whereby the strength of cement-treated soil increases with the curing time. To further facilitate the use of this formula, the conversion relation of the cement-water ratio to the cement-mixed ratio and the water-cement ratio of the cement paste were presented. In such a way, the strength of cement-treated soil can be predicted directly using the common proportioning parameter of the cement-treated soil. In addition, with the known long-term (within 180 d) target strength of the cement-treated soil, its short-term strength can also be speculated through this formula, on whose basis a formulation design for cement-treated soil may be conducted as well.     

Evaluation of statistical uncertainty of cement-treated soil strength using Bayesian approach

The statistical parameters for the strength of cement-treated soil are evaluated by the strength of cored samples retrieved from cement-treated columns for a quality assurance procedure in the deep mixing method. The sample parameters include the statistical uncertainty associated with the statistical sample size and other factors. Therefore, a probabilistic characterization of the statistical parameters of strength is required to quantify the statistical uncertainty in the quality assurance process. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the statistical uncertainty for the estimation of the strength of cement-treated columns. The Bayesian approach is adopted to evaluate the statistical uncertainty occurring in the determination of the statistical parameters of the strength from observed data. The inference is performed via a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, in which samples of the parameters are sequentially drawn from a joint posterior probability distribution. An example analysis is performed to illustrate the statistical uncertainty of the unconfined compressive strength of cored samples retrieved from cement-treated columns. The results show that the statistical parameters, inferred from the data with the sample size of approximately 40, include considerable uncertainty. The variability of the estimated statistical parameters is found to depend on both the sample size and the spatial correlation. The influence of the statistical uncertainty, caused in the estimation of the mean and standard deviations in strength, is examined within the framework of quality assurance in the deep mixing method.     

Attempt to reproduce the mechanical behavior of cement-treated soil using elasto-plastic model considering soil skeleton structure

The improvement of sand and clay using lime or cement to control solidification is common practice. Among the many constitutive models for solidification proposed for clay and sand, few can reproduce the combined behavior of cement-treated clay and cement-treated sand. Here, four typical experimental results for cement-treated soil have been chosen from the literature to consider the shear and consolidation behavior for clay and sand, especially for a low cement mixing ratio. The elasto-plastic constitutive model was used to simulate this behavior considering the soil skeleton structure.The simulation results obtained using the model agreed with the experimental test results both for the cement-treated clay and the cement-treated sand. In the case of the clays, the experimental results were reproduceable using material constants for elasto-plastic and evolution parameters and only required changes in the initial state values, regardless of whether the soil was treated or untreated. In the case of the sands, the structure decay index of the treated sand became smaller than that of the untreated sand. Moreover, the cement-treated loose sand did not exhibit softening behavior. This was attributed to the slow rate of decay of the highly structured cement-treated loose sand due to the solidification of the cement. The degree of structure and the overconsolidation ratio both increased with higher amounts of admixed cement. The model developed in this study was capable of describing the mechanical behavior of both cement-treated clay and cement-treated sand.     

水位面以下可塑状态粘性土有效重度取值分析

根据土体压缩变形特性，建立了水位面以下土体处于可塑状态时，土体有效重芳γe的计算公式，并对提出的计算公式进行了分析和计算，文末给出了一个算例。     

Design and parametric study of a pavement foundation layer made of cement-treated fine-grained lateritic soil

This study deals with the application of experimental results to the design of a roadway structure. It firstly addresses the design of a layer of pavement foundation made of cement-treated fine-grained lateritic soil, using the American empirical and the French mechanistic-empirical methods developed by AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) and LCPC (Central Laboratory of Roads and Bridges), respectively. Then, a comparison is made of the results obtained by these two pavement design methods with those provided by the CEBTP (Experimental Center for Research and Studies in Building and Public Works) pavement design manual for tropical countries. It is observed that there is very little difference between the thicknesses of the pavement layers (D) obtained by the LCPC mechanistic-empirical method of pavement design and the AASHTO empirical pavement design method. However, the pavement thicknesses (D) obtained by the LCPC pavement design method are lower than those obtained by the AASHTO pavement design method in the order of 8%, thereby reducing the input of a significant amount of lateritic soil at the worksite. It is further observed that the thicknesses (D) obtained by the LCPC and AASHTO pavement design methods are 1–1.9 times lower than those provided in the CEBTP pavement design manual, used for several decades in the tropics. This considerable decrease in the cement-treated fine grained lateritic soil required for the pavement body is both economically profitable for project managers and beneficial for the environment. Regression relationships were proposed based on the key parameters, namely, resilient modulus M_R, modulus of elasticity E, layer coefficient a_i and structural number SN. They provide strong relationships that yield good linear correlations.     

Basic parameters governing the behaviour of cement-treated clays

Although extensive research has been conducted on the mechanical behaviour of Portland cement-treated soft clays, there has been less emphasis on the correlation of the observed behaviour with clay mineralogy. In this study, experimental results from the authors have been combined with the data found in the literature to investigate the effect of parameters such as curing time, cement content, moisture content, liquidity index, and mineralogy on the mechanical properties of cement-treated clays. The findings show that undrained shear strength and sensitivity of cemented clays still continue to increase after relatively long curing times; expressions are proposed to predict the strength and sensitivity with time. This parametric study also indicates the relative importance of the activity of the soil, as well as the water–cement ratio, to the mechanical properties of cementitious admixtures. Two new empirical parameters are introduced herein. Based on the results of unconfined compression, undrained triaxial, and oedometer tests on cement-enhanced clays, expressions that use these parameters to predict undrained shear strength, yield stress, and the slope of the compression line are proposed. The observed variations in the mechanical behaviour with respect to mineralogy and the important effect of curing time are explained in terms of the pozzolanic reactions. The possible limitations of applying Abrams׳ law to cement–admixed clays are also discussed.     

浆喷桩在基坑开挖中的支护与防渗作用

泉州市石狮伍堡污水处理厂由于临近晋江入海口，地基以砂质土和淤泥质土为主，地下水丰富且受潮汐 影响较大。在污水积水池深达５．０ｍ的基坑开挖中，对基坑坑壁的支护与防渗要求较高，文中介绍浆喷搅拌桩对此问 题的解决，并论述其效果。     

轻量土击实密度模型与工程特性

为了探索软夹杂土体压实机理,指导轻量土配方设计与压实施工,基于混合土物质结构组成及土体压缩变密的物理本质,建立了击实密度模型。试验发现模型预测值与实测湿密度基本一致,绝对误差仅有0.003~0.051 g/cm³,相对误差仅有0.282%~5.267%,证明击实密度模型可以准确预测混合土不同击实条件下的湿密度。EPS颗粒压缩率、混合土湿密度随击实次数增大而增大,增大趋势逐渐变缓;混合土孔隙比随击实次数增大而减小。在击实作用下,轻量土湿密度的提高是由土体的孔隙减少和EPS颗粒软夹杂的塑性压缩共同完成的。与砂土轻量土性质相似,粘土轻量土的湿密度、无侧限抗压强度随击实次数增大而增大。=25击时,EPS颗粒压缩率范围6.13%~11.51%;=94击时,EPS颗粒压缩率范围12.80%~14.87%。证明规范规定的击实次数与击实能量适合混合土的击实,不会导致EPS颗粒消泡。考虑到击实密度模型参数测定非常繁琐,根据工程实际情况,假设压实过程中土料含水量不变与压实后土颗粒-EPS颗粒之间的孔隙近似为0,进一步提出了简化击实密度模型,并且通过试验证明了简化模型完全适用于实际工程。     

考虑初始孔隙比影响的非饱和土相对渗透系数方程

基于饱和度随孔隙比变化的增量关系以及利用非饱和土土水特征曲线（SWCC）预测渗透系数的方法,建立了一种考虑初始孔隙比影响的非饱和土相对渗透系数间接预测方法。在非饱和土SWCC方程基础上,该方法只需增加一个参数,即可对某一种土在不同初始孔隙比条件下的相对渗透系数进行预测,通过与试验结果的对比,证实了所建立的预测模型的正确性。     

水泥土加固机理试验特性分析

通过对广州滨海地区软土掺入不同的外加剂,研究了水泥掺入比、外加剂掺入比、龄期、有机质含量等对水泥土力学性质的影响及水泥土强度关系,并得出了相关结论,为水泥土搅拌法施工提供了科学依据。     

非饱和土耦合本构模型的三维化

非饱和土本构关系模型通常是建立在修正剑桥模型的基础上,并采用了广义的von Mises准则,以描述非饱和土在一般应力状态下的本构行为。该准则假设在π平面上屈服面是个圆形,高估了土体除三轴压缩以外的强度,在平面应变中也会错误估计中主应力比。空间滑动面破坏准则（SMP）考虑了第三应力不变量的影响,屈服面在π平面上为曲边三角形,可以较好地描述一般应力状态下土体的剪切屈服和破坏特性。采用变换应力方法,将SMP准则应用到最近建立的非饱和土耦合本构模型中使其合理的三维化,能够有效地将模型从轴对称应力状态扩展至一般应力状态。根据与试验结果对比表明,改进后的模型在不增加任何参数的情况下,能够较好地模拟非饱和土在三轴伸长等一般应力状态下的行为特性。     

层状各向异性无黏性土三维强度准则

忽略黏性项,采用椭圆型角隅函数对Mohr-Coulomb准则进行三维化,建立了适合于无黏性土的三维强度准则,该准则能合理反映峰值内摩擦角随中主应力比的变化特性。以垂直与平行于土体沉积面方向的强度之比引入层状各向异性系数,并根据主应力轴与土体沉积面方向关系修正角隅函数,提出了一个适用于层状各向异性无黏性土的三维强度准则。通过研究其偏平面形状及峰值内摩擦角与中主应力比关系随层状各向异性系数的变化特性,表明该准则描述层状各向异性无黏性土强度的适用性。通过预测两组砂土真三轴试验结果,进一步地证实所提出强度准则的合理性。     

土的三维渐近状态准则

天然地基中土是在某种约束下而受力变形的,试验结果表明,土在等应变增量比的路径约束下,无论应力路径的起点如何最终都会逼近于应力比为一常数的稳定状态,称为渐近状态。简要分析了渐近状态下土的剪胀规律,应变增量比作为反映剪胀性的一个参数,可以用来描述渐近状态应力比,结合广义非线性强度准则,把土渐近状态应力比的计算推广到三维,提出了土的三维渐近状态准则,并详细分析了该准则中各参数对渐近状态应力比的影响程度,最后通过试验验证了准则的有效性。     

非饱和土与特殊土测试技术新进展

全面系统地总结了非饱和土与特殊土测试技术的新进展,内容包括:吸力与水分测试技术,渗流测试技术,变形、应力、强度、孔压、排水测试技术,膨胀土和湿陷性黄土的测试技术,模型试验与大型现场试验技术。文中指出了非饱和土与特殊土的测试难点,对近年来发展起来的成熟的高新技术和国内外学者研制的几十种新设备作了重点介绍,详细阐述了控制吸力的各种方法和提高测试精度的各种措施,并对今后测试技术的发展提出了若干建议。     

有效应力原理在各向异性饱和土中的拓展与应用

有效应力原理奠定了土力学的基础。为了刻画由于土颗粒形状和排布的不规则所造成的内应力不均匀现象和土的各向异性力学行为,采用2种典型的分析方法对各向异性饱和土的内应力进行剖析,结果表明:对于各向异性土而言,忽略土颗粒接触面积后所得到的有效应力无法刻画内应力的不均匀现象;骨架应力是一个客观存在的物理量,可以刻画内应力不均匀的现象。为了便于应用,在骨架应力的基础上,提出等效应力张量,使之可以刻画不包含孔隙水压强的其他所有外力作用产生的土骨架应力。借助组构张量,给出等效应力张量的具体表达,明确有效应力、骨架应力和等效应力之间的两两换算关系。在此基础上,以等效应力刻画土骨架应力,以已有本构模型模拟土骨架力学行为,可以在不额外地修正土的基本力学规律的前提下,对各向同性土的本构模型进行"各向异性化"改造,实现有效应力原理在各向异性土中的拓展。以Lade破坏准则为例,建立等效Lade破坏准则,与试验结果对比表明,拓展后的有效应力原理可以适用于各向异性饱和土。     

二灰碎石最大干容重和最佳含水量的影响因素

石灰、粉煤灰、细料（粒径小于5mm的集料）是影响二灰碎石最大干容重和最佳含水量的重要因素，在做了大量试验的基础上通过正交试验方法分析了最大干容重、最佳含水量与影响因素之间的关系，确定三因素之间的主要影响因素。     

Modelling of geosynthetic-reinforced column-supported embankments using 2D full-width model and modified unit cell approach

Soil-cement deep mixing (DM) columns combined with geosynthetic basal reinforcement are an accepted technique in geotechnical engineering to construct road and railway embankments over soft foundations. Both full-width and unit cell models have been used to numerically simulate the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced and column-supported (GRCS) embankments. However, the typical unit cell model with horizontally fixed side boundaries cannot simulate the lateral spreading of the embankment fill and foundation soil. As a result, the calculated reinforcement tensile loads using typical unit cell models are much less than those from matching full-width models. The paper first examines GRCS embankments using a full-width model with small- and large-strain modes in FLAC and then compares the calculated results from the full-width model with those using a typical unit cell model, a recently proposed modified unit cell model, and a closed-form solution. The paper also examines the influence of the soft foundation soil modulus, reinforcement tensile stiffness, and DM column modulus on the reinforcement tensile loads. Numerical analyses show that the reinforcement tensile loads from the modified unit cell model are in good agreement with those from the full-width model for zones under the embankment crest for all cases and conditions examined in the paper. Both the full-width model and modified unit cell model perform better than the typical unit cell model for the prediction of the reinforcement tensile load when compared to the closed-form solution. However, while the modified unit cell developed by the writers is shown to be more accurate than the typical unit cell when predictions are compared to results using full-width numerical simulations, the benefit of using this approach to reduce computation times may be limited in practice.     

关于土的前期固结压力试验中几个问题的探讨

介绍了一种比较简捷而准确地在e—logp曲线上求取最小曲率半径Rmin点O,以求取土的前期固结压力pc值的方法,并提出影响试验成果的几个重要因素,以指导实践中准确判断土层的压密状态。     

特征应力空间中土的分数阶临界状态模型

分数阶微分具有连续描述零阶微分到一阶微分的特性,曲线的分数阶梯度方向不再与曲线切线垂直。分数阶微分的梯度非正交性质,可用于描述土的塑性流动方向与屈服面非正交的特性。基于特征应力与临界状态理论,在特征应力空间中利用非正交流动法则描述土的塑性应变增量方向,从而建立土的分数阶临界状态本构模型。所建立的模型首次将分数阶微分与特征应力统一于临界状态理论框架内,一方面模型可以同时描述三轴压缩和三轴伸长试验条件下土的变形和强度特性,另一方面也给出了利用三轴试验确定分数阶阶次的方法。所建立的本构模型只有5个材料参数,参数物理意义清晰,可通过常规室内土工试验确定,且模型可退化为修正剑桥模型。通过对典型应力路径条件下的试验结果进行预测表明,所建的模型能够合理地描述土的变形与强度特性。