干式铣削对淬硬钢表面残余应力的影响研究

以SKD11淬硬钢为高速铣削研究对象,研究不同铣削参数对SKD11淬硬钢加工表面残余应力的影响.运用大型商业软件DEFORM-2D建立了干式铣削残余应力的有限元模型,并利用该模型分析不同切削参数对工件表面残余应力的影响情况及残余应力产生的原因;通过实验验证的方法将仿真的结果和实验结果进行对比得出模型误差小于16.4％,证明仿真模型可行.模拟实验得出:在高速铣削SKD11淬硬钢时,适当的减小切削速度和增大切削深度,可有效降低残余应力对加工表面质量的影响.     

CBN刀具车削淬硬钢表面粗糙度的试验与预测

利用正交设计方法,对立方氮化硼(CBN)刀具硬态干式车削淬硬钢Cr12Mo V时,切削用量三要素(切削速度、进给量和切削深度)对加工表面粗糙度的影响进行了分析,运用响应曲面法(RSM)建立了加工表面粗糙度的预测模型。研究结果表明:CBN刀具车削淬硬钢Cr12Mo V时对加工表面粗糙度影响最大的加工参数是切削速度,其次是进给量,切削深度对加工表面粗糙度的影响较小;预测模型能够高精度地对表面粗糙度进行预测,平均误差不超过9.7%。     

基于神经网络的高速硬车削切削力预测研究

采用PCBN刀具进行高速硬车削AISI P20淬硬钢的切削试验,并通过方差分析研究切削速度、进给量、切削深度和刀尖圆弧半径对切削力的影响.基于获得的试验数据,应用人工神经网络方法建立高速硬车削P20淬硬钢时的切削力预测模型.试验与仿真分析显示,切削力随进给量、切削深度和刀尖圆弧半径的增加而增大,而不同切削速度下的切削力值几乎保持不变;同时,切削深度对切削力的影响最为显著,其次为进给量,再次为刀尖圆弧半径,而切削速度的影响则非常微弱.     

高速硬切削加工表面白层形成机理研究

白层是高速硬切削的特有现象,对加工表面完整性和零件的服役性能有着重要影响。针对高速硬切削加工表面白层问题,进行了对GCrl5淬硬轴承钢高速硬切削试验和表面白层测试,研究了不同切削条件下的白层形成机理,分析了切削速度和刀具磨损状态对白层特征的影响规律。分析结果表明,白层厚度随切削速度和后刀面磨损的增大而增大,而其分布的均匀性和连续性也将变差;切削速度和后刀面磨损的增加引起切削温度升高,导致加工表面快速淬火效应,使得白层厚度增大,其中切削速度的影响较为显著;在切削速度较低(100 m/min左右)时白层的形成机理主要为塑性变形,切削速度超过300 m/min则主要是马氏体相变所致,而在中间切削速度(200 m/min左右)时为2种机理的混合作用结果。     

多硬度拼接淬硬Cr12MoV铣削力的有限元分析

通过初始屈服应力、应变硬化模量等材料特性参数,建立了不同硬度Cr12MoV淬硬钢的Johnson-Cook本构模型,对多硬度淬硬钢的铣削加工过程进行了数值模拟,分析了切削速度、切削深度、工件硬度等因素对铣削力的作用规律,揭示了多硬度拼接淬硬钢的铣削力特征。多硬度拼接淬硬钢铣削加工的实验结果验证了有限元模型的正确性,对于铣削加工参数优化具有一定的指导作用。     

激光加热辅助车削钛合金Ti6Al4V的数值研究

研究了激光辅助加热条件下钛合金Ti6Al4V的切削过程。采用高斯热源分布模型对激光加热钛合金的温度场进行了模拟,分析了激光功率、移动速度、光斑直径等加工参数对加工结果的影响。基于JohnsonCook本构模型和Johnson-Cook失效断裂准则,采用完全热力耦合有限元分析模型,对激光辅助正交车削钛合金Ti6Al4V进行了数值仿真研究。最后通过分析仿真结果,证实了激光辅助加工的有效性。     

淬硬钢高速硬车削表面粗糙度的试验研究

采用PCBN刀具进行高速硬车削AISI P20淬硬钢的切削试验,并通过正交试验分析给出试验范围内的最优加工参数组合。基于所建立的表面粗糙度经验模型,采用数值仿真的方法分析切削速度、进给量、切削深度和刀尖圆弧半径对表面粗糙度的影响规律。结果表明,增大切削速度和刀尖圆弧半径可有效降低表面粗糙度,而当进给量增大时,表面粗糙度显著增加;同时,进给量对表面粗糙度的影响最大,刀尖圆弧半径次之,切削速度也有较大影响,而切削深度的影响则非常微弱。     

干式车削淬硬钢表面变质层的形成机理研究

采用由数控车床、测力仪、高速红外热像仪、扫描电子显微镜等设备组成的试验测试系统,通过使用PCBN刀具低中高速干式车削淬硬钢Cr12Mo V(45±1HRC)试验,揭示了不同切削速度条件下热-力效应对白层厚度的影响规律,分析已加工表面(层)微裂纹的形成机理。结果表明:低速车削时切削力和切削温度对白层厚度的影响较显著;中高速车削时温度对其影响显著,且呈正相关,而切削力对白层厚度的影响不明显。低速车削条件下,热-力耦合促使加工表面(层)组织中产生了明显的微裂纹,高速车削时得到了较为完美的加工表面。     

基于AdvantEdge的硬态精车过程仿真

为探讨硬态精车过程中工艺参数对工件和刀具的影响,采用专门的金属切削仿真软件Advant Edge,建立精车H13淬硬钢的三维有限元模型,对其车削力、刀片切削温度、刀片应力以及切屑进行分析。结果表明:硬态车削过程中,切深抗力在切削过程中起着重要作用,在进给量小于一定值时,切深抗力可以大于主切削力;切削速度越大,刀片温度越高,切削力越小,刀片应力越小,有利于加工表面成型;切削刃半径越小,切削力小,刀片应力小,有利于提高切削加工性能,但小的切削刃半径容易导致刀片磨损;硬态车削切屑呈锯齿状,切屑温度带状分布,切削速度越高,进给量越大,切屑温度越高。研究结论可用于硬态切削过程中的工艺参数优化和刀具及其涂层材料的选择与设计。     

硬态车削表面白层厚度的影响因素分析

通过用PCBN刀具切削GCr15试件的切削试验 ,分析了硬态车削时被加工表面白层的产生条件 ,应用正交试验法研究了切削速度、进给量、切削深度等切削参数对白层厚度的影响规律 ,并讨论了白层及黑层的形成机制。     

Some Observations of the Chip Formation Process and the White Layer Formation in High Speed Milling of Hardened Steel

With the advent of recent advances in machine tools design (main spindle, feed drives, etc.), high-speed milling has become a cost-effective manufacturing process to produce products with high surface quality, low variations in the machined surface characteristics, and excellent dimensional accuracy. In taking into account the most obvious advantages of high-speed machining over conventional machining, a key issue is to identify the effective range of cutting speed that corresponds to high-speed machining producing improved machining performance. The simple reason for this is the fact that machining performance improves when entering the high-speed region but, large increase in cutting speed is not cost-effective due to rapidly increasing tool-wear rates and high power consumption. In order to address this issue requiring a trade-off, an attempt has been made in this paper by formulating an approximate procedure which is based on the analysis of chip-formation mechanisms and a chip-shape analysis, together with the use of metallographic methods. This procedure includes fundamental understanding of the well-known phenomena of white layer formation during the high-speed machining of hardened steels. Essentially, the white layer generated on a machined surface represents a surface defect. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing its generation and its prevalent characteristics. There is lack of knowledge in this area, which tends to present the influence of the white layer on the surface integrity and performance of the machined part as a function of machining conditions. This article provides a basis for the determination of the optimal range of cutting speeds and feed rates in high-speed milling of hardened steels ensuring minimized influence of the white layer on the workpiece quality and machined surface integrity.     

Some Observations of the Chip Formation Process and the White Layer Formation in High Speed Milling of Hardened Steel

Abstract

With the advent of recent advances in machine tools design (main spindle, feed drives, etc.), high-speed milling has become a cost-effective manufacturing process to produce products with high surface quality, low variations in the machined surface characteristics, and excellent dimensional accuracy. In taking into account the most obvious advantages of high-speed machining over conventional machining, a key issue is to identify the effective range of cutting speed that corresponds to high-speed machining producing improved machining performance. The simple reason for this is the fact that machining performance improves when entering the high-speed region but, large increase in cutting speed is not cost-effective due to rapidly increasing tool-wear rates and high power consumption. In order to address this issue requiring a trade-off, an attempt has been made in this paper by formulating an approximate procedure which is based on the analysis of chip-formation mechanisms and a chip-shape analysis, together with the use of metallographic methods. This procedure includes fundamental understanding of the well-known phenomena of white layer formation during the high-speed machining of hardened steels. Essentially, the white layer generated on a machined surface represents a surface defect. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing its generation and its prevalent characteristics. There is lack of knowledge in this area, which tends to present the influence of the white layer on the surface integrity and performance of the machined part as a function of machining conditions. This article provides a basis for the determination of the optimal range of cutting speeds and feed rates in high-speed milling of hardened steels ensuring minimized influence of the white layer on the workpiece quality and machined surface integrity.     

H13淬硬模具钢精车过程的数值模拟

采用热力学耦合有限元方法研究了淬硬钢精车过程中切屑形成规律。运用H13 淬硬模具钢流动应力模型进行数值模拟,考查了H13淬硬模具钢精车过程中工艺参数对工件性能和刀具的影响。结果表明:切削速度愈高,进给量愈小,刀具刀尖半径愈大,则工件加工层上的静水拉应力愈小,表面质量愈好; 淬硬钢精车时径向力起主要作用,大于切削力;切削速度愈大,切削力和径向力则愈小,愈有助于改善工件加工层上的表面质量;切削速度、进给量和刀具刀尖圆角半径愈大,工件和刀具温度愈高,愈易导致刀具前刀面扩散磨损和刀具后刀面磨损。研究结论有助于优化H13淬硬模具钢精车过程中工艺参数选择和改进刀具镶片设计。     

高速铣削 Inconel718已加工表面残余应力的有限元分析

利用有限元法对镍基高温合金Inconel 718的高速正交铣削进行模拟仿真,获得切削力、切削温度和残余应力.结果表明在仿真切削速度100-3000m/min范围内,刀尖峰值温度随切削速度提高而增大,由于高温造成工件软化,从而使切削力随切削速度增大而减小;残余应力层深度在已加工表面O.5mm以下,最大表面残余应力为拉应力...     

Hard turning: Parametric optimization using genetic algorithm for rough/finish machining and study of surface morphology

The present study reports the effect of different process parameters on machining forces, surface roughness, dimensional deviation and material removal rate during hard turning of EN31, SAE8620 and EN9 tool steels. Feed rate followed by hardness, cutting speed and nose radius-depth of cut significantly affected machining forces whereas feed rate had the largest effect on surface roughness. The four responses were subsequently optimized for both rough and finish machining using genetic algorithm to determine the optimum combination of input parameters. Machined surfaces were subsequently analyzed using XRD followed by analysis of grain size and crystallite size of the machined samples and SEM analysis. Higher chromium content was observed at the machined surface as manganese dissolves in cementite and may replace iron atoms in the cementite lattice after machining. High heat is generated when machining at higher cutting speeds causing severe strain. The depth of the white layer decreases with increasing tool nose radius and increases at larger feeds because of greater heat generation. The SEM observations showed a smooth pattern with very low undulations with almost no crack damage.     

Influence of cutting condition on white layer induced by high speed machining of hardened steel

White layer formed on machined surface during dry and hard high speed machining has great influence on workpiece performance. Studying machined surface white layer is significant to improve the machinability and surface quality of workpiece. Experiments of dry and hard high speed machining of GCr15 bearing steel and 40CrNiMoA alloy steel were carried out with PCBN inserts, the phase composition and the thickness of white layer were studied experimentally; the formation mechanism of the white layer were studied; effects of cutting parameters, carbon content of substrate material on white layer thickness were analyzed; effects of cutting speed on retained austenite content in machined surface were also summarized. Results show that the microstructure of white layer consists of cryptocrystalline martensite, retained austenite and carbide; the white layer is formed by martensitic transformation; the white layer thickness and the retained austenite content of machined surface increase firstly and then decrease with cutting speed; the white layer thickness increases with flank wear and carbon content.     

Optimisation of parameters affecting surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical material during CNC lathe machining by using the Taguchi and RSM methods

This study involves modelling of experimental data of surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (spindle rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and tool tip radius). In order to determine critical states of the cutting parameters variance analysis (ANOVA) was applied while optimisation of the parameters affecting the surface roughness was achieved with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) that is based on the Taguchi orthogonal test design. The validity of the developed models necessary for estimation of the surface roughness values (Ra, Rz), was approximately 92%. It was found that for Ra 38% of the most effective parameters is on the tool tip radius, followed by 33% on the feed rate whereas for Rz tool tip radius occupied 43% with the feed being at 33% rate. To achieve the minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for spindle rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and tool tip radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0.1 mm/rev, 0.7 mm and 0.8 mm.     

Experimental research material characteristics effect on white layers formation in grinding of hardened steel

Many studies have been performed on the formation of white layer. However, little study has been done to investigate the effects of material characteristics on the formation and thickness of white layer. In this study, grinding experiments are carried out by using four different steels (hardened and annealed) as workpiece material. The specimens are analyzed using a microhardness tester and an optical microscope. The experiments indicate the depth of white layer increases with the carbon content of workpiece materials. There is a critical carbon content (about 0.77 %) associated with thick white layer. Microhardness of white layer increases with the carbon content in hardened steel. A higher hardness is observed in the hardened steel than that in annealed steel, while there is not a softer transition zone in the annealed steel. White layer varies with the different combinations of grinding parameters. White layer thickness increases with the grinding depth and wheel speed. Based on experimental data, nonlinear regression statistical models are proposed to predict white layer thickness during grinding.     

精密干式硬态车削淬硬工具钢加工表面温度参数优化

使用PCBN刀具对不同淬硬状态工具钢Cr12MoV进行精密干式硬态车削试验,运用极差法分析切削速度、走刀量、切削深度、试件硬度、刀尖圆弧半径五个因素对工件表面温度影响的显著性,并得到了最优车削参数。试验表明：影响工件表面温度最显著的因素是工件淬火硬度,切削深度与走刀量的影响相当,刀尖圆弧半径的影响最小。