纳米尺度单晶铜材料表面切削特性分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究单晶铜材料表面纳米切削特性。通过对单晶铜纳米切削过程进行分子动力学建模、计算与分析,研究了不同切削速度及切削厚度对单晶铜材料表面纳米切削过程中微观接触区域原子状态和切削力变化的影响规律。研究结果发现：在单晶铜表面纳米切削过程中,切削速度越高,切屑堆积体积越大,切屑里原子的排列越紧密,位错缺陷分布区域越大;在同种切削速度下,切削厚度越大,在刀具前方堆积的切屑体积越大,位错缺陷越多。不同切削速度及切削厚度下,切削力曲线均在切削初期呈上升趋势,达到稳定切削状态后围绕稳定值进行波动,但在切削初期,切削速度及切削厚度越大,切削力上升幅度越大;达到稳定切削状态后,切削速度、切削厚度越大,切削力越大。     

切参数变化对切屑断裂应变的影响

以影响切屑断裂应变的重要因素为基础,对切屑断裂应变随切削速度ν、进给量f、背吃刀量αv的变化规律进行了理论分析;分析结果显示;高速切削时,当进给量f厂和背吃刀量αp不变的情况下,随着切削速度ν的增加,切屑的断裂应变εB是增加,然后又减小;当切削速度ν和背吃刀量αp不变的情况下,随着进给量f的增加,切屑的断裂应变εB是减小的.当切削速νε和进给量f不变的情况下,随着背吃刀量αp的增加时,切屑断裂应变εB基本是定值.以上分析结果对了解切削参数对切屑折断性能的影响具有重要的意义.     

切削参数变化对切屑断裂应变的影响

以影响切屑断裂应变的重要因素为基础,对切屑断裂应变随切削速度v、进给量f、背吃刀量ap的变化规律进行了理论分析;分析结果显示：高速切削时,当进给量f和背吃刀量ap不变的情况下,随着切削速度v的增加,切屑的断裂应变εB先是增加,然后又减小;当切削速度v和背吃刀量ap不变的情况下,随着进给量f的增加,切屑的断裂应变εB是减小的。当切削速度v和进给量f不变的情况下,随着背吃刀量ap的增加时,切屑断裂应变εB基本是定值。以上分析结果对了解切削参数对切屑折断性能的影响具有重要的意义。     

基于刀具磨损和切屑形成对切削Ti6Al4V的切削力特性研究

为了研究钛合金Ti6Al4V切削过程中的切削力特性,采用硬质合金涂层和无涂层刀具进行了外圆干车削试验,提取切削力信号,通过研究切削力的静动态特性,揭示了切削力与切削速度、刀具材料、刀具磨损以及切屑形成的关系.结果表明:钛合金切削过程中,切削力的静态分量中径向力Fp最大,直接导致刀具后刀面磨损;随着切削速度的变化,切削力的变化是由刀具磨损、材料本身的特性等多方面因素综合作用的结果,切削力动态分量分形维数可用于刀具状态监控;锯齿形切屑的产生与切削力的高频变化有直接的关系,锯齿生成频率可以作为切削力动态分量频率的一个表征,选取适当的切削参数可以降低由于锯齿屑产生引起的切削力振动.     

DD5镍基单晶高温合金高速铣削判据及切屑毛边成形机理研究

为改善DD5镍基单晶高温合金难加工特性,基于绝热剪切理论,以切削速度为变量,采用单因素实验及有限元仿真方法,提出了高速铣削判据及切屑毛边成形机理。根据切屑锯齿间距和锯齿化程度的测量结果,当切削速度达到37.7 m/min时,切屑自由表面从片层状结构转变为明显的锯齿状结构,由此判断切削进入了高速区。切屑边缘与绝热剪切带交汇处凹槽侧面的应力集中触发了切屑纵向裂纹的形成,而纵向裂纹的扩展引起了切屑横、纵两向应力分布的变化,从而导致切屑横向裂纹的产生;切屑侧面横、纵两向裂纹的形成和扩展是切屑毛边形成的主要原因。随着切削速度的增大,毛边形态由平整的梯形转变为狭长且有缺陷的三角形。相比于传统加工,高速加工有益于切削力的减小及切屑毛边高度和间距的下降,同时可抑制侧向裂纹的扩展。     

高速铣削P20和45淬硬钢的切削力

使用TiAlN涂层的整体硬质合金球形立铣刀，对45钢（52HRC、48HRC、42HRC）及P20钢（41HRC、33HRC）进行了高速铣削试验。基于材料变形下的流动应力方程及剪切角理论，分析了切削速度、工件硬度、材料性能对切削力的影响。试验中的切削参数如下：切削速度为156～816m／min，每齿进给量为0．1mm，轴向切削深度为3mm，切削宽度为1mm。结果表明：高速铣削淬硬钢产生锯齿形切屑，切削速度和工件硬度对切削力有显著影响。     

超硬刀具高速切削钛合金时的切削力研究

基于锯齿切屑相关理论,以单位切削力、切削力静态分量和动态分量为指标,对PCD/PCBN两种超硬刀具高速切削TC4钛合金的切削力进行对比研究。研究发现：两种超硬刀具高速切削TC4钛合金时,单位切削力大小基本相同,且均随切削速度增大而整体呈略微增加趋势,均随进给量、背吃刀量的增大而减小;单位切削力大小取决于锯齿形切屑基块内材料应变及应变率强化作用和温度弱化作用。两种超硬刀具切削力静态分量大小基本相同,且均随切削速度的增大整体呈略微增大趋势,均随进给量和背吃刀量的增大而增大。两种超硬刀具的切削力动态分量均随切削速度的增大而减小,均随进给量和背吃刀量的增大而增大。PCD刀具的切削力动态分量大于PCBN刀具;切削力动态分量大小与靠近刀尖处发生热塑剪切失稳切削层材料的体积和温度有关。     

高速切削30CrNi3MoV淬硬钢切屑形成机理的试验研究

通过30CrNi3MoV淬硬钢的高速切削试验,观察和测量不同切削条件下切屑形态的演变过程、锯齿状切屑形成的临界切削条件、切削力.结果表明,切削速度和刀具前角是影响切屑形态和切削力的主要因素,随着切削速度的提高,在某一临界切削速度下,切屑形态由带状屑转变为锯齿状切屑,随着刀具前角由正前角逐渐变为负前角,临界切削速度明显减小,当锯齿状切屑形成时,切削力大幅度降低.使用金属切削过程中绝热剪切临界切削条件判据对锯齿状切屑形成临界切削速度预测的结果表明,锯齿状切屑形成的根本原因是主剪切区内发生周期性的绝热剪切断裂.     

基于改进温度模型的300M钢本构方程参数识别

为了提高通过切削实验获取材料本构方程参数的精度,提出了将基于移动热源理论的温度分布模型沿剪切面积分计算剪切区平均温度的方法,结合不等距剪切区模型求得等效应变和应变率,建立了材料Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构方程参数的求解模型。根据切削实验获取的切削力和切屑厚度数据并采用遗传算法求得了300M钢J-C本构方程参数。与AdvantEdge FEM软件自带的300M钢本构模型相比,用所求模型参数仿真得到的主切削力、进给力和切屑厚度的精度有显著提高,验证了所建本构方程参数求解模型的有效性。     

高速铣削时的切屑形态演化实验

切削力是影响切削加工的重要参数,深入研究高速切削中切削力的变化规律对进一步了解高速切削加工机理,建立更加准确的切削力模型具有重要意义。高速切削过程中易出现锯齿形切屑,现通过对45#钢的高速正交切削实验,研究切削力与切屑形态及锯齿形切屑损伤之间的关系。     

The mechanism of ductile chip formation in cutting of brittle materials

A theoretical analysis for the mechanism of ductile chip formation in the cutting of brittle materials is presented in this paper. The coexisting crack propagation and dislocation in the chip formation zone in the cutting of ductile materials are examined based on an analysis of the geometry and forces in the cutting region, both on Taylor’s dislocation hardening theory and the strain gradient plasticity theory. It was found that the ductile chip formation was a result of large compressive stress and shear stress in the chip formation zone, which shields the growth of pre-existing flaws by suppressing the stress intensity factor K _I . Additionally, ductile chip formation in the cutting of brittle materials can result from the enhancement of material yield strength in the chip formation zone. The large compressive stress can be generated in the chip formation zone with two conditions. The first condition is associated with a small, undeformed chip thickness, while the second is related to the undeformed chip thickness being smaller than the radius of the tool cutting edge. The analysis also shows that the thrust force F _t is much larger than the cutting force F _c . This indicates that large compressive stress is generated in the chip formation zone. This also confirms that the ductile chip formation is a result of large compressive stress in the chip formation zone, which shields the growth of pre-existing flaws in the material by suppressing the stress intensity factor K _I . The enhancement of material yield strength can be provided by dislocation hardening and strain gradient at the mesoscale, such that the workpiece material can undertake the large cutting stresses in the chip formation zone without fracture. Experiments for ductile cutting of tungsten carbide are conducted. The results show that ductile chip formation can be achieved as the undeformed chip thickness is small enough, as well as the undeformed chip thickness is smaller than the tool cutting edge radius.     

Effects of Coating Materials on the Machinability of a Nickel Base,C-263, Alloy

PVD coated (TiN/TiCN/TiN, TiAIN and TiZrN) and uncoated carbide tools were used to machine a nickel base, C-263, alloy at high-speed conditions. The test results show that the multiple TiN/TiCN/TiN coated inserts gave the best overall performance in terms of tool life when machining at cutting speeds up to 68 m min and at depths of cut of 0.635 mm, 1.25 mm and 2.54 mm. All the tool grades tested gave fairly uniform surface roughness (Ra) values, below the rejection criterion, at lower speed conditions. The TiZrN coated inserts gave the lowest component forces when machining at lower cutting speed conditions while the TiA/N coated inserts gave the lowest component forces when machining at a higher speed of 68 m min^?1 and depth of cut of 1.25 mm. This tool performance can generally be attributed to the difference in their ability to provide effective lubrication at the cutting zone, thermal conductivity of the coating materials as well as the cutting conditions employed. The uncoated carbide tools generally encountered more severe crater wear, chipping/fracture of the cutting edges as well as pronounced notching during machining. This is due to their inability to provide effective lubrication at the cutting zone, thus impeding the gliding motion of the chips along the rake and flank faces respectively, thus accelerating flank wear. Analysis of the worn tool edges revealed adhesion of a compact “fin-shaped” structure of hardened burrs with saw-tooth like edges. This generally alters the initial geometry of the cutting edge, consequently resulting to poor surface finish with prolonged machining.     

径向跳动对球面铣刀切削力的影响研究

研究了径向跳动对刀齿的实际切削半径、切屑形状以及切屑厚度的影响机理。研究了各刀齿沿刀刃螺旋线的切削微元实际切削半径的数学表示和变化规律,实际切削半径的变化改变了刀齿的切削路径,使各刀齿上切屑形状分布不均匀。建立了三维切削下切屑厚度的数学表示,提出了递延累加切屑厚度计算算法。实验验证表明,计算的切削力与测量结果能很好地吻合,瞬时切削力、切削力峰值、平均切削力的预测精度达到85%以上。     

基于最小能量法的高速切削锯齿状切屑变形分析

以高速切削典型变形特征为研究对象,建立了锯齿状切屑的几何模型。根据高速切削绝热剪切理论,通过对剪切面相对滑移失稳瞬间的切屑块受力平衡分析建立力学模型和运动学模型,获得切屑摩擦力和剪切力及剪切速度和切屑流动速度,并确定了切削能量方程。在考虑应变、应变率、切削温度和变形硬化因素条件下按最小能量原理求变形方程,结合变形曲线的分析和切削理论确定了高速切削变形方程及影响变形的因素。分析结果表明,切屑锯齿化是塑性变形超过临界失稳条件的结果。     

Study on burr occurrence and surface integrity during slot milling of multidirectional and plain woven CFRPs

Machining carbon fiber reinforced composite (CFRP) is often accompanied with cutting edge defects and surface damage including interlayer delamination, cavities and debonding of fiber-matrix. A detailed understanding of the effect of fiber configuration and cutting parameters on cutting force, burr occurrence/formation and surface integrity is necessary. In this paper, experimental data is presented relating to fiber burrs on entry surface, cutting force, surface roughness and workpiece integrity when slot milling CFRP laminates with varying fiber configurations (0°/90°, 45°/135° and plain woven) at different cutting speed (60 and 120 m/min) and feed rate (0.05 and 0.1 mm/rev). Lateral cutting force is recorded down to 56 N and highly dependent on fiber orientation. The length (up to ~?5.6 mm) and amount of fiber burrs are highly related to fiber orientation and fiber cutting angle. Surface roughness Ra down to ~?1.4 μm was recorded when milling type 2 (45°/135°) and type 3 (plain woven) laminates. Various surface defects predominantly occurred due to different cutting conditions and fiber configurations, which are mainly located in the layers with fibers orientated at 45°/135°. The occurrence and propagation of fiber burrs and surface cavities were also investigated based on different fiber fracture mechanisms.     

用金刚石端铣刀高速加工铝材

试验用设计的金刚石端铣刀进行了铝合金铣削试验,在常规的切削速度下用普通刀具加工零件,由于积屑瘤和毛刺的形成,往往引起刀具寿命短,加工表面质量差及切削刃质量差.在许多行业的铝合金加工技术中,较高的表面光洁度及切削刃质量很重要,也很需要.本试验的结果揭示出使用新设计的金刚石端铣刀高速切削铝合金,能加工出镜面表面,而不产生积屑瘤和毛刺.     

考虑左旋切削刃切削连续性的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料铣削研究

采用右旋切削刃铣刀加工碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）时,纤维层受单向轴向力作用而易产生分层、毛刺等损伤,采用左右旋切削刃共存的多刃微齿铣刀对纤维层施加双向轴向力能有效抑制损伤,但如何保证每层纤维都受到左右旋切削刃的切削作用成为抑制损伤的关键。以多刃微齿铣刀为研究对象,通过设计不同的分屑槽螺旋角,获得左旋切削刃切削面积连续、重叠及未连续三种类型的铣刀。通过实验研究发现：切削面积连续时,CFRP加工表面有少量毛刺及翻边;切削面积重叠时,CFRP加工表面无毛刺及撕裂损伤,效果最好;切削面积未连续时,加工表面有大量毛刺和撕裂损伤;此外,表面粗糙度值会随着分屑槽螺旋角的增大而增大。     

Development and experimental validation of a mechanistic model of cutting forces in micro- ball end milling of full slots

In the present work, a mechanistic model of cutting forces is developed with a novel approach to arrive at the cutting edge geometry as well as the cutting mechanics. The geometry of cutting elements derived and verified using a virtual tool generated in CAD environment is considered. The cutting and edge force coefficients at every discrete point on the cutting edge of micro-ball end mill are established in a novel way from the basic metal cutting principles and fundamental properties of materials, considering edge radius and material strengthening effects. Further, measured edge radius is used in the model. Full slot micro-ball end milling experiments are conducted on a high-precision high-speed machining center using a 0.4 mm diameter tungsten carbide tool and cutting forces are measured using a high-sensitive piezo-electric dynamometer. It is established that the predicted as well as experimental cutting forces are higher at very low uncut chip thickness in comparison with the cutting edge radius in micro-ball end milling also. Amplitudes of cutting forces and instantaneous values with incremental rotation of the tool are compared with predicted values over two revolutions for validation of proposed model.