不同贮存条件对原料乳质量的影响

研究了原料乳质量和贮存温度及贮存时间之间的关系.通过菌落总数的检测和酸度的测定,探讨了不同贮存温度随时间对原料乳中菌落总数和酸度的影响,旨在为优质原料乳的贮运提供参考.结果表明,在4℃贮存条件下,原料乳存放36 h,对质量没有较大的影响;在原料乳温度达到10～15℃的时候,存放时间不宜超过12 h.     

Effect of various storage conditions on the stability of quinolones in raw milk

Research on the storage stability of antibiotic residues in milk is important for method development or validation, milk quality control and risk assessment during screening, confirmation, qualitative or quantitative analysis. This study was conducted using UPLC-MS/MS to determine the stability of six quinolones – ciprofloxacin (CIP), danofloxacin (DAN), enrofloxacin (ENR), sarafloxacin (SAR), difloxacin (DIF) and flumequine (FLU) – in raw milk stored under various conditions to investigate if quinolones degrade during storage of milk, and finally to determine optimal storage conditions for analysis and scientific risk assessment of quinolone residues in raw milk. The storage conditions included different temperatures and durations (4°C for 4, 8, 24 and 48 h; –20°C for 1, 7 and 30 days; –80°C for 1, 7 and 30 days), thawing temperatures (25, 40 and 60°C), freeze–thaw cycles (1–5), and the addition of different preservatives (sodium thiocyanate, sodium azide, potassium dichromate, bronopol and methanal). Most quinolones exhibited high stability at 4°C for up to 24 h, but began to degrade after 48 h. In addition, no degradation of quinolones was seen when milk samples were stored at –20°C for up to 7 days; however, 30 days of storage at –20°C resulted in a small amount of degradation (about 30%). Similar results were seen when samples were stored at –80°C. Moreover, no losses were observed when frozen milk samples were thawed at 25, 40 or 60°C. All the quinolones of interest, except sarafloxacin, were stable when milk samples were thawed at 40°C once and three times, but unstable after five freeze–thaw cycles. Preservatives affected the stability of quinolones, but the effects differed depending on the preservative and quinolone. The results of this study indicate optimum storage protocols for milk samples, so that residue levels reflect those at the time of initial sample analysis, and should improve surveillance programmes for quinolones in raw milk.     

Effects of frozen and refrigerated storage on organic acid profiles of goat milk plain soft and Monterey Jack cheeses

The effects of 6 mo of freezing and refrigeration on organic acid profiles of 2 types of goat milk cheese [plain soft (PS) and Monterey Jack (MJ)] were studied in comparison with those of a nonfrozen control (NFC). Three lots of commercial PS cheeses were purchased, and 3 lots of MJ cheeses were manufactured at the University dairy plant. Each lot of the 2 types of cheeses was subdivided into 4 equal portions, and one subsample of each cheese was immediately stored at 4°C as the NFC for 0, 14, and 28 d. The other 3 were immediately frozen (−20°C) for 0, 3, and 6 mo (0MF, 3MF, and 6MF) and subsequently thawed the next day at 4°C. The samples were then stored at 4°C for 0, 14, and 28 d. Organic acids were quantified using an HPLC. The PS had no pyruvic acid, and MJ contained no isotartaric acid; however, several unknown large peaks appeared between propionic and butyric acids. Differences in organic acid contents between PS and MJ cheeses were significant for all acids except citric and lactic acid. Lot effect was significant for most of the known acids, indicating that variations existed in milk composition and manufacturing parameters. Effects of storage treatments (NFC, 0MF, 3MF, and 6MF) were significant for most organic acids, except for orotic and a few unidentified acids. Aging at 4°C for 4 wk had little influence on all organic acids, except butyric acid. Concentrations of butyric, lactic, propionic, tartaric, and uric acids were significantly elevated as the frozen storage period advanced. At the initial stage, there were no differences in pH and acid degree values between NFC and frozen-stored groups of both cheeses. However, acid degree values gradually increased as the refrigerated storage extended up to 4 wk, indicating that lipolysis increased as the refrigeration storage at 4°C advanced. Although levels of several organic acids were changed in the goat cheeses, the prolonged frozen storage, up to 6 mo, was apparently feasible for extending storage.     

Short communication: Preliminary investigation into the effect of freezing and a cryopreservant on the recovery of mastitis pathogens from ewe milk

The objective of this study was to investigate the recovery of bacteria from ewe milk after freezing for 4 or 8 wk with and without the addition of glycerol as a cryopreservant. A total of 50 udder-half milk samples with a known range of bacterial species were selected, stored, and analyzed in 5 treatment groups: time zero; frozen for 4 wk with, and without, glycerol; and frozen for 8 wk with, and without, glycerol. A lower recovery was observed in all bacterial species studied after freezing. Samples containing fewer than 100 cfu/mL came from ewes with a lower somatic cell count and were more likely to be bacteriologically negative after freezing than those above this threshold. The addition of glycerol increased recovery of gram-negative bacteria after freezing, although this requires further study to draw strong conclusions. The effects on gram-positive species were inconsistent. We conclude that although the addition of glycerol had a small beneficial effect on the sensitivity of detection of bacteria from frozen sheep milk, sensitivity was highest in cultures from fresh milk.     

Effect of freezing/thawing conditions and long‐term frozen storage on the quality of mashed potatoes

The effects of freezing temperature (−80, −40 or −24 °C) and thawing mode (microwave or overnight at 4 °C) on quality parameters of mashed potatoes made from tubers (cv Kennebec) and from potato flakes were examined, as was the effect of long‐term frozen storage on the quality of mashed potatoes. Mashed potatoes were tested for texture profile analysis (TPA) and cone penetration, oscillatory and steady rheometry, colour, dry matter, Brix and sensory analyses. In natural mashed potatoes, TPA hardness and oscillatory parameters showed that processing resulted in a softer product than the fresh control. The parameters were lower in the samples thawed at 4 °C than in those thawed by microwave at all the freezing temperatures used, which may be ascribed to gelatinisation of the starch released from damaged cells. Differences from the freshly prepared product decreased when the samples were frozen at −80 °C and thawed by microwave. No difference was found in sensory acceptability between samples frozen at −80 and −40 °C, which probably reflects the panellists' mixed preferences for air‐thawed versus microwave‐thawed samples. Increasing the time in frozen storage led to a natural mash with a firmer texture, higher L*/b* value and Brix; nonetheless, panellists found the samples at 0, 3 and 12 months of frozen storage equally acceptable. In commercial mash, penetration and oscillatory parameters showed that processing made for a firmer product than the fresh control, probably owing to retrogradation of gelatinised starch. Thawing mode had a significant effect on parameters, which were lower in the samples thawed at 4 °C. The structure and quality of commercial mash was more detrimentally affected by freezing and, therefore, we would not recommend either freezing or frozen storage of this mashed potato in the used conditions. Natural mash made from Kennebec potatoes should be frozen quickly and thawed by microwave in the conditions described to obtain a product more similar to that freshly made. If the samples are frozen by air blasting at −40 °C, the product can withstand frozen storage for one year. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of high‐pressure treatments on microbial loads and physicochemical characteristics during refrigerated storage of raw milk Serra da Estrela cheese samples

This work studied the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) at 400, 500 and 600 MPa during 10, 5 and 3 min, respectively, on samples ewe cheese manufactured from raw milk, during storage (100 days) at 5 °C. Total aerobic mesophilic and lactic acid bacteria were slightly affected, decreasing by about 1.0 and 0.82 log CFU g^?1, respectively, immediately after HPP treatment at 600 MPa for 3 min, while Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds, and Listeria innocua were reduced to below the quantification limits. Lactic acid bacteria decreased further during storage, showing increasing inactivation as the pressure level increased. Physicochemical parameters (water activity, moisture content, pH and titratable acidity) were generally not affected by HPP, while lipid oxidation increased throughout storage, with HPP samples showing lower values (50–66%) at 100 days of storage. The results indicated that HPP has potential to improve cheese microbial safety and shelf‐life, with a lower lipid oxidation level than nonpressurised cheese.     

Short communication: Effect of refrigerated storage on the pH and bacterial content of pasteurized human donor milk

Once pasteurized donor milk is thawed for its administration to a preterm or sick neonate, and until it is administered, it is kept refrigerated at 4 to 6°C for 24 h. After this time, unconsumed milk is discarded. This time has not been extended, primarily because of the concern of bacterial contamination. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in pH and bacterial count when pasteurized donor milk was kept under refrigeration for a prolonged period (14 d). In this prospective study, 30 samples of pasteurized donor milk from 18 donors were analyzed. Milk was handled following the regular operating protocols established in the neonatal unit and was kept refrigerated after thawing. pH measurements and bacteriology (on blood agar and MacConkey agar plates) were performed on each sample at time 0 (immediately after thawing) and then every day for 14 d. Changes in pH of samples over time were evaluated with linear mixed-effects regression models. A slow but gradual increase in milk pH was observed starting from the first day [mean (±SD) pH of 7.30 (±0.18) at time 0 and 7.69 (±0.2) on d 14]. No bacterial growth was observed in any of the samples throughout the complete trial except in one sample, in which Bacillus flexus was isolated. In conclusion, pasteurized human donor milk maintains its microbiological quality when properly handled and refrigerated (4–6°C). The slight and continuous increase in milk pH after the first day could be due to changes in the solubility of calcium and phosphate during refrigerated storage.     

低温储存期间原料乳微生物预测模型建立

本研究对秋季低温储存原料乳进行预测微生物学研究。使用Gompertz模型建立4~14℃储存的秋季原料乳中总菌落和嗜冷菌的生长动力模型。模型可以有效的模拟秋季原料乳中微生物的生长情况,模型的相关系数均大于0.972,可以用来预测微生物生长情况和达到控制下限的时间。研究表明嗜冷菌是低温储存的原料乳中优势微生物,在4~8℃储存温度下总菌落数与嗜冷菌的数量呈很好的相关性(R~2=0.931),可以通过总菌数推算出嗜冷菌的数量,保证乳制品的品质。      

Impact of extended refrigerated storage and freezing/thawing storage combination on physicochemical and microstructural characteristics of raw whole and skimmed sheep milk

The impact of freezing (1 month + thawing at 7 or 25 °C) and extended refrigeration (4 days, 7 °C) on physicochemical and microstructural characteristics of raw whole and skimmed sheep milk were assessed. Refrigerated storage resulted in higher sedimentation and creaming (whole milk), possibly due to proteases and agglutinins. Freezing/thawing processes in whole milk increased the particle size and creaming when samples were thawed at 7 °C. Skimmed milk showed an increase in buffering capacity and a reduction in soluble calcium immediately after thawing at 25 °C, suggesting that although the changes in fat are the main alterations caused by slow freezing of sheep milk, minor changes in saline balance can occur. An evaluation of the results showed that frozen and thawed milk in domestic equipment (commonly found in smallholdings) alter the milk microstructure, and it is therefore preferable to use extended refrigeration to accumulate the milk before dairy production.     

原料乳生产过程中微生物污染的来源追溯研究

为研究原料乳微生物污染的来源,2011-2012年间,研究者对北京市原料乳产地的牛乳、牛体涂抹、挤乳设备涂抹等及生活用水、卧床土壤、饲料等进行了大量采样分析和调查,并针对采集样品中分离出的目的菌株进行了生化鉴定及分析.研究结果表明,该地区原料乳中的特征病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,对后期加工乳品质影响较大的微生物种类为嗜冷菌和芽孢杆菌属.在此基础上,研究者对原料乳和其他来源样品中的这三种菌利用16S rRNA分子生物学技术建立了目的菌株来源系统发育树,以此来进行基因序列比对分析,确定了原料乳中这三种菌的主要来源,为有效减少和控制该地区原料乳污染提供了参考.     

生产贮藏条件对原料奶中微生物的影响

以手工挤奶条件下不同来源的原料奶为研究对象,在冷藏(4℃)、室温(19℃)条件下,分别贮藏0,3,6,9 h后检测原料奶中菌落总数(TBC)、芽孢总数(TSC)、耐热芽孢数、嗜冷菌总数。结果表明,随着贮藏温度增加、时间延长,原料奶中微生物增幅加快(P<0.05),冷链条件下(4℃)贮运原料奶对控制微生物生长繁殖具有重要作用。手工挤奶条件下室温(19℃)贮奶3h、冷藏(4℃)贮奶6h后原料奶中菌落总数超过5×105 mL-1的国家标准,原料奶的芽孢总数、耐热芽孢数和嗜冷菌数均超出液态奶的生产要求,特别不利于长效奶(保质期30 d以上)的生产。改善牛奶生产环境对提高原料奶品质具有重要的作用。     

Effect of sulphur dioxide on microbial growth in refrigerated pre-peeled potatoes packaged in plastic films

Microbial growth in pre-peeled potatoes was analysed to determine the simultaneous effect of sodium bisulphite concentration (105–219 mg kg^?1), storage temperature (4, 7 and 10°C) and gaseous permeability of the packaging plastic film (polyethylene and EVA—SARAN—EVA used in vacuum) on product storage life. Composition of the microbial flora was determined at the beginning and the end of the storage period, and the principal microorganisms causing spoilage of the product were observed to be Pseudomonas spp and Enterobacteriaceae. Lag phase duration and specific rate constants were determined for these microorganisms in samples stored at each condition. In polyethylene-packaged samples microbial growth was observed at various temperatures and SO₂ concentrations were tested. With vacuum packaging in low oxygen permeability films and residues of 100 mg SO₂ kg^?1, microbial counts were maintained in the lag phase; larger residues produced microbial inhibition at 4, 7 and 10°C.     

The effect of dietary oregano essential oil on microbial growth of rabbit carcasses during refrigerated storage

The effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on microbial growth of rabbit carcasses during refrigerated storage was investigated. A total of 45 weaned rabbits were separated into three equal groups with three subgroups each. One group was given the basal diet and served as control and the other two groups were administered diets supplemented with oregano essential oil at levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg diet, respectively (OR100 and OR200 groups). Total viable counts, Pseudomonas spp., lactic acid bacteria, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae and yeast and mould counts, as well as off-odours and appearance of slime were all assessed on rabbit carcasses stored at 3 ± 1 °C for 12 days. The results showed that performance parameters were not affected (p > 0.05) whereas the dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil resulted in lower (p < 0.05) average microbial counts on the carcasses, compared to controls, throughout storage. Dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil at 200 mg/kg was more effective in inhibiting microbial growth compared with 100 mg/kg. Sensory evaluation scores indicated that the carcasses obtained from OR100 and OR200 groups gave a noticeable putrid odour after days 8 and 10, respectively, whereas the control carcasses developed off-odours after the 6th day of storage. Slime formation in the controls was observed after day 6, while the OR100 and OR200 groups were just beginning to show slime after days 8 and 10, respectively.     

Effects of pretreatments on quality attributes of long-term deep frozen storage of vegetables: a review

As one of the essential parts in human diet, vegetables are important in health keeping and their consumption increases continuously. Due to their highly perishable nature, the shelf life of fresh vegetables is considerably short, due to cellular respiration, microorganism, enzyme reaction, oxidation and so on. Therefore, short- and long-term storages of vegetables are required and various methods and technologies are applied for different commercial goals. For long-term storage, deep frozen storage is one of the most widespread used preservation methods for vegetables, as under temperatures low enough, the rate of most deteriorative reactions and microbial activities are significantly reduced. This review provides a critical comprehensive summary of long-term storage (≥6 months) vegetables under low temperatures (≤??18?°C), and effects of the storage methods on various quality attributes of vegetables, such as texture, colour, contents of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and carotenoids. Besides, the impacts of common pretreatments prior to freezing on the subsequent frozen storage are also briefly discussed. The current review shows that although some important biochemical attributes are more or less deteriorated and the quality loss of them is inevitable, a substantial portion of quality attributes appear to be stable during long-term deep frozen storage especially the physical parameters. Meanwhile, pretreatments prior to freezing, such as blanching process, also show significant influence on quality preservation in subsequent storage. Therefore long-term deep frozen storage can be applied as an effective storage method under proper conditions of pretreatments and storage.     

Short communication: Inactivation of microbial contaminants in raw milk La Serena cheese by high-pressure treatments

La Serena cheese, a Spanish variety made from Merino ewes’ raw milk, has a high pH value, low salt content, and high moisture, conditions that are all favorable for growth and survival of contaminating microorganisms, including pathogens. To improve its microbiological quality and safety, high-pressure treatments at 300 or 400 MPa for 10 min at 10°C were applied to 2 batches of La Serena cheese on d 2 or 50 of ripening. Cheese treated on d 2 at 300 MPa showed viable aerobic counts that were 0.99 log units lower than those for control cheese on d 3 and showed counts of enterococci, coagulase-positive staphylococci, gram-negative bacteria, and coliforms that were 2.05, 0.49, 3.14, and 4.13 log units lower, respectively, than control cheese. For cheese treated on d 2 at 400 MPa, the respective reductions in counts were 2.02, 2.68, 1.45, 3.96, and 5.50 log units. On d 60, viable aerobic counts in cheese treated on d 50 at 300 MPa were 0.50 log units lower than those in control cheese, and counts of enterococci, gram-negative bacteria, and coliforms were 1.37, 2.30, and 4.85 log units lower, respectively. For cheese treated on d 50 at 400 MPa, the respective reductions in counts were 1.29, 1.98, 4.47, and > 5 log units. High-pressure treatments at 300 or 400 MPa on d 2 or 50 reduced significantly the counts of undesirable microorganisms, improving the microbiological quality and safety of La Serena cheese immediately after treatment and at the end of the ripening period.     

贮藏条件对驴初乳理化性质的影响

对新疆岳普湖驴乳37℃贮藏的理化性质进行研究。研究表明,随放置时间的延长,pH、相对密度呈下降趋势,而酸度则呈上升趋势;蛋白质、非脂乳固体含量均呈下降趋势;而乳糖含量及微生物数量则随放置时间的延长逐渐上升。     

Microbial flora of technological interest in raw ovine milk during 6°C storage

Changes in the microbial flora of ovine milk of medium hygienic quality (initial mean total plate count 3.3  ×  10⁵ cfu/mL) were studied throughout refrigerated storage at 6°C. Total plate counts after 48 h of refrigerated storage (mean count 4.6  ×  10⁵ cfu/mL) were under the current standards in the European Union (EU) for raw ovine milk to be used for cheesemaking after heat treatment. However, after 96 h, mean total plate counts (1.6  ×  10⁷ cfu/mL) were above the standards. Lactococci were found at levels higher than Pseudomonas spp. in milk freshly drawn (54.5% and 3.5% of total plate count, respectively) and after 96 h at 6°C (47.9% and 33.9% of total plate count, respectively). Lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms and thermodurics were found at values lower than lactococci and Pseudomonas spp., before and after refrigerated storage ( ≤  0.08% of the total plate count). A significant growth ( P  < 0.001) was detected for mesophiles, Pseudomonas spp. and lactococci after 96 h of refrigeration at 6°C; however, thermodurics, coliforms, lactobacilli and enterococci, showed no significant increase ( P  > 0.05). Presumptive Escherichia coli (β-glucuronidase-positive) underwent a decrease throughout storage at 6°C.     

不同巴氏杀菌处理对绵羊乳热加工特性的影响

目的探究绵羊液态乳的热加工特性。方法以牛乳为对照,分别通过低温长时杀菌((65±2)℃/30 min)、高温短时杀菌(85±2)℃/15 s)和超巴氏杀菌((121±2)℃/5 s)对绵羊乳进行杀菌处理,分析3种巴氏杀菌方式对绵羊乳pH值、黏度、蛋白沉淀量、酪蛋白粒径、zeta电位的影响,评价其热稳定性。结果相比于未处理组,3种巴氏杀菌处理均会显著增加绵羊乳pH值,超巴氏杀菌处理会引起绵羊乳黏度及蛋白沉淀量显著增大(P0.05);在高温短时和超巴氏杀菌处理下,绵羊乳酪蛋白粒径显著增加(P0.05),分别达到185.33 nm和242.70 nm。不同巴氏杀菌绵羊乳间Zeta电位无显著性差异;在同样处理条件下,牛乳黏度、蛋白沉淀量及酪蛋白粒径变化程度均小于绵羊乳。结论绵羊乳热加工特性较牛乳脆弱,加工温度易引起品质劣变,低温长时杀菌方式对绵羊乳的理化特性影响最小。