树脂基复合材料固化过程中固化度场和温度场数值模拟

树脂基复合材料采用热压罐成形工艺,容易导致制件固化变形,影响制件的使用及后续装配连接。建立了树脂基复合材料在固化过程中的固化度场和温度场有限元模型,对固化过程中的固化度和温度变化规律进行了仿真分析,通过改变复合材料厚度研究了制件厚度对固化度和温度的影响规律。     

CF/PEEK钻削热历史对孔承载能力的影响规律研究

碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮(CF/PEEK)热塑性复合材料因其优越的性能在航空领域有逐渐替代热固性复合材料的趋势。由于热塑性基体的力学性能受温度影响显著,其制孔不同于传统热固性材料。为阐明PEEK基体冷却再结晶过程给孔质量带来的影响,建立考虑孔周热历史的CF/PEEK双搭接拉伸有限元模型,根据温度监测信息对应不同的结晶度,对孔周轴—径向区域进行划分,并测定所需基础材料参数,分析了孔受载时的孔周轴—径向不同位置的力学响应和材料损伤,探究了树脂温变特性对孔承载能力的影响机理,通过对比仿真结果与试验结果,验证了仿真方法的可靠性。     

均匀设计法在聚醚醚酮复合材料摩擦学特性试验中的应用研究

采用均匀设计法设计了CF/SiO2/PTFE/PEEK复合材料,并模压成型;在摩擦磨损试验机上研究了PEEK复合材料的摩擦学特性,应用回归分析法对其摩擦学特性试验数据进行了分析,得到了摩擦学特性参数的回归公式。结果表明,均匀设计法应用于PEEK复合材料的摩擦学特性研究是可行的,能有效预测复合材料的摩擦学特性参数,回归分析结果与复合材料的摩擦磨损试验数据相吻合。     

PEEK基自润滑复合材料的摩擦学研究和应用

聚醚醚酮(PEEK)基自润滑复合材料具有摩擦因数低、耐磨性好等特点,可以在无润滑、高温、潮湿、污染、腐蚀等恶劣环境下使用。本文综述了对聚醚醚酮(PEEK)基复合材料摩擦学研究的新进展,讨论了纤维增强、无机填充、有机共混改性以及温度、对偶和介质、固体润滑剂等对PEEK基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响,介绍了PEEK基复合材料在人工关节假体材料方面的应用,指出PEEK摩擦复合材料今后的研究方向,以期扩大PEEK复合材料的摩擦学工程应用。     

用DSC、DMA法确定环氧基复合材料固化参数的初步研究

聚合物基复合材料制件成型工艺与金属制件不同,制件的加工过程也是材料的制造过程。因此,影响制件质量的因素是多方面的。不仅与纤维、基体、界面的性质有关,而且也与固化工艺有关。固化过程是整个固化工艺中最关键部分。因为在这一过程中,树脂和纤维形成复合材料。树脂由线型小分子变成体型大分子,并与纤维复合。在这一过程中,既有化学变化,又有物理变化。相同的树脂固化体系,在不同的条件下固化,可以形成性质相差极大的复合材料。相同的预浸料,在不同时间加压,可以制成孔隙率和     

碳纤维/聚醚醚酮(CF/PEEK)复合材料摩擦磨损性能及抗摩擦静电特性研究

利用真空热压烧结技术制备了不同碳纤含量的碳纤维/聚醚醚酮(CF/PEEK)复合材料,采用热导率分析仪和热重测试仪对材料的热学性能进行表征,并利用多功能摩擦磨损试验机、三维形貌轮廓仪、扫描电子显微镜和摩擦静电计对材料的摩擦磨损性能和抗摩擦静电性能进行分析。分析结果表明：随着CF添加量的增加,复合材料摩擦因数、磨损率和摩擦静电电压先降低后升高,当CF添加量(质量分数)为20%时,摩擦因数、磨损率和摩擦静电电压达到最低,分别为0.247、5.6×10^-6 mm/(N·m)和3.3 V,证明此种方法制备的20%CF/PEEK材料具有优异的摩擦磨损性能和抗静电性能。CF/PEEK复合材料磨损机理以黏着磨损为主,并且伴随着轻微的磨粒磨损。     

复合材料液压机偏载工况下滑块变形规律的研究

偏载是影响复合材料制品精度的关键因素,特别是在成形较薄的复合材料制件时,因为薄制件固化时间短,倘若滑块发生偏载,成形出来的制件壁厚将不均匀。利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,针对YT71S-2400复合材料液压机在不同偏载工况下进行模拟,得出不同偏载工况下复合材料液压机滑块的刚度变化规律,可为压机机身设计及四角调平技术研究提供理论基础,从而减小偏载所造成的复合材料制件的质量问题。     

填料种类对聚苯酯基复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

在聚苯酯(Ekonol)中分别添加不同种类的填料,制备出一系列性能不同的Ekonol基复合材料,研究了填料的形态、性质对Ekonol复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,分析了磨损面、对磨面转移膜形貌,并探讨了摩擦磨损机制。结果表明,在填料的填充量相同时,层状固体润滑剂聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),由于从本质上改善了非熔融Ekonol的内部粘结,且协助形成较为连续、平滑的转移膜,对Ekonol摩擦学性能的改善最为明显;其次为纤维状填料。相比于尺寸细微的六钛酸钾晶须,粗大的玻璃纤维(GF)或碳纤维(CF)之间相互交错,对Ekonol起到了较好的承载骨架作用,更为有效提高Ekonol的摩擦学性能。GF比CF与Ekonol之间的亲和性较好,对应于GF/Ekonol复合材料的摩擦学性能优于CF/Ekonol复合材料;纳米颗粒填料对Ekonol有着弥散增强作用,但对Ekonol摩擦学性能的改善效果最差。     

基于激光原位预热的连续纤维增材制造层间强化机理研究

连续纤维复合材料增材制造具有成形自由度高、材料利用率高、模具依赖度低等优点,能够实现复合材料的快速低成本一体化制造,满足航空航天等领域复材构件短周期高性能的成形需求。但基于层层堆积成形原理的连续纤维复合材料制件层间性能较差,在长期使役过程中极易出现分层失效,严重限制其广泛应用。本研究提出了基于激光原位预热的连续纤维增材制造成形方法,通过建立基于“生死单元”技术的有限元仿真模型,揭示了激光预热对增材制造成形温度分布及其演变规律,并通过实验验证了其对改善成形制件层间性能的有效性,最终获得了激光预热的层间强化机理。结果表明,激光预热能够快速加热样件表面温度,促进层间树脂的熔合粘接,并进一步促进成形丝材的重熔浸渍,相较于未经预热样件,激光预热后层间剪切强度最大提升115%。     

光-热双固复合材料3D打印成型数值模拟及实验验证

光-热双固化碳纤维增强复合材料3D打印成型综合了增材制造零件高精度无模快速成型和热固化基质材料力学性能优良的优势,具有广阔的应用前景。针对光-热双固化复合材料制件变形带来的制件疲劳寿命降低以及连接装配损伤等问题,综合考虑光固化动力学、热固化动力学及固化变形建立了光-热双固复合材料成型的多物理场理论模型,研究了复合材料光-热双固3D打印成型过程中单层固化厚度、光-热双固数值材料组分及纤维含量和长径比对制件变形的影响,并通过实验验证了模型及理论分析结论的正确性。结果表明,增加单层固化厚度从而减少分层数可以降低制件固化后的应力应变和翘曲变形;光-热双固化树脂中光固化树脂分数增加会使制件的翘曲变形量增大;提高纤维体积分数和纤维长径比可以降低制件膨胀系数,从而降低制件的翘曲变形量。复合材料光-热双固化3D打印成型过程的多物理场建模计算方法可以为相关研究提供借鉴,基于该方法的研究结果对于优化工艺参数从而提升成型质量具有参考价值。     

Performance of plastic gear made of carbon fiber reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone: Part 2

Five kinds of PEEK/CF composites, made by blending poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) with three kinds of PAN type carbon fibers (CFs) and two kinds of pitch type CFs respectively, were injection-molded into gears. Their gear performance such as the load capability and the wear of tooth were evaluated. The wear properties of PEEK/CF gears extremely varied depending on the kinds of CFs, when the same type gears were combined and grease was initially applied. Also, the load capabilities were significantly influenced by the affinity between PEEK and CF. A composite gear reinforced with CF of the highest density indicated the highest load capability irrespective of the test conditions, due to the lowest abrasive property of the CF as well as the excellent affinity between PEEK and CF. Its load capability under a high temperature running condition was found to be superior to that of polyamideimide (PAI) composite gear or polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) composite gear.     

Synergetic Effect of Lubricant Additive and Reinforcement Additive on the Tribological Behaviors of PEEK-Based Composites under Seawater Lubrication

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)-based composites reinforced with lubricant additive (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE) and reinforcement additives including carbon fiber (CF), glass fiber (GF), and bronze powder were prepared using a hot-press molding technique. The synergetic effects of different additives on the tribological behaviors of PEEK-based composites sliding against 316 steel under seawater lubrication were investigated systematically using a ring-on-block test rig. The results showed that lubricant additive PTFE can decrease the friction coefficient and consequently improved the wear resistance of PEEK under seawater lubrication, especially when the volume fraction of PTFE was about 20%. It was also found that the incorporation of CF can further improve the wear resistance of PEEK blended with 20% PTFE, especially under high load and high sliding speed. This suggested that a synergistic effect on improving the wear resistance of PEEK existed between PTFE and CF, which originated from good lubrication of PTFE, good reinforcement of CF, and good interfacial combination between CF and PEEK-20%PTFE. However, two other reinforcement additives of GF and bronze powder had an antagonistic effect but not a synergetic effect with PTFE; that is, the incorporation of the two additives greatly deteriorated the wear resistance of PEEK blended with 20% PTFE.     

Tribo‐investigation of PEEK‐short carbon fibre composites in severe testing conditions

A series of composites of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) containing short carbon fibre (CF) in the range of 0–30% (w/w) was developed. Their wear behaviour in low amplitude oscillating wear (LAOW) mode was studied under various operating parameters such as load and temperature. The LAOW mode was studied in ball‐on‐plate configuration against steel (100 Cr 6) at ambient temperature and at 100°C. In this mode, the coefficient of friction (µ), specific wear rate (Ko) and limiting loading pressure‐sliding speed (PV) values were investigated. It was observed that with increase in %CF, the wear performance and utility of PEEK (limiting PV value) improved significantly. Thirty percent CF was best performing composite in all aspects. The µ, however, was hardly influenced with the inclusion of CF or variation in operating parameters. The same composites were also evaluated in abrasive wear mode to study the influence of severe operating conditions on wear and friction performance. In this wear mode, the CF‐filled composites showed poorer wear resistance than did neat PEEK. The specific wear rate was correlated with strength properties and it was observed that these composites closely followed the predictions of the Ratner–Lancaster plot. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructural features of worn surfaces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

[成形过程仿真优化与集成计算材料工程]限定加热管布局的快速热循环注塑成形模具电加热系统优化

针对管道布局、最大允许能耗给定条件下快速热循环注塑成形（RHCM）注塑模具型腔表面快速均匀加热的问题,提出以单根加热棒热流密度为设计变量,以模具型腔表面升温效率和温度分布均匀性为目标,结合有限元模拟、响应面设计以及多目标粒子群优化技术来优化RHCM模具电加热系统。与优化前相比,加热系统优化后,模具型腔表面最大温差降低63.4%,加热系统总能耗降低9%。对比了不同注塑成形工艺条件下成形的平板塑件表面质量,结果表明,相对传统注塑成形（CIM）工艺,RHCM工艺将制品表面粗糙度Ra从320 nm降低到118 nm,并有效抑制了制品表面熔接痕、缩痕等缺陷;发现制品表面粗糙度与型腔表面对应点温度成负相关,说明优化后的型腔表面温度分布更有利于提升制品表面质量。     

Comparative investigation on the tribological behaviors of CF/PEEK composites under sea water lubrication

Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites were prepared and their tribological behaviors under sea water lubrication were comparatively investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of CF can greatly improve the wear resistance of PEEK under sea water lubrication, especially when the volume fraction of CF was about 10%, because exposed CF can effectively share the main load between the contact surfaces and consequently protect the matrix from severe wear. In addition, CF/PEEK had better friction and wear properties under sea water lubrication than under dry friction and pure water lubrication due to better lubricating effect of sea water.     

Tribological behaviors of hierarchical porous PEEK composites with mesoporous titanium oxide whisker

Hierarchical porous PEEK self-lubricating composites were prepared by mold-leaching and vacuum melting process under high temperature. The tribological behaviors were investigated for the porous PEEK composite and the porous composite after incorporating micro-porogen (NaCl) and mesoporous titanium oxide whiskers. If only micro-porogen was incorporated, the lowest steady state specific wear rate was observed for PEEK composites filled with 30% NaCl. Based on this porous PEEK composite, the effects of mesoporous titanium oxide whiskers and non-perforated titanium oxide whiskers on the friction and wear properties of PEEK composites were studied. Results showed that nano-micro porous PEEK composites with 30 wt% micro-porogen and 5 wt% mesoporous titanium oxide whiskers reached the lowest friction coefficient and specific wear rate, which were recorded as 0.0194 and 2.135×10^–16 m³/Nm under the load of 200 N. Compared with 15 wt% carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK composite which is widely used in industry, the wear resistance of the designed hierarchical porous PEEK composite increased by 41 times, showing outstanding wear resistance.     

Erosive wear properties of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites

The erosive wear properties of unidirectional carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites were studied. A semi-ductile erosive wear manner was found regardless of the CF orientation. Wear mechanism analysis revealed that both cutting and deformation mechanisms existed in the erosion of the composites, although different damaging forms were involved depending on the impingement angles and CF orientation. To give further support on the erosion mechanisms, a special procedure was designed to observe the cross-sectional surface of the eroded composites, and the surface temperature variation was registered. It increased with increasing impingement angle, indicating higher energy dissipation by deformation, which is consistent with the revealed shift of the main erosive wear mechanism from cutting to deformation and “wholesale” fiber fracture.     

Self-Lubricating PTFE-Based Composites with Black Phosphorus Nanosheets

Black phosphorus (BP), a newly emerging two-dimensional material, has recently received considerable attention. Our recent work suggested that BP nanosheets exhibit extraordinary mechanical and lubrication properties. In the present work, the tribological properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and carbon fiber (CF)/PTFE composites with BP nanosheets have been investigated. The morphologies and surface element distribution of the worn tracks of the tribopair surfaces were examined by different analytical techniques. The results show that the coefficients of friction (COFs) of both the PEEK/PTFE and CF/PTFE composites decreased dramatically after the addition of BP nanosheets, and the minimum COF of the composite was 0.04, which was a quarter of that of the PTFE composite without BP nanosheets. After BP nanosheets were added into the composites, the wear rate of the PTFE/PEEK composite decreased dramatically, while that of the CF/PTFE composite increased significantly with the increase in the filler concentration. The analysis of the lubrication mechanism of the PTFE composite with BP nanosheets suggested that BP nanosheets could be constantly supplied into the contact area and gradually formed a BP film composed of phosphorus oxide and phosphoric acid on the counterpart surface instead of the formation of PTFE transfer film. The formed BP transfer film promoted the friction reduction and the disappearance of the adhesive wear.     

On sliding friction and wear of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites at elevated temperatures

The friction and wear behaviour of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites, incorporating different amounts of short carbon fibres with different surface treatments, was studied under dry sliding conditions against smooth steel on a pin-on-disc apparatus at different temperatures. Wear of the composites was reduced considerably in all cases, but, whatever the surface treatment, wear increased with increasing temperature for all proportions off fibres. For minimum friction coefficient there was an optimum proportion of fibre volume fraction of about 10 vol.%. The effect of the fibre surface treatment was not significant for the tribological behaviour of the PEEK composites. To predict wear performance, a wear model proposed by Friedrich and Voss seemed to work properly, and, furthermore, a friction model was developed to predict the friction behaviour of PEEK composites with short carbon fibres.