Effects of process parameters on the microstructure during the hot compression of a TC6 titanium alloy

The effects of process parameters on the microstructural evolution, including grain size and volume fraction of the α phase during hot forming of a TC6 alloy were investigated using compression tests. Experiments were conducted on the material with (α β) phases at deformation temperatures of 800, 860, 920, and 950℃, swain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 1, and 50 s^-1, and height direction reductions of 30%, 40%, and 50%. After reaching a peak value near 920, the gram size and volume fraction decrease with further increase of deformation temperature. The strain rate affects the morphologies and grain size of α phase of the TC6 titanium alloy. At a lower strain rate, the effect of the swain rate on the volume fraction is greater than that at a higher swain rate under the experimental conditions. The effects of the swain rate on the microstructure also result from deformation heating. The grain size of the α phase increases with an increase in height direction reduction after an early drop. The effect of height direction reduction on the volume fraction is similar to that of the grain size. All of the optical micrographs and quantitative metallography show that deformation process parameters affect the microstructure during hot forming of the TC6 alloy, and a correlation between the temperature, strain, and strain rate appears to be a significant fuzzy characteristic.     

等温变形对异种钛合金焊缝组织性能的影响

通过改变等温变形工艺参数探讨了焊缝显微组织的变化机理与焊件的室温拉伸性能。结果表明:在较低应变速率下,以较大变形量变形时,焊接界面晶粒细化与位错切过晶界和晶内的O/α2相条及O/α2发生拉长、颈缩而断开的机制有关,变形量小时则主要以位错切断晶界及晶内O/α2条为主。应变速率低(10-4s-1)和高(10-2s-1)时,出现的粗细不同条状O/α2相是与动态再结晶的响应速率有关。在980℃,以10-2～10-4s-1应变速率和30%～50%变形Ti2AlNb/TC11双合金焊接接头,可得到高于TC11合金的室温强度。     

Optimization of deformation parameters of dynamic recrystallization for 7055 aluminum alloy by cellular automaton

In order to simulate the microstructure evolution during hot compressive deformation, models of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) by cellular automaton (CA) method for 7055 aluminum alloy were established. The hot compression tests were conducted to obtain material constants, and models of dislocation density, nucleation rate and recrystallized grain growth were fitted by least square method. The effects of strain, strain rate, deformation temperature and initial grain size on microstructure variation were studied. The results show that the DRX plays a vital role in grain refinement in hot deformation. Large strain, high temperature and small strain rate are beneficial to grain refinement. The stable size of recrystallized grain is not concerned with initial grain size, but depends on strain rate and temperature. Kinetic characteristic of DRX process was analyzed. By comparison of simulated and experimental flow stress–strain curves and metallographs, it is found that the established CA models can accurately predict the microstructure evolution of 7055 aluminum alloy during hot compressive deformation.     

X12合金钢高温流变应力行为及位错密度演变规律

为研究X12合金钢高温流变应力行为及其热变形过程中位错密度的演变规律,在温度为1050~1250℃、应变速率为0.005~5 s^-1、变形程度为50%的条件下,采用Gleeble-1500 D热模拟试验机对X12合金钢进行了热压缩实验,并采用XRD分析了该材料不同变形条件下位错密度。结果表明:X12合金钢在该实验温度及应变速率范围内有典型的动态再结晶特征。基于热压缩实验数据求出了X12合金钢的热变形激活能Qact为531.095 kJ/mol,并构建了X12合金钢的Arrhenius高温流变应力模型,模型计算值与试验值吻合情况良好,平均相对误差为2.52%。不同变形条件下的X12合金钢总位错密度均在1014 cm^-2以上,并且X12合金钢总的位错密度随应变速率增加而增加,随变形温度升高而减少。     

不同原始组织TC6钛合金高温变形微结构演化及其力学性能

采用gleeble-1500热模拟试验机和Hopkinson压杆,对具有4种典型组织的TC6钛合金分别进行了高温准静态压缩和室温动态压缩试验,结合TEM观察,研究了不同原始组织的TC6钛合金高温变形微结构演化及其力学性能。结果表明:具有4种典型组织的TC6钛合金高温变形时随温度升高微结构的演化可分为等轴型组织演化和网篮型组织演化,前者演化过程为:等轴α相的拉长变形—动态再结晶—动态再结晶晶粒长大—α/β相变;后者演化过程为:板条状α相弯曲变形—板条状α相断裂—动态再结晶—动态再结晶晶粒长大—α/β相变,板条状α相变成短棒状。位错活动及动态再结晶是控制4种组织的TC6合金在高温变形过程中组织演化和力学性能的重要因素;网篮组织晶界众多,位错运动障碍较多,在高温下具有较其余3种组织更高的流变应力;等轴组织α相晶粒较大,位错运动障碍较少,其流变应力在4种组织中最低;双态组织、固溶时效组织的流变应力介于等轴组织与网篮组织之间。4种组织的TC6钛合金的室温动态力学性能均对应变率较敏感。4种组织的TC6钛合金在室温及应变率为2500～4000s-1动态压缩条件下,塑性由大到小依次为:等轴组织、双态组织、固溶时效组织和网篮组织,流变应力由大到小依次为:固溶时效组织、双态组织、网篮组织和等轴组织。     

TC6热加工过程中微观组织演化模型的建立

通过Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机得出TC6钛合金在变形温度为860~950℃,应变速率为0.01~50 s-1,变形程度分别为30%和50%时的应力-应变曲线。通过金相实验研究了TC6在实验条件下微观组织的演变规律,并建立了TC6在(α+β)两相区塑性变形过程中α相的动态再结晶模型。结果表明:TC6钛合金在低应变速率下变形时,动态回复过程相对增强,动态再结晶受到抑制;相同温度、不同应变速率下的微观组织形貌基本相同,但是随着应变速率的增加再结晶程度增大,组织细化。模型平均误差小于13%,可以满足预测需要。     

Cellular automaton simulation of dynamic recrystallization behavior in V-10Cr-5Ti alloy under hot deformation conditions

The deformation behavior of V-10Cr-5Ti alloy was studied on the Gleeble-1500 thermomechanical simulator at the temperatures of 950-1350 °C, and the strain rates of 0.01-10 s^?1. Based on the Arrhenius model, dislocation density model, nucleation model and grain growth model, a numerical cellular automaton (CA) model coupling simulation of hot deformation is established to simulate and characterize the microstructural evolution during DRX. The results show that the flow stress is fairly sensitive to the strain rate and deformation temperature. The error between the predicted stress by the Arrhenius model and the actual measured value is less than 8%. The initial average grain size calculated by the CA model is 86.25 μm, which is close to the experimental result (85.63 μm). The simulations show that the effect of initial grain size on the dynamic recrystallization microstructure evolution is not significant, while increasing the strain rate or reducing the temperature can refine the recrystallized grains.     

TC6合金等温锻造过程中晶粒尺寸的数值模拟

通过引入一个与微观组织相关的函数对稳态流动应力模型进行修正,建立了金属材料高温变形时的稳态流动应力模型.并将该耦合微观组织参数的流动应力模型写入有限元程序中,模拟了TC6合金叶片在等温锻造过程中初生α相晶粒尺寸的变化.研究了变形工艺参数(压下量,变形温度,变形速度和摩擦因子)对零件内部初生α相晶粒尺寸的影响.     

Shape controlling and property optimization of TA32 titanium alloy thin-walled part prepared by hot forming

The hot flow behaviors, microstructure evolution and fractographs were studied to optimize the hot forming process of the TA32 titanium alloy thin-walled part. A set of microstructure-based constitutive equations were developed based on the experimental data, which described the relationships among the hot flow stresses and the evolution of phase volume fraction, dislocation density, grain size and damage. The constitutive model was imported into ABAQUS 6.14 to simulate the hot forming process for a typical thin-walled part. The effective strain, dislocation density and damage distribution as well as forming defects of formed parts under different process parameters were predicted. A qualified part without wrinkling and fracture defects was produced at a loading speed of 5 mm/s at 800 °C by the modified blank shape, where the maximum damage value was only 18.3%. The accuracy of constitutive model and finite element (FE) simulation was verified by the microhardness tests, which indicates that the FE model based on physical internal-state variables can well optimize the hot forming process of TA32 titanium alloy complex parts.     

基于元胞自动机AZ31镁合金微观组织模型

以AZ31镁合金在热压缩过程中微观组织演变为基础,结合元胞自动机模型(CA),建立了镁合金变形过程中再结晶晶粒尺寸模型和动态再结晶百分数模型。通过对铸态AZ31镁合金在不同变形条件下的热压缩实验,推导出镁合金的位错密度模型、临界位错密度模型、形核率模型和晶粒长大模型。结合元胞自动机具体演变规则,建立元胞自动机模型,并利用应力应变曲线及晶粒大小验证元胞自动机的模拟结果,验证该模型的准确性,结合实验数据和JMAK理论,推导出再结晶晶粒尺寸模型和动态再结晶百分数模型。借助DEFORM-3D分析软件得到镁合金在变形过程中,晶粒尺寸分布的变化情况以及动态再结晶百分数分布的变化情况。     

7A04铝合金热变形过程微观组织演变

以热模拟压缩实验和金相实验为基础,探讨7A04铝合金热压缩变形过程中应变速率和变形温度对流变应力和微观组织的影响规律。通过对实验数据进行回归分析,构建了该合金热压缩变形过程的微观组织演化模型。将建立的材料模型导入有限元软件DEFORM-3D中,对热压缩过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,所建立的微观组织演化模型可以很好的预测7A04合金在热变形过程中晶粒尺寸的演化规律。     

均匀化处理Al-Mg-Mn合金的组织及热变形行为

研究了半连续水冷铸造方法制备的Al-Mg-Mn合金均匀化处理过程中显微组织的演变过程,同时采用 Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对均匀化退火态合金的高温塑性变形行为进行了研究,分析了合金流变应力与变形温度和变形量之间的关系,并对合金变形过程中显微组织变化进行了探讨。结果表明,均匀化处理后原铸态合金中粗大的非平衡析出相逐渐溶解,变细、断裂,趋于球化,呈珠链状,数量减少。在热模拟变形过程中,475 ℃×15 h 均匀化退火态Al-Mg-Mn合金流变应力随着变形温度升高而降低;随着变形量增加,流变应力的峰值增大。随着变形温度升高,合金热变形组织首先发生缓慢的回复,位错密度降低,进而形成亚晶、出现再结晶晶粒组织特征。     

Flow stress and dynamic recrystallization behavior of Al-9Mg-1.1Li-0.5Mn alloy during hot compression process

The flow stress behavior of spray-formed Al-9Mg-1.1Li-0.5Mn alloy was studied using thermal simulation tests on a Gleeble-3500 machine over deformation temperature range of 300-450 °C and strain rate of 0.01-10 s^?1. The microstructural evolution of the alloy during the hot compression process was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back scatter diffractometry (EBSD). The results show that the flow stress behavior and microstructural evolution are sensitive to deformation parameters. The peak stress level, steady flow stress, dislocation density and amount of substructures of the alloy increase with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate. Conversely, the high angle grain boundary area increases, the grain boundary is in serrated shape and the dynamic recrystallization in the alloy occurs. The microstructure of the alloy is fibrous-like and the main softening mechanism is dynamic recovery during steady deformation state. The flow stress behavior can be represented by the Zener-Hollomon parameter Z in the hyperbolic sine equation with the hot deformation activation energy of 184.2538 kJ/mol. The constitutive equation and the hot processing map were established. The hot processing map exhibits that the optimum processing conditions for Al-9Mg-1.1Li-0.5Mn alloy are in deformation temperature range from 380 to 450 °C and strain rate range from 0.01 to 0.1 s^?1.     

ZK60镁合金高应变速率压缩变形的流变行为及显徽组织

在250-400℃的温度范围和0.1-50 s^-1的应变速率范围内对ZK60合金进行压缩变形,对其流变行为和显微组织进行研究。结果表明,在低应变速率（0.1-1 s^-1）下压缩变形时,再结晶主要发生在初始晶界上;在高应变速率（10-50 s^-1）下压缩变形时,再结晶同时在初始晶界和孪晶上发生。合金在应变速率10-50 s^-1和温度250-350℃的变形条件下获得均匀、细小的再结晶组织。因此,合金的最佳热加工工艺范围为应变速率10-50 s^-1、变形温度250-350℃。高应变速率压缩变形条件下的孪生诱发动态再结晶过程分三步,首先,高位错密度孪晶分割初始晶粒;然后,孪晶内的位错发生重排形成亚晶;最后,随着应变的增加而形成再结晶晶粒。     

基于位错密度理论的喷丸强化诱导7050铝合金组织细化数值模拟

7050铝合金喷丸过程中微观组织演变机理及纳米化结构与工艺参数的关系还没有得到广泛研究。基于位错密度理论对喷丸强化诱导7050铝合金表层晶粒细化进行研究。利用有限元方法模拟7050铝合金受单个和多个喷丸冲击过程,建立将喷丸强化的有限元模型与累积塑性应变引起的位错密度演化模型相结合的混合数值模型,并利用遗传算法得到混合模型的数值参数,用以预测喷丸强化层的位错密度和晶粒尺寸梯度分布,为研究喷丸强化7050铝合金的组织结构强化机理提供依据。建立喷丸尺寸、速度和覆盖率等工艺参数与强化层内晶粒细化结构的物理联系和数量关系。结果表明,从单个喷丸冲击到大量随机喷丸冲击过程都会在强化层内产生显著的晶粒细化;强化层内位错密度增加、晶粒细化的程度以及强化影响深度随着喷丸覆盖率、速度、尺寸的增加而增加;较高的喷丸覆盖率和强度可生成纳米级晶粒结构表面层。综合运用JC本构有限元模拟、四阶五级RKF算法解方程、遗传算法优化调参、概率约束方法控制随机喷丸以及VUMAT子程序定义本构关系,实现7050铝合金喷丸强化微宏观联系的定量研究,可为设计7050铝合金喷丸工艺参数获得所需纳米结构提供理论依据。     

Deformation Mechanism and Hot Workability of Extruded Magnesium Alloy AZ31

Using the flow stress curves obtained by Gleeble thermo-mechanical testing, the processing map of extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 was established to analyze the hot workability. Stress exponent and activation energy were calculated to characterize the deformation mechanism. Then, the effects of hot deformation parameters on deformation mechanism,microstructure evolution and hot workability of AZ31 alloy were discussed. With increasing deformation temperature, the operation of non-basal slip systems and full development of dynamic recrystallization(DRX) contribute to effective improvement in hot workability of AZ31 alloy. The influences of strain rate and strain are complex. When temperature exceeds 350 °C, the deformation mechanism is slightly dependent of the strain rate or strain. The dominant mechanism is dislocation cross-slip, which favors DRX nucleation and grain growth and thus leads to good plasticity. At low temperature(below 350 °C), the deformation mechanism is sensitive to strain and strain rate. Both the dominant deformation mechanism and inadequate development of DRX deteriorate the ductility of AZ31 alloy. The flow instability mainly occurs in the vicinity of 250 °C and 1 s-1.     

Influence of hot isostatic pressing on microstructure,properties and deformability of selective laser melting TC4 alloy

The influence of different hot isostatic pressing regimes on microstructure, phase constitution, microhardness, tensile properties and deformability of TC4 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) technology was studied. The results show that the microstructure of SLM TC4 alloy is composed of acicular martensite α' phase, and the sample exhibits high microhardness and strength, but low plasticity. After hot isostatic pressing, acicular martensite α' phase transforms into α+β phase, and with the increase of hot isostatic pressing temperature and duration, α phase with coarse lath is gradually refined, and the proportion of α phase is gradually reduced. Because of the change of phase constitution in SLM TC4 alloy after hot isostatic pressing, the grain refinement strengthening is weakened, the density of dislocation is reduced, so that both microhardness and tensile strength are decreased by around 20%, the elongation is increased by more than about 70%, even over 100%, compared with as-deposited TC4 alloy. When the hot isostatic pressing regime is 940℃/3 h/150 MPa, the tensile strength and the elongation achieve optimal match, which are about 890 MPa and around 14.0% in both directions. The fracture mechanism of alloy after 940℃/3 h/150 MPa HIP is dultile fracture. Hot isostatic pressing causes concave deformation of SLM TC4 alloy thin-walled frames, and the deformation degree increases with the increase of temperature.     

TB8钛合金固溶组织研究及神经网络预测

深入分析了各变形工艺参数对TB8合金固溶处理显微组织的影响规律,建立了固溶组织再结晶体积分数、平均晶粒尺寸与变形工艺参数间的神经网络预测模型。结果表明,冷却和热处理制度相同的条件下,变形温度、变形程度和应变速率等变形工艺参数对TB8钛合金形变且固溶处理后的显微组织有重要的影响,若想获得晶粒较为细小且均匀的组织,需要在合适的应变速率下适当提高变形程度和降低变形温度;人工神经网络的预测结果与实测结果的高度拟合,表明人工神经网络模型可以较为精确地预测TB8合金的显微组织随变形工艺参数的变化而变化的情况。以上研究工作为TB8合金热加工工艺的制定提供了更为科学的理论依据。     

激光冲击铝合金微结构演化及力学行为的分子动力学模拟

目的 揭示激光冲击铝合金的微结构演化过程及塑性变形机制,探究残余应力产生的机理,为激光冲击提升铝合金力学性能提供理论参考。方法 基于分子动力学模拟,采用活塞冲击法实现多晶铝合金(Al-Mg-Zn-Cu)在不同加载速度下的冲击强化。利用共邻分析法和位错提取法,研究铝合金的微结构演化过程、位错分布以及激光冲击影响铝合金力学性能的内在机理。结果 在冲击波加载阶段,当高速冲击波作用时,铝合金出现大量滑移系,产生高密度位错。在保载阶段,位错集中在晶界附近,导致多晶铝合金发生晶界塑性变形。在卸载阶段,不同类型位错之间进行了相互转化。铝合金两端晶粒和晶界的塑性变形,导致了残余压应力的产生。对完全卸载后的铝合金进行单轴拉伸模拟,发现0.7 km/s和1.0 km/s的冲击速度下,残余压应力抵消了部分拉伸应力,变形晶界附近产生新的位错,且晶界发生迁移和合并,导致极限应力分别提升15%和22%。结论 激光冲击对Al-Mg-Zn-Cu铝合金的微结构及力学性能影响显著,在高速冲击波作用下,铝合金两端发生剧烈的塑性变形,导致残余压应力的产生。单轴拉伸时,残余压应力抵消了部分拉伸应力,且铝合金晶粒内发生原子变形产生新的位错,同时晶界发生运动,最终使得极限应力增大,铝合金的力学性能得到提升。     

轧制态6082-T6铝合金的热压缩力学行为及微观组织分析

采用热模拟试验机对轧制态6082-T6铝合金进行热压缩试验,分析了合金在变形温度100~400 ℃,应变速率0.01 s^-1条件下的流变应力,对不同温度热变形的微观组织进行了表征。结果表明,轧制态6082铝合金的力学性能受变形温度和轧制方向的影响。变形过程中应力呈现负的温度敏感性,即随着变形温度升高,应力不断下降。合金表现出明显的力学性能各向异性,压缩强度在与轧制方向呈0°和90°较高,45°方向强度较低。经过热压缩变形后,与轧向呈不同方向的6082-T6铝合金的晶粒组织均沿着剪切力方向发生扭曲,同时,变形温度对晶粒组织的演变影响不大。随着变形温度的升高,合金基体内的位错密度明显下降,析出相发生粗化。