Supercritical fluid dyeing of cotton modified with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine

Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing of cotton modified with the fibre reactive group 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine has been examined and the results are discussed. The modification of cotton was carried out in acetone, as well as by a new method using water as the solvent. For level dyeing results a degree of fixation of the fibre reactive group on cotton of 3% owf was required without changing the hydrophilicity of the fibre. The results show that dyeing of modified cotton is possible with dyes containing hydroxy or amino groups which react via a substitution reaction with the chlorine atoms of 4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl on the fibre surface. The K/S values at 383 nm of modified cotton dyed with CI Disperse Yellow 23 were found to be between 1.44 and 4.79 depending on the dyeing conditions used. The washing, rubbing and light fastness data that were obtained were between 3 and 5.     

Influence of dichloro-s-triazinyl reactive dyes on the fibrillation propensity of lyocell fibres

Four dichloro- s -triazinyl dyes and 2,4-dichloro-6- p -sulphoanilino-1,3,5-triazine have been applied by exhaustion methods to dried lyocell fibres. The method of application, of both dyes and agent, influenced the cross-linking performance and, in turn, the wet abrasion resistance of the treated fibre. However, dyeing alone, with any of the MX dyes used in this study, was insufficient to protect the fibre from wet abrasion problems during laundering. A comparison between one of the MX dyes, Chloranyl Orange MX-2R, and 2,4-dichloro-6- p -sulphoanilino-1,3,5-triazine on a mol-for-mol fixed basis, showed 2,4-dichloro-6- p -sulphoanilino-1,3,5-triazine to be greatly superior at protecting lyocell against wet abrasion.     

Adhesion and Wettability Characteristics of Chemically Modified Banana Fibre for Composite Manufacturing

In this work banana fibre was chemically modified using various chemical agents. The surface energy of the fibre is an important parameter and one which governs the interaction of fibre with polymeric matrices. This paper describes the influence of various chemical treatments on the surface energy of the banana fibre investigated by contact angle measurements, spectroscopic analysis and surface morphology studies. The surface energy, work of adhesion, polarity, spreading coefficient, interfacial energy and interaction parameter were determined in the case of raw and chemically modified fibres. Chemical modification has been found to have a profound effect on the surface energy. The polar and dispersive components of the surface energy were also found to be dependent on the chemical treatment involved. The chemical modifications done in this work were: alkali treatment, silanation, benzoylation, formylation, potassium permanganate treatment and acetylation. Of all the modifications, the relative surface energy was found to be a maximum for alkali treated fibre and minimum for silanated fibre. Contact angle measurements were found to be an effective tool in predicting the possible interaction of the fibres with phenol formaldehyde matrix resin. Atomic force microscopy roughness analysis revealed a significant decrease in surface roughness for the chemically modified fibre. An increase both in fibre/matrix adhesion and interfacial shear strength has been observed for all surface modified fibres except for those modified by benzoylation and acetylation.     

Development of Techniques for Studying Dye Penetration in Rapid Carpet Coloration Processes

A programme of work designed to assess the suitability of modern methods of colouring carpets (continuous dyeing, carpet printing, yarn printing) for wool revealed few problems for the fibre, but ring-dyed fibres could result from any of the processes. The performance defect associated with ring dyeing was abrasion frosting in use. It seemed that ring dyeing could be due to excessive oil residues, incorrect selection of dyes or chemicals, or too short a steaming time. A systematic investigation was indicated, but existing techniques for measuring ring dyeing were too tedious to provide adequate data. An existing test for assessing abrasion frosting in furnishing fabrics has been modified for use with carpets. In addition, a rapid electronics method for measuring dye penetration into fibre cross-sections has been developed. Some preliminary results are presented.     

Polyimides containing s‐triazine rings

A series of new polyimides containing s‐triazine rings have been synthesized via Diels–Alder intermolecular polymerization of 2,6‐bis(2‐furanylmethylimino)‐4‐isopropoxy‐1,3,5‐triazine with various bis(maleimide)s. All the poly(imino‐s‐triazine imide)s were characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR spectral studies, number average molecular weight ( M _n) by non‐aqueous conductometric titration and thermogravimetry. Glass‐fibre reinforced composites were prepared via an in situ Diels–Alder intermolecular reaction between 2,6‐bis(2‐furanylmethylimino)‐4‐isopropoxy‐1,3,5‐triazine and various bis(maleimide)s. The composites were characterized for chemical resistivity and mechanical properties. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Transition Structures of the Electrocyclic Reactions of cis,cis,cis-1,3,5-Cyclooctatriene

The electrocyclic reactions of cis,cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene have been studied using ab initio molecular orbital theory. cis,cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene can undergo an electrocyclic ring opening in a conrotatory fashion to form cis,cis-1,3,5,7-octatetraene and a disrotatory electrocyclization to form bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-diene. The transition structures for these electrocyclic reactions have been located. Geometry optimizations employed restricted Hartree-Fock calculations and the 3–21G and 6–31G* basis sets. Electron correlation energies were calculated using second-order, and in some cases fourth-order, Møller-Plesset theory. Scaled RHF/6–31G* force constants were employed in the prediction of secondary deuterium isotope effects for the conrotatory ring opening. The ground state of cis,cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene exists in a twist-boat conformation with staggering at the saturated linkage. The transition structure for the conrotatory electrocyclic ring opening to form cis,cis-1,3,5,7-octatetraene has a helical structure, which has implications for the stereoselectivities of ring closure of 1-substituted-cis,cis-1,3,5,7-octatetraenes. The disrotatory transition structure for the electrocyclization to form bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-diene is strongly distorted from C_s symmetry, in contrast to the transition structure for the disrotatory electrocyclization of cis-1,3,5-hexatriene. This distortion is caused by staggering about the saturated linkage.     

Protection of lyocell against fibrillation. Part 2: Application of 4,6-(p-β-sulphatoethylsulphonyl)anilino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one to lyocell by an exhaust process

An exhaust application method for 4,6-( p - β -sulphatoethylsulphonyl)anilino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1 H )-one to dried lyocell fibre has been developed. The procedure employs a temperature gradient technique with all of the salt and alkali present at the start. This method gives consistent wet abrasion resistance values with a standard deviation only marginally inferior to Tencel A100. Subsequent dyeing of lyocell fibres, in turn with two reactive dyes, gave build-up profiles indistinguishable from untreated fibre. The lyocell–agent bonding was stable to high temperature polyester dyeing conditions at pH 6, but unexpectedly showed some instability (as evidenced by a fall in wet abrasion resistance values) when subjected to base-catalysed reactive dyeing conditions.     

Sorption of water vapor by chemically modified polyamide fibre

Conclusions Sorption and desorption isotherms of water vapor by chemically modified PCA fibre have been analyzed.It has been shown that the modified PCA fibre absorbs water vapor like cotton fibre over a wide range of variation in relative humidity.The elevated sorptive capacity as compared with Kapron fibre is explained by an increase in the number of active hydrophilic functional groups and volume of sorbing pores.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 20–21, January–February, 1984.     

Phenolation of (+)-Catechin with Mineral Acids. II. Identification of New Reaction Products

To investigate the reactions that occur in the flavanoid unit during the liquefaction of tannin in phenol, the phenolysis of (+)-catechin was studied using either H₂SO₄, HCl, or BF₃ 2H₂O as acid catalyst. In addition to 2-[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propyl]-1,3,5-benzenetriol (1) and 2-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-4,6-benzofurandiol (3) that have been described previously, eight additional reaction products were isolated, four of which were compounds that have not been described previously. The novel compounds described here are: 2-[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propyl]-1,3,5-benzenetriol (2), 2-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-4,6-benzofurandiol (4), 2-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl-4,6-benzofurandiol (5), and 2-(1,3,5-trihydroxyphenyl)methyl-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b:5,4-b′]-difuran-4-ol (6). The structures of these and other previously described products are consistent with opening of the pyran ring of catechin and reaction at C-2 by either the para or the ortho position of phenol. Additional products resulting from reaction between pyran ring cleavage products and catechin, and from reaction of cleavage products were found. Similar reactions would be expected to take place during the phenolysis of condensed tannins.     

Microscopic study of modified polyacrylonitrile fibres

Conclusions Microscopic studies have been made on polyacrylonitrile fibres which have been modified with solutions of CdSO₄, ethylenediamine, and a mixture of these solutions.Treatment with an ethylenediamine solution aids in a significant change in structure of the fibre surface.Treatment with a mixture of CdSO₄ and ethylenediamine solutions leads to development of a structural nonuniformity in the fibre and the twisting of the fibre on drying in the free state.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 33–34, March–April, 1989.     

Reaction of cyanuric chloride and its derivatives with polyamide fibres in non-aqueous medium

Polyamide fibres (Nylon 6) were treated with cyanuric chloride in organic solvents (tetrachloroethylene and xylene) under different conditions. This treatment caused an increase in the fibre nitrogen content. The magnitude of the latter was dependent upon the cyanuric chloride concentration, the time and temperature of the treatment as well as the nature of solvent. For instance an extra nitrogen content of 0.08% was obtained at a cyanuric chloride concentration (based on wt. of fabric) of 25%. This contrasts with 0.46% at 100% concentration of cyanuric chloride. Similarly and extra nitrogen content of 0.08% was achieved at 50°C while at 121°C it amounted to 1.18%. However, the cyanuric chloride treated nuylon failed to link covalently to dyestuffs containing labile hydrogen, indicating no chemical reaction between polyamide 6 and cyanuric chloride. This chemical reaction could only be achieved by use of 2-anilino-4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine instead of cyanuric chloride. Similarly a disperse dye containing a chlorotriazine ring as the reactive group was found to react chemically with polyamide 6.     

改性聚醚醚酮复合材料在齿轮上的应用

用液晶聚合物（TLCP）、碳纤维（CF）、铜粉、MoS2等添加剂对聚醚醚酮（PEEK)进行改性，制备了改性PEEK复合材料，讨论了各添加剂对改性PEEK性能的影响，并用来制造发动机机油泵齿轮。结果表明，用TLCP、CF等改性的PEEK可提高PEEK的强度和耐磨性，并改善加工性，该复合材料能满足机油泵类齿轮的使用要求。     

Synthesis of graft copolymers of polycaprolactam fibre by preliminary introduction of hydroperoxide groups

Conclusions 1. We have obtained graft copolymers of polycaprolactam fibre with various vinyl monomers by introducing peroxide and hydroperoxide groups into the fibre by oxidation with an Fe³⁺-H₂O₂ system.2. We have studied the effect of the oxidation and graft copolymerisation conditions on the yield of graft copolymer. The feasbility of obtaining modified polycaprolactam fibre with practically any content of graft polymer has been demonstrated.All-Union Correspondence Institute for the Textile and Light Industry (VZITLP); Moscow Textile Institute. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 15–17, November–December, 1969.     

4-(9-蒽基)-6-十六烷氧基-2-氨基-1,3,5-三嗪的合成及光谱行为的研究

从三氯均三嗪出发通过三步反应合成了4-(9-蒽基)-6-十六烷氧基-2-氨基-1,3,5-三嗪(AHTA),并通过红外、核磁、质谱、高分辨质谱对目标产物进行了表征.研究表明AHTA分子在基态下分子的蒽环与三嗪环不共平面,激发态下表现为ICT的荧光发射.由于分子间氢键作用的存在,AHTA在自组装膜和LB膜中均形成H-聚集体.     

苯氧基二氯均三嗪改性纤维素的合成与水解

以三聚氯氰(TCT)、苯酚为原料,合成2,4-二氯-6-苯氧基-1,3,5-三嗪衍生物(PHCT);通过红外光谱和质谱表征其结构。用PHCT对纤维进行修饰,并将修饰后的微晶纤维素在8%(wt)H2SO4中、130℃下水解5 h,研究PHCT用量对纤维素水解性能和结晶结构的影响;实验结果表明,经PHCT改性的纤维素水解后的还原糖得率提高了,当PHCT相对摩尔含量(以葡萄糖环计)为16.67%时,纤维素水解成还原糖得率最大为23.54%;通过分析广角X射线衍射图发现,PHCT改性使微晶纤维素的结晶结构发生变化,无定形区增加,结晶指数下降,晶粒尺寸减小。     

The Synthesis and Characterization of Melamine Based and [Fe/CrSalen] or [Fe/CrSalophen] Capped Polimer Schiff Base Complexes

In this study, by using previously reported monomer complexes [(2-(4-carboxybenzimino)-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine)(salen/salophenFeIII)], [(2-(4-carboxybenzimino)-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine)(salen/salophenCrIII)], [(2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzimino)-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine)(salen/salophenFeIII)] and [(2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzimino)-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine)(salen/salophenCrIII)] obtained by Uysal and Uçan (J Inc Phenom Macrocycl Chem, in press), sixteen new polimer Fe(III) and Cr(III) complexes involving tetradentate Schiff bases N,N′-bis (salicylidene)ethylenediamine-(salenH₂) or bis(salicylidene)-o-phenylenediamine-(salophenH₂) with 2-(4-carboxybenzimino)-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine or 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzimino)-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine (Uysal and Uçan, J Inc Phenom Macrocycl Chem, in press) and terephthaldehyde or glutaraldehyde have been synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, ¹H N.M.R., FT-IR spectrscopy, MS, thermal analyses and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The complexes have also been characterized as low-spin distorted octahedral Fe(III) and Cr(III) bridged by catechol and/or COO^? groups.     

Improving the environmental and economic aspects of cotton dyeing using a cationised cotton†

One approach to improve the affinity of anionic dyes for cotton is to add cationic dye sites to the fibre. The dyeing behaviour of cotton that had been rendered cationic by reaction with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride was examined. Dye yields and fastness properties are reported for a number of direct, reactive and acid dyes with the modified fibre. Excellent dye yields and colour fastness properties were obtained without the use of electrolytes, multiple rinsings or fixation agents which are normally employed in cotton dyeing.     

Protection of lyocell against fibrillation. Part 3: Investigation of the durability of crosslinks formed with 4,6-(p-β-sulphatoethylsulphonyl)-anilino-1,3, 5-triazin-2(1H)-one on lyocell fibre

Application of 4,6-( p - β -sulphatoethylsulphonyl)-anilino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1 H )-one (Hydroxy-XLC) to lyocell fibre produced two types of crosslinking, one essentially permanent and the other transitory, in the presence of weak alkali. Permanent or stable crosslinking arose from covalent bonding between the fibre and vinyl sulphone reactive groups. The transitory or unstable crosslinking was due to two agent molecules forming an intermolecular ether linkage, followed by crosslinking via the residual vinyl sulphone reactive groups. On subsequent mild alkali treatment, the ether bond was cleaved, resulting in a loss of wet abrasion resistance (Nass–Scheuer–Festigkeit, NSF), without any significant loss of agent from the fibre. Further treatment with mild alkali partially restored the NSF value. The formation of ethers is a general reaction of vinyl sulphones in alkaline medium, and for Hydroxy-XLC, this side reaction exerts a negative influence on the compound's suitability as a crosslinking agent.     

Investigation of the structure of polyacrylonitrile fibres modified with sodium salts by the method of water vapor or dye sorption

Conclusions Figures for the capillary porosity of polyacrylonitrile fibre which has been modified with salts of alkaline metals have been determined.The introduction of salts of alkaline metals into freshly spun fibre aids in the formation of a more porous structure for it.The nature of both the cation and also of the anion exerts and effect on the porosity of the modified fibres.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 35–36, March–April, 1990.     

Improving the physicomechanical properties of acetate fibres and films

Conclusions It is possible to modify acetate fibres during the spinning process by adding crosslinking agents (dimethylolethyleneurea or dimethyloldihydroxyethylurea) to the spinning solution with subsequent heat-treatment of the fibre.The modified fibres have improved elastic properties (crease resistance, resistance to double bending) while preserving their strength characteristics.Deceased.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 38–40, January–February, 1983.