Optimal Independent Spanning Trees on Odd Graphs

The use of multiple independent spanning trees (ISTs) for data broadcasting in networks provides a number of advantages, including the increase of fault-tolerance and bandwidth. The designs of multiple ISTs on several classes of networks have been widely investigated. In this paper we show a construction algorithm of ISTs on odd graphs, and we analyze that all the lengths of the paths in the ISTs are less than or equal to the length of the shortest path+4, which is optimal. We also prove that the heights of the ISTs we constructed are d+1, which again is optimal, since the fault diameter of an odd graph is d+1.     

Parallel construction of optimal independent spanning trees on hypercubes

The use of multiple independent spanning trees (ISTs) for data broadcasting in networks provides a number of advantages, including the increase of fault-tolerance and bandwidth. Thus, the designs of multiple ISTs on several classes of networks have been widely investigated. Tang et al. [S.-M. Tang, Y.-L. Wang, Y.-H. Leu, Optimal independent spanning trees on hypercubes, Journal of Information Science and Engineering 20 (2004) 143–155] studied the problem of constructing k ISTs on k-dimensional hypercube Q_k, and provided a recursive algorithm for their construction (i.e., for constructing k ISTs of Q_k, it needs to build k − 1 ISTs of Q_k−1 in advance). This kind of construction forbids the possibility that the algorithm could be parallelized. In this paper, based on a simple concept called Hamming distance Latin square, we design a new algorithm for generating k ISTs of Q_k. The newly proposed algorithm relies on a simple rule and is easy to be parallelized. As a result, we show that the ISTs we constructed are optimal in the sense that both the heights and the average path length of trees are minimized.     

Parallel construction of optimal independent spanning trees on Cartesian product of complete graphs

A set of k spanning trees rooted at the same vertex r in a graph G is said to be independent if for each vertex x other than r, the k paths from r to x, one path in each spanning tree, are internally disjoint. Using independent spanning trees (ISTs) one can design fault-tolerant broadcasting schemes and increase message security in a network. Thus, the problem of ISTs on graphs has been received much attention. Recently, Yang et al. proposed a parallel algorithm for generating optimal ISTs on the hypercube. In this paper, we propose a similar algorithm for generating optimal ISTs on Cartesian product of complete graphs. The algorithm can be easily implemented in parallel or distributed systems. Moreover, the proof of its correctness is simpler than that of Yang et al.     

Parallel construction of independent spanning trees and an application in diagnosis on Möbius cubes

Independent spanning trees (ISTs) on networks have applications to increase fault-tolerance, bandwidth, and security. Möbius cubes are a class of the important variants of hypercubes. A recursive algorithm to construct n ISTs on n-dimensional Möbius cube M _n was proposed in the literature. However, there exists dependency relationship during the construction of ISTs and the time complexity of the algorithm is as high as O(NlogN), where N=2 ⁿ is the number of vertices in M _n and n≥2. In this paper, we study the parallel construction and a diagnostic application of ISTs on Möbius cubes. First, based on a circular permutation n?1,n?2,…,0 and the definitions of dimension-backbone walk and dimension-backbone tree, we propose an O(N) parallel algorithm, called PMCIST, to construct n ISTs rooted at an arbitrary vertex on M _n . Based on algorithm PMCIST, we further present an O(n) parallel algorithm. Then we provide a parallel diagnostic algorithm with high efficiency to diagnose all the vertices in M _n by at most n+1 steps, provided the number of faulty vertices does not exceed n. Finally, we present simulation experiments of ISTs and an application of ISTs in diagnosis on 0-M ₄.     

Ad hoc无线网络负载自适应平衡跨层多径路由算法

提出了一种Ad hoc无线网络流量自适应平衡的多径路由选择算法LACLMRA。算法LACLMRA利用网络的跨层信息：传输层提供的数据端到端传输延迟、节点MAC层提供的最近一次传输成功前重传次数、网络层的缓存队列长度等信息,构建多条不相交的多径路由。在实际的数据传输过程中,根据路由的质量,在多条路径中自适应分配流量,缓解节点的拥塞,延长Ad hoc无线网络的生存时间。仿真结果也显示该算法与SMR、AOMDV等多径路由算法相比,在降低网络平均延迟、提高吞吐量、延长网络生存时间方面,有更好的表现。     

基于最优Path的Ad Hoc网络地理路由算法

对基于地理信息的自组网路由中的凹节点问题做了分析,并提出了一种新的解决方案——PGA算法及其改进算法.算法采用了最优Path的思想,在Path构造、基于Path的最优寻路、路由恢复等多个方面都应用了最优Path的概念,较好地解决了凹节点的问题.通过证明,该算法具有无环性,从而实现了基于局部路由信息的无状态路由,展示了算法的可扩展性和易维护性.实验表明,即使在大型网络中,算法依然可以保持很高的报文投递率、较短的路径长度、可接受的路由表大小及可控的协议带宽开销,同时该路由算法在动态环境中具有较强的鲁棒性.     

异构信息网络的相似性度量方法

随着社交网络和文献索引网络等大规模互联多类异质信息网络的浮现,为相似搜索提出许多挑战,其中相似性度量是关键问题之一。现有适用于同构网络的相似度量方法没有考虑网络多个路径的不同语义。本文提出一种新的基于元路径的相似性度量方法,可以在异构网络中搜索相同类型的对象。元路径是由在不同对象类型中定义的一系列关系所组成的路径,可以为网络中相似搜索引擎提供共同的基础。在真实数据集上的实验表明,与无序相似性衡量方法相比,本文提出的方法支持快速路径相似性查询,可广泛地应用于社交网络和电子商务领域。     

基于复杂网络的操作系统内核演化与稳定性研究

出了基于复杂网络研究操作系统内核模块演化的方法.通过研究223个Linux版本(从1.1.0到2.4.35)内核模块函数调用图的度分布和平均路径长度,发现函数调用图具有无标度和小世界特征.根据复杂网络中平均路径长度与网络节点的关系,提出了通过平均路径长度斜率发现演化过程中的异常点,从而发现内核模块结构重大变化的方法.提...     

基于多蚁群算法的无线传感器网络路由的跨层设计

针对事件驱动型无线传感器网络对数据传输的强实时性和高可靠性的要求,将统计获得的节点接入效率和负载队列长度等MAC层状态信息作为路由度量参数。考虑到蚂蚁网络算法在重负荷网络中存在传输延迟大、聚合速度慢等缺陷,提出了一种基于多蚁群算法的负载感知和高效接入的跨层路由协议,该协议把节点的单跳延迟、负载及带宽接入效率等参数作为路径的启发值进行路由优化。仿真结果表明,基于多蚁群算法的路由协议能够保证数据传输的实时性,能够实现无线传感器网络的拥塞控制及负载平衡。     

基于复杂网络的城市公共交通网络研究

将北京、上海和杭州3个大城市的公共交通网络(常规公交和快速公交)抽象成复杂网络,结合网络图论思想,把公交站点作为节点,站点间的连线作为边,在大量统计数据的基础上,通过Space L和Space P方法研究3大城市的复杂网络特性。统计分析表明,3个城市的公交网络均具有较小的平均路径长度,即典型的小世界特性。其节点的度分布,在Space L方法的描述下具有无标度特性,在Space P方法的描述下具有指数分布特性。通过对Space L和Space P两种描述方法的比较,可以发现对于同样的公交网络,Space P方法描述的网络具有更大的聚类系数和更小的平均路径长度,即具有更强的小世界效应。     

Stability routing with constrained path length for improved routability in dynamic MANETs

Quality of service (QoS) routing is known to be an NP-hard problem in case of two or more additive constraints, and several exact algorithms and heuristics have been proposed to address this issue. In this paper, we consider a particular two-constrained quality of service routing problem maximizing path stability with a limited path length in the quest of improving routability in dynamic multi-hop mobile wireless ad hoc networks. First, we propose a novel exact algorithm to solve the optimal weight-constrained path problem. We instantiate our algorithm to solve the most stable path not exceeding a certain number of hops, in polynomial time. This algorithm is then applied to the practical case of proactive routing in dynamic multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. In these networks, an adequate compromise between route stability and its length in hops is essential for appropriately mitigating the impact of the network dynamics on the validity of established routes. Secondly, we set up a common framework for the comparison between three families of proactive routing: the shortest path-based routing, the most stable path-based routing and our proposed most stable constrained path routing. We show then through extensive simulations that routing based on our proposed algorithm selects appropriate stable paths yielding a very high routability with an average path length just above that of the shortest paths.     

针对无标度网络的紧凑路由方法

衡量一种路由算法优劣的两个重要指标是路由表的大小和路径的长度,但这两个方面通常是互相矛盾的.紧凑路由(compact routing)研究旨在设计路由算法在这两个指标上获得优化的平衡(tradeoff).目前,已有许多学者针对任意拓扑的网络提出了普适(universal)的紧凑路由方法(compact routing scheme).但是,真实的网络都具有特定的拓扑,普适的紧凑路由方法并没有利用真实网络呈现的特定拓扑特征,因而在这类网络上未必能取得最优的性能.最近的研究发现,许多真实网络都具有无标度特征和强聚集特征,利用这两类拓扑特征,提出了一种针对这类网络的紧凑路由方法.该路由方法将网络看成是由一个骨干树和一些捷径组成,在任意源节点和目的节点之间路由,使用路径的长度不超过它们的最短路径长度加上一个整数b.路由表大小限制在O(clog2n)比特,其中,b和c是由网络结构决定的参数.实验结果表明,在无标度网络上,b和c可以同时取较小的值.与以往的紧凑路由方法相比,该方法在平均性能上表现更好.     

针对无标度网络的紧凑路由方法

衡量一种路由算法优劣的两个重要指标是路由表的大小和路径的长度,但这两个方面通常是互相矛盾的.紧凑路由(compact routing)研究旨在设计路由算法在这两个指标上获得优化的平衡(tradeoff).目前,已有许多学者针对任意拓扑的网络提出了普适(universal)的紧凑路由方法(compact routing scheme).但是,真实的网络都具有特定的拓扑,普适的紧凑路由方法并没有利用真实网络呈现的特定拓扑特征,因而在这类网络上未必能取得最优的性能.最近的研究发现,许多真实网络都具有无标度特征和强聚集特征,利用这两类拓扑特征,提出了一种针对这类网络的紧凑路由方法.该路由方法将网络看成是由一个骨干树和一些捷径组成,在任意源节点和目的节点之间路由,使用路径的长度不超过它们的最短路径长度加上一个整数b.路由表大小限制在O(clog2n)比特,其中,b和c是由网络结构决定的参数.实验结果表明,在无标度网络上,b和c可以同时取较小的值.与以往的紧凑路由方法相比,该方法在平均性能上表现更好.     

Exploring High-Performance Architecture for Data Center Networks

As a critical infrastructure of cloud computing, data center networks (DCNs) directly determine the service performance of data centers, which provide computing services for various applications such as big data processing and artificial intelligence. However, current architectures of data center networks suffer from a long routing path and a low fault tolerance between source and destination servers, which is hard to satisfy the requirements of high-performance data center networks. Based on dual-port servers and Clos network structure, this paper proposed a novel architecture to construct high-performance data center networks. Logically, the proposed architecture is constructed by inserting a dual-port server into each pair of adjacent switches in the fabric of switches, where switches are connected in the form of a ring Clos structure. We describe the structural properties of in terms of network scale, bisection bandwidth, and network diameter. architecture inherits characteristics of its embedded Clos network, which can accommodate a large number of servers with a small average path length. The proposed architecture embraces a high fault tolerance, which adapts to the construction of various data center networks. For example, the average path length between servers is 3.44, and the standardized bisection bandwidth is 0.8 in (32, 5). The result of numerical experiments shows that enjoys a small average path length and a high network fault tolerance, which is essential in the construction of high-performance data center networks.     

Improved extra group network: a new fault-tolerant multistage interconnection network

Supersystems are shown to provide enough computational power to solve complex problems on a real-time basis. In all these systems, the computational parallelism is obtained from multiple processors. Multistage interconnection networks (MINs) play a vital role on the performance of these multiprocessor systems. This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant MIN named as improved extra group network (IEGN). IEGN is designed by existing extra group (EGN) network, which is a regular multipath network with limited fault tolerance. IEGN provides four times more paths between any source–destination pairs compared with EGN. The performance of IEGN has been evaluated in terms of permutation capability, fault tolerance, reliability, path length, and cost. It has also been proved that the IEGN can achieve better results in terms of fault tolerance, reliability, path length and cost-effectiveness, in comparison to known networks, namely, EGN, augmented baseline network, augmented shuffle-exchange network, fault-tolerant double tree, Benes network, and Replicated MIN.     

Linear QoS Goals of Additive and Concave Metrics in Ad Hoc Cognitive Packet Routing

This paper addresses two scalability problems related to the cognitive map of packets in ad hoc cognitive packet networks and proposes a solution. Previous works have included latency as part of the routing goal of smart packets, which requires packets to collect their arrival time at each node in a path. Such a requirement resulted in a packet overhead proportional to the path length. The second problem is that the multiplicative form of path availability, which was employed to measure resources, loses accuracy in long paths. To solve these problems, new goals are proposed in this paper. These goals are linear functions of low-overhead metrics and can provide similar performance results with lower cost. One direct result shown in simulation is that smart packets driven by a linear function of path length and buffer occupancy can effectively balance the traffic of multiple flows without the large overhead that would be needed if round-trip delay was used. In addition, energy-aware routing is also studied under this scheme as well as link selection based on their expected level of security     

Strategies for predicting local trust based on trust propagation in social networks

Trust plays a critical role in determining social interactions in both online and offline networks, and reduces information overload, uncertainties and risk from unreliable users. In a social network, even if two users are not directly connected, one user can still trust the other user if there exists at least one path between the two users through friendship networks. This is the result of trust propagation based on the transitivity property of trust, which is “A trusts B and B trusts C, so A will trust C”. It is important to provide a trust inference model to find reliable trust paths from a source user to an unknown target user, and to systematically combine multiple trust paths leading to a target user. We propose strategies for estimating level of trust based on Reinforcement Learning, which is particularly well suited to predict a long-term goal (i.e. indirect trust value on long-distance user) with short-term reward (i.e. direct trust value between directly connected users). In other words, we compare and evaluate how the length of available trust paths and aggregation methods affects prediction accuracy and then propose the best strategy to maximize the prediction accuracy.     

时间依赖的网络中最小时间路径算法

时间依赖的网络与传统网络模型相比更具有现实意义，具有广泛的应用领域，交通网络和通信网络可以抽象为时间依赖的网络模型，当模型中弧的工度是时间依赖的变量，最短路径问题的求解变得非常困难，早期的研究者通过具体的网络实例认识到传统最短路径算法在这种情况下是不正确的，因此给出限制性条件使得传统最短路径算法是有效的。该文从最短路径算法的理论基础入手，从理论上证明了传统最短路径算法，如Dijkstra算法和标号设置算法，在时间依赖的网络上不能有效地求解最短路径问题，并且，在没有任何限制性条件下，给出了时间依赖的网络模型，理论基础，求解最小时间路径的优化条件和SPTDN算法，从理论上证明了SPTDN算法的正确性，算法的实验结果是正确的，最后给出了时间依赖的网络应用实例。     

Linear QoS goals of additive and concave metrics in ad hoc cognitive packet routing.

This paper addresses two scalability problems related to the cognitive map of packets in ad hoc cognitive packet networks and proposes a solution. Previous works have included latency as part of the routing goal of smart packets, which requires packets to collect their arrival time at each node in a path. Such a requirement resulted in a packet overhead proportional to the path length. The second problem is that the multiplicative form of path availability, which was employed to measure resources, loses accuracy in long paths. To solve these problems, new goals are proposed in this paper. These goals are linear functions of low-overhead metrics and can provide similar performance results with lower cost. One direct result shown in simulation is that smart packets driven by a linear function of path length and buffer occupancy can effectively balance the traffic of multiple flows without the large overhead that would be needed if round-trip delay was used. In addition, energy-aware routing is also studied under this scheme as well as link selection based on their expected level of security.     

Evolution and stability of Linux kernels based on complex networks

This paper presents a novel method to study Linux kernel evolution using complex networks.Having investigated the node degree distribution and average path length of the call graphs corresponding to the kernel modules of 223 different versions(V1.1.0 to V2.4.35),we found that the call graphs are scale-free and smallworld networks.Based on the relationship between average path length and nodes,we propose a method to find unusual points during Linux kernel evolution using the slope of the average path length.Using the unusual points we identify major structural changes in kernel modules.A stability coefficient is also proposed to describe quantitatively the stability of kernel modules during evolution.Finally,we verify our result through Vasa’s metrics method.