分形粗糙表面涂覆目标太赫兹散射特性

该文采用物理光学法方法研究了具有分形粗糙表面的涂覆目标太赫兹散射特性。基于分形粗糙面建立表面粗糙目标模型,根据菲涅尔反射系数得出表面电流分布进而得到涂覆粗糙目标的雷达散射截面。对比分析了具有粗糙表面和光滑目标的散射结果,详细讨论了不同频率、不同涂层厚度的表面粗糙钝锥目标模型的太赫兹散射特性,计算结果表明在太赫兹波段目标表面的粗糙度对散射有显著的影响。      

复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标复合散射研究

研究了复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标的复合散射特性.基于Monte Carlo方法,利用高斯谱函数模拟不同统计特性的陆地表面,运用加权反正切函数滤波处理以构造边界和连接相邻区域,构建了复杂陆地分区域复合粗糙面的几何模型.提出了一种快速精确求解复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标复合散射的混合方法,利用迭代物理光学法求解目标与环境间的多次耦合,运用等效电磁流法修正棱边绕射.分析了复杂陆地粗糙面的散射特性,研究了入射角、均方根高度、相关长度和粗糙面表面结构对复合散射特性的影响.本研究为探测复杂环境上方的坦克目标提供了理论基础,数值仿真结果对雷达目标的探测与识别具有借鉴意义.     

粗糙面与导弹目标复合电磁散射仿真计算

提出了一种求解粗糙面和三维目标复合电磁散射问题的通用仿真方法。将描述粗糙面上电磁波反射的基尔霍夫-赫姆霍兹方程与目标表面的电场积分方程相结合,得到新型的混合方程,进而采用矩量法求解,通过数值算例验证了该方法的精度和效率。采用此方法研究了两种典型导弹目标与粗糙面的复合散射特性,分析计算结果可得:粗糙面粗糙度参数对复合散射特性有着重要的影响作用。     

非均匀不稳定表面粗糙目标的太赫兹波段散射特性分析

研究了不同粗糙度的非均匀不稳定表面粗糙导体目标在太赫兹波段的散射特性,区别于采用经验公式的建模方法,提出把随机粗糙面的建模理念应用到太赫兹波段的非均匀不稳定表面粗糙目标的建模中,用描述随机粗糙面的均方根高度(h)和相关长度(l)两个物理量来调节目标表面的粗糙度变化.首先用高斯随机粗糙面模拟非均匀不稳定粗糙目标的表面,然后采用物理光学和等效电流相结合的方法进行仿真计算,分别对不同入射角、不同频率和不同粗糙度的不同非均匀不稳定表面粗糙导体目标,在太赫兹波段散射特性进行了分析,最后得出相关的结论.     

THz频段粗糙导体圆锥的极化成像特性

太赫兹频段下粗糙导体表面会对电磁散射回波的幅度、相位、极化状态产生影响,为分析这一影响,以导体圆锥为例,研究了不同粗糙参数表面电磁散射在雷达图像中的表现规律。基于谱方法和坐标变换对粗糙圆锥面进行建模,利用高频电磁计算方法获得不同粗糙度导体圆锥样本多角度、多频点、全极化的单站散射场,基于转台模型,利用二重积分法获得目标二维像。从仿真结果可以看出,粗糙与理想光滑导体的圆锥图像存在明显差异,粗糙圆锥图像中能量分布偏离理想光滑情况下的强散射区域;随着粗糙度的增加,图像能量分布愈加均匀;相比于同极化图像,交叉极化图像更具反映目标轮廓信息的潜力。     

分形粗糙面上方目标电磁散射特性的研究

利用分形函数来模拟海地粗糙表面，在考虑到粗糙面的粗糙度，入射波极化方式以及粗糙面的动态和静态等因素对电磁散射特性影响的情况下，运用克希霍夫近拟条件，对粗糙面上方平板目标电磁散射的物理机制进行了分析和研究。理论分析和数值结果表明，本文所述方法物理图象清晰，是一种有效分析实际粗糙面与目标相互作用的方法。     

峡谷型分区域复合粗糙面电磁散射特性研究

提出了一种分区域复合表面模型来描述峡谷环境的天然腔型结构,研究了峡谷型分区域复合粗糙面的电磁散射特性。采用蒙特卡罗方法,利用高斯谱函数模拟峡谷环境的陆地粗糙面,利用Pierson-Moskowitz(PM)海洋谱模拟峡谷的海面部分,交界处运用加权反正切函数平滑处理,建立了峡谷型分区域复合粗糙面模型。考虑到自然环境中峡谷所具备的天然腔型结构,引入射线密度归一化(RDN)思想,采用改进射线弹跳法与物理光学法的混合方法,计算峡谷型分区域复合粗糙面的电磁散射特性。对比了陆地粗糙面、海面和峡谷型分区域复合粗糙面的电磁散射特性,计算了峡谷型分区域复合粗糙面的散射系数,并讨论了峡谷开口范围、陆地粗糙面的均方根高度和相关长度对峡谷型分区域复合粗糙面电磁散射特性的影响。仿真结果对于反演峡谷环境的电磁特性以及遥感、探测具有借鉴意义。     

基于FE-BI的介质粗糙面上方涂覆目标电磁散射特性研究

采用有限元-边界积分（finite element boundary integral,FE-BI）方法研究了介质粗糙面上方涂覆目标的复合电磁散射特性,推导了一维介质粗糙面上方二维涂覆目标电磁散射的FE-BI公式.在仿真中,采用功能强大的有限元方法模拟涂覆目标内部场,对于涂覆目标与粗糙面之间的多重耦合作用则通过边界积分方程方法进行考虑.结合Monte-Carlo方法,数值计算了介质高斯粗糙面上方涂覆圆柱目标的电磁散射,分析了涂层材料介电常数、粗糙面粗糙度以及介质粗糙面介电常数变化对复合模型双站散射系数的影响.数值结果表明,相比于传统矩量法（method of moment,MoM）,本文方法虽然在处理理想导体模型时效率略低,但可以处理MoM难以处理的复杂媒质电磁散射问题,且计算精度较高.     

草地环境电磁散射特性研究

研究了草地环境的电磁散射特性,以二维高斯粗糙面建立了草地环境分层结构。建立了鲜草和土壤的有效相对介电常数模型,绘出了鲜草、土壤有效相对介电常数随入射波频率的变化曲线,并总结了鲜草、土壤相对介电常数随入射波频率变化的规律。采用考虑了分层之间多次散射的微扰法(Small Perturbation Method, SPM)计算了鲜草含水量、土壤湿度、土壤层粗糙度及鲜草层粗糙度对草地环境后向电磁散射的影响。仿真结果表明,鲜草的含水量、土壤湿度、土壤层粗糙度及鲜草层粗糙度对草地的后向散射有不同程度规律性的影响。研究成果为草地粗糙度、地区的干旱程度以及是否有人畜活动痕迹的判断提供了理论参考。     

粗糙表面电磁散射系数数字方法分析与比较

回顾了随机粗糙表面电磁散射特性计算方法的特点,分析对比了各类积分方程法和微分方程法的核心算法,着重讨论了矩阵分裂算法的计算效率,以及时域有限差分法求解色散粗糙面宽带散射特性的有关问题,指出了粗糙表面散射系数的计算和选择方法。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks