典型汽车用钢板应变速率敏感性实验

为研究应变速率对汽车钢板冲压成形性能的影响,采用单向拉伸实验,对3种不同强度级别的典型汽车用钢板进行应变速率敏感性研究。结果显示,电镀锌BSUFD+Z钢板的屈强比对应变速率的敏感性最大,其次是烘烤硬化BH220钢板,敏感性最小的是双相DP600钢板;双相DP600钢板的硬化指数具有较大的应变速率敏感性,而电镀锌BSUFD+Z钢板和烘烤硬化BH220钢板的硬化指数对应变速率的敏感性较低;3种钢板的应变速率敏感指数,电镀锌BSUFD+Z钢板最大,烘烤硬化BH220钢板次之,双相DP600钢板最小。研究结果为汽车钢板快速冲压生产工艺设计提供了参考。     

高伸长率QP钢在高应变速率下的力学特性

为研究高伸长率QP钢的动态力学特性,以两种强度级别的QP钢为研究对象,进行准静态和高应变速率下的单向拉伸试验,得到了不同应变速率下的应力-应变曲线。通过对试验数据的分析,研究了应力与应变速率的关系,并提出动态本构模型来描述QP钢的动态力学特性。基于QP980制作的帽型梁零件,使用HyperWorks进行建模,使用LS-DYNA进行模拟轴向压溃过程的计算,并与实际碰撞试验结果进行对比和验证。通过分析发现:QP钢具有明显的应变速率效应,而且应变速率硬化与相对应变速率不呈线性关系。QP钢帽形梁碰撞试验与仿真对比表明,使用修正的Johnson-Cook模型能较好地描述QP钢在不同应变速率下的动态力学特性。     

铝合金板材温热成形性能

在20℃～300℃的温度范围内,分别对7B04-T6和6061-T6铝合金薄板进行了单拉试验,结果表明,7B04-T6高强度铝合金的断后延伸率和拉伸极限应变在温热状态下都有显著的提高,比较适合于温热成形,而6061-T6则不太适合。另外,基于Fields&Backofen本构方程,对7B04-T6在不同温度状态下的强化规律进行了分析和探讨,结果表明,随着温度的逐渐升高,应变强化指数n值不断减小,应变率敏感系数m值则显著增大,应变率强化明显增强,这也是在温热状态下其成形性能提高的主要原因。     

Effect of strain rate on the forming behaviour of sheet metals

The strain rate dependence of plastic yield and failure properties displayed by most metals affects energies, forces and forming limits involved in high speed forming processes. This paper investigates the influence of the strain rate on the forming properties of one laboratory made and three commercial steel grades: a CMnAl TRIP steel, the ferritic structural steel S235JR, the drawing steel DC04 and the ferritic stainless steel AISI 409. First, split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB) experiments are carried out to assess the influence of the strain rate on the materials’ stress-strain curves. Subsequently, the obtained SHTB results, together with static tensile test results, are used to model the constitutive behaviour of the investigated steels using the phenomenological Johnson-Cook (JC) model and the Voce model, thus allowing dynamic modelling of forming processes. Finally, forming limit diagrams (FLDs) are calculated using the Marciniak-Kuczynski method. The results clearly show that the effect of the strain rate on forces and energies involved in a forming process, and the forming limits is non-negligible and strongly material dependent.     

应变速率对TC18钛合金厚板电子束焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响

研究了在优化后的焊接工艺参数下,TC18钛合金厚板电子束焊接接头沿板厚方向(上层、中层、下层)应变速率对显微组织、拉伸性能和应变硬化行为的影响。结果表明:焊接后焊缝微观结构发生了明显变化,熔合区显微组织由粗大的β相和次生α相组成。与母材相比,沿厚度方向的焊接接头表现出较低的强度和塑性,但其硬化能力增强。焊缝下层的强度和延伸率高于中层和上层。当应变速率为1×10~(-2)s~(-1)时,焊缝的最大屈服强度和极限抗拉强度达到母材的83%。随着应变速率的增加,焊缝的硬化能力下降。拉伸断裂发生在焊缝区,上层的断裂过程为解理断裂,中下层为准解理断裂。     

应变速率对高氮奥氏体钢拉伸变形的影响

采用金相及透射电子显微镜对高氮奥氏体Fe-20Mn-19Cr-0. 6N钢在应变速率范围为3×10^-6～1 s^-1条件下的拉伸变形行为进行了研究。研究结果表明:N元素的固溶强化作用和促使位错平面滑移阻碍位错运动机制是高氮奥氏体钢的重要应变硬化机制,同时,随着应变速率的提升,这种强化机制不断提升,而应变诱导孪生机制不断削弱。随着应变速率的提升,高氮奥氏体钢的抗拉强度和屈服强度均呈逐步上升的趋势,断后伸长率则逐步下降。屈服强度提升超过60%,而抗拉强度提升仅10%。随着应变速率的提升,基体变形程度逐步下降,材料的位错密度和滑移带密度逐步下降。     

Development of high strain rate equations for stainless steels

The dynamic response of four types of stainless steel sheet was investigated at different strain rates from 10⁻² up to 10³ s⁻¹. The results from the tensile tests were used to evaluate the parameters in three different multiplicative strain rate equations of the type used in crashworthiness calculations. A new type of sigmoid constitutive equation is proposed for one grade of stainless steel.     

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 本文对Hollomon关系式所定义的应变硬化指数（n值）的力学本质,进行了不同拉伸控制模式下的解析,通过单向拉伸实验分析了不同拉伸速率对n值的影响。研究表明：1）应变硬化指数（n值）不是常数,而是与控制模式有关的变量;2）由于多晶体金属材料塑性变形过程的时间性特点,提高拉伸速率会降低n值;3）拉伸在均匀塑性变形阶段推荐使用应变速率控制模式;由于是静载荷拉伸试验,采用较低的拉伸速率使得拉伸各项特征值更接近真实值。     

不同拉伸速率对SUS304不锈钢室温拉伸力学性能的影响

研究拉伸速率对SUS304不锈钢室温拉伸性能的影响,分析了材料在拉伸过程中微观组织、马氏体转变量和温度的变化。实验结果表明,当拉伸速率为0.005s-1时,材料表面温度升高明显;速率小于0.005s-1时,随着速率的减小,马氏体转变量明显增多;当速率大于0.005s-1时,马氏体转变量少,但变化不大。随着拉伸速率的提高,材料的屈服强度略有增加,抗拉强度和延伸率明显降低。基于拉伸实验结果,提出了考虑应变速率的SUS304不锈钢本构模型,该模型能较好的反映拉伸速率对真应力-应变曲线的影响规律。     

耐热铝合金(FVS0812)板材温拉伸本构方程

通过在523K~723K的温度范围内和应变速率为0.001s-1~0.1s-1下对耐热铝合金(FVS0812)板进行温拉伸实验,研究耐热铝合金板温拉伸性能,以及该合金在升温条件下流变应力与变形温度、应变速率之间的关系,并使用改进了的Fields and Backofen方程建立FVS0812合金在温拉伸时应力-应变本构模型。     

应变速率对汽车用高强钢组织和性能的影响

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆试验机、扫描电镜等对QP980、TRIP590钢进行不同应变速率下的高速冲击压缩试验,分析不同应变速率下两种汽车用高强钢的组织和性能。结果表明:两试验钢应力计算值与测量值相对误差在1.2%～3.3%,该误差较小且比较稳定,所以试验所得数据与二波公式基本吻合。两种汽车用高强钢的工程应力都随着应变速率的增大而增大,但QP980钢板所能达到的最大工程应力比TRIP590钢板大;冲击后,QP980钢板的组织变得更加板条化且细小,组织为均匀的铁素体和马氏体,而TRIP590钢板冲击后的组织变得粗大且不均匀,随应变速率的增大,原始组织中的铁素体在挤压的过程中向四周延伸组织逐渐变大,贝氏体组织被变大的铁素体组织掩盖,马氏体组织增多。     

应变速率和应力三轴度对316LN钢强度的影响

为了获得应变速率和应力三轴度对316LN钢强度的影响,在Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机上进行了温度为1050℃的热拉伸实验。对于光滑试样,应变速率分别为0.005,0.05,0.5和1 s-1。对于缺口试样,应变速率设为0.5 s-1,缺口半径分别设为0.5,1,2和4 mm。结果表明,随应变速率和应力三轴度的增加,屈服强度和抗拉强度增加,屈强比减小,裂纹不易萌生。通过回归分析,分别建立了强度指标与应变速率和应力三轴度之间的数学模型,并通过敏感性分析得到:随应变速率增加和应力三轴度减小,应变速率和应力三轴度对强度的影响变小。     

TRIP780高强度钢板动态力学特性的研究

通过准静态和动态拉伸实验,获得了材料的力学性能参数,分析了TRIP780高强度钢板材的力学性能特点。基于Johnson-Cook模型建立了描述TRIP780高强度钢应变率相关性的本构关系模型,并将由该模型模拟得到的动态拉伸结果同实验结果进行对比,对比结果表明,数值模拟的结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。利用数值模拟技术,分别模拟TRIP780钢和普通IF钢的薄壁梁冲击压溃过程,结果表明,TRIP780具有较好的抗冲击碰撞性能。     

应变速率对单晶高温合金中温拉伸性能的影响

研究了应变速率对一种单晶高温合金760和850 ℃拉伸性能的影响,分析了试样的断口形貌和断裂组织特征。结果表明,随着应变速率的增加,合金的中温拉伸强度稍有增加,伸长率稍有减小。合金中温拉伸性能对应变速率的敏感性非常小。合金中温拉伸断裂机制为类解理断裂,随着应变速率的增加,解理面的总面积减小,滑移带间距变窄。     

Yield and strain rate potentials for aluminum alloy sheet forming design

In this paper, potentials that analytically describe the plastic behavior of orthotropic metals are reviewed. These potentials, yield functions or strain rate potentials were expressed in six-dimensional stress or strain rate spaces, respectively. Some of the recently developed potentials that are consistent with polycrystal plasticity models are briefly discussed and applied to computational analysis and design of sheet metal forming processes.     

应变强化对钢板局部凹痕抗力影响研究

随着车身轻量化要求的日益提高,抗凹性作为汽车外覆盖件选择的重要指标越来越受到关注.本文以4种不同屈服强度的钢板为研究对象,开展了不同单拉预变形条件下板材局部凹痕抗力试验.结果显示,单拉预变形过程的应变强化将显著提高钢板的强度和局部凹痕抗力.随着钢板屈服强度的提高,产生一定深度永久凹痕变形所需的载荷也增大,抗凹陷能力得到进一步加强.对于大型汽车外覆盖件,冲压工艺过程的应变强化将提高其抗凹性.     

应变速率和温度对Mg-1Y挤压板材拉伸变形行为的影响

在温度为25至300 ℃ 应变速率为0.001至0.1 s-1的范围内研究了 Mg-1Y (wt.%) 挤压板材的拉伸变形行为。在0.1 s-1的应变速率下,当温度从室温增加至300 ℃时抗拉强度从247.9 ± 5.8 MPa降低了49.3 %。本文研究的板材即使在室温下也表现出了明显的应变速率敏感性。室温下当应变速率从0.1 s-1降低至0.001 s-1,抗拉强度降低11.8 %。在室温和250 ℃温度范围内可以通过Garofalo双曲正弦本构方程来描述合金的流变行为。测得的应力指数n为27.8 ± 8.9,激活能Q为124.6 ± 6.1 kJ/mol,Q值意味着变形是位错攀移控制。在中间温度（ ~ 150 – 250 ℃）时板材表现出锯齿流变行为,这种现象在较低应变速率更明显。同时断裂延伸率随着温度升高而反常地降低。认为上述两种变形特征和Y原子和位错的强烈的相互作用有关系,这种作用即为动态应变时效（DSA）。应变速率敏感因子（m）随温度增加而增加。在300 ℃下m从0.068增加至0.11,说明Y元素的添加可以激活更多滑移系。变性后显微组织的观察表明孪晶被温度抑制,同时与增加的m相一致。300 ℃下观察到有动态再结晶（DRX）的出现,应变速率越低DRX越明显。     

On the effects of predeformation on work hardening of ultra-low-carbon sheet steel

Predeformation affects the work-hardening behavior of sheet metals in sequential forming operations by producing various strain histories in different parts of the sheet. Several investigators have reported the effects of two-stage deformation on the behavior of sheet metals, particularly justification has been presented on face-centered cubic (fcc) alloys. However, the works on low-carbon ferritic steels are not conclusive. This article reports some new findings of the effects of two modes of predeformation on the subsequent stress-strain relationship in ultra-low-carbon sheet steels. The details of a laboratory test system are presented along with methods used to reduce the data. The effect of the stability ratio, a measure of the degree to which the interstitial atoms are free, on the hardening rate at second-stage of deformation was studied. For stabilized sheet steels, it was found that changes in strain path from equibiaxial stretching to uniaxial tension cause an increase in the flow stress relative to the flow stress at similar effective strain in continued monotonic. For unstabilized sheet steels, a significant increase in the flow stress was not observed with either equibiaxial prestraining or cold rolling and equibiaxial stretching.     

Tensile properties of some copper- and zinc-based alloys: Effects of strain rate and test temperature

This study analyzes the effects of test temperature and strain rate on the tensile properties of some copper-and zinc-based alloys. The copper-based alloys comprised a leaded-tin and an aluminum bronze, whereas the zinc-based alloys were added with various quantities of aluminum. The aluminum bronze attained maximum room-temperature tensile strength, whereas that of the leaded-tin bronze was the least. Among the zinc-based alloys, the one comprising 27.5 mass% aluminum exhibited superior tensile strength, followed by those alloyed with 11.5, 37.5, and 47.5 mass% aluminum in a descending order. Increasing strain rate tended to improve the tensile strength of the alloys. Tensile strength was reduced with an increase in test temperature irrespective of the alloy composition. The aluminum bronze possessed maximum strength regardless of temperature. The leaded-tin bronze attained least strength property at low temperatures, whereas higher test temperatures led to superior strength than the zinc-based alloys. The temperature sensitivity of the strength of the zinc-based alloys decreased with their aluminum content. Tensile elongation of the alloys tended to increase with an increase in strain rate and test temperature. Leaded-tin bronze was least affected in either case. The alloy also attained least elongation irrespective of test conditions. The aluminum bronze showed maximum elongation, at least at high strain rates. In the case of the zinc-based alloys, intermediate range of aluminum concentration led to better elongation. The elongation property of the alloys was affected by temperature in different manners. In a few cases, the elongation initially increased followed by a reduction beyond a specific test temperature, whereas, in other cases, a continuous increase with temperature was noted. The observations made have been discussed in terms of the nature of different microconstituents of the alloys whose effectiveness changes with test conditions. The response of the samples has been further substantiated with their fractographic features and subsurface characteristics.     

汽车板单向拉伸过程中变形热实验研究及有限元分析

文章针对汽车用钢板进行单向拉伸变形热实验研究及有限元分析,通过进行不同速度下的单向拉伸变形热试验,获得了试件表面温升的变化规律,结果表明,试件靠近颈缩部位的温升最高,由颈缩部位向试件两端温升值逐渐降低;随着变形速度的提高,试件表面温升值逐渐增加;采用ABAQUS有限元软件进行了不同速度下的单拉变形热数值模拟,与试验结果对比分析表明,有限元结果与试验结果吻合较好。