混流式水轮机叶道涡工况下转轮的流动特性分析

为了探究叶道涡工况下混流式水轮机转轮的流动特性,以某长短叶片混流式水轮机为例,选取出现叶道涡的小流量工况,基于N-S方程及RNG_(κ-ε)湍流模型对水轮机进行全流道定常和非定常流动数值模拟,分析叶道涡复杂流动对转轮内部流动的影响。结果表明,在叶道涡工况下,由于导叶出流角的减小,导致转轮叶片头部与来流发生撞击,使流道中的湍流、漩涡现象发展更加剧烈,加强了叶片压力的不均匀分布;容易产生裂纹的叶片危险部位的压力脉动频率等于转轮频率与叶片数的乘积;分布于转轮叶片靠近上冠处的叶道涡对转轮的流动影响较大,导致此处的压力脉动的频率高、振幅大,因此易产生局部的高频应力,致使转轮在该位置产生周期性的疲劳破坏。     

多工况下高水头水泵水轮机压力脉动特性分析

为研究多工况下高水头水泵水轮机内部的压力脉动特性,以某抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机模型为例,采用SST湍流模型对非设计工况点下的水泵水轮机进行三维全流道非定常数值模拟,同时监测了固定导叶与活动导叶间、无叶区及尾水管处的压力脉动。结果表明,对于固定导叶与活动导叶之间的区域,水轮机工况下的压力脉动主频为叶片通过频率,而水泵工况下的最高扬程和最低扬程工况的主频分别为转频和叶片数通过的频率;对于无叶区,由于受到强烈的动静干涉效应,水轮机、水泵工况下的主频均为转轮叶片数通过频率,且脉动幅值较大;对于尾水管区域,直锥段处的频率分布规律与流量有关,水轮机小流量工况下,尾水管内主要为0.3倍转频的低频压力脉动,而水轮机大流量工况下,脉动频率主要以2.6倍转频为主。     

非同步导叶在不同布置方式下对机组特性影响的研究

以中国某抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机为研究对象,采用SST k-ω湍流模型对非同步导叶在不同布置方式下的全流道进行非定常数值计算,并与实验结果进行对比验证。探讨非同步导叶在不同布置方式下转轮和活动导叶区域的内流特性,定量分析非同步导叶在不同布置方式下转轮的受力情况和尾水管的压力脉动。结果表明:非同步导叶在不同布置方式下,无叶区的高速水环都有一定的破坏,其破坏程度和非同步导叶的数量和布置方式有很大的关系;转轮径向力合力的峰谷差在不断增大,径向力合力的曲线闭合度也随着预开数量的增加在变大;其尾水管压力脉动的振幅相对值明显变小,改善了尾水管断面压力,减小了尾水管涡带偏心。     

灯泡贯流式水轮机在小流量工况下的内流特性分析

为了研究灯泡贯流式水轮机在小流量工况下的内流特性,以某水电站贯流式水轮机为研究对象,利用RNG k-ε湍流模型对全流道进行数值计算,分析在小流量工况下尾水管恢复系数和全流道流动情况,并定量分析水轮机部分过流部件的压力脉动情况。结果表明：在小流量工况下当电站水头和导叶开度不匹配时,尾水管的恢复系数减小,当尾水管恢复系数减小2%~3%时,机组效率降低1%;受转轮主流区和尾水管死水区的相互作用,在尾水管边壁会形成漩涡结构,有明显的回流且在边壁存在高速流体;在小流量工况下,机组主要受低频压力脉动影响,转轮进口处的主频是由在转轮转动和导叶提供机组环量时产生的,在尾水管中主要受频率为0.2 Hz的低频压力脉动影响,压力脉动系数沿尾水管出口方向依次增大,最大为1.75%。     

贯流式水轮机流动特性及压力脉动特性研究

基于STAR CCM+软件,对贯流式水轮机全流道进行三维非定常数值模拟,研究不同水头工况下贯流式水轮机的内部流动特性及压力脉动特性。结果表明,贯流式水轮机内部压力脉动主要受到叶片通过频率(10Hz)和低频压力脉动的影响,在转轮进口和无叶区处,水轮机压力脉动主要由转轮旋转引起,在尾水管进口处,压力脉动既有低频压力脉动也有高频压力脉动,在尾水管中间,压力脉动受低频压力脉动影响;随着水头的变化,转轮中心截面上的压力和速度变化呈周期性分布;尾水管管壁流速随着水头的增加逐渐减小,尾水管中低频压力脉动频率较高,截面上的漩涡较大,当水头达8.6m时,尾水管进口处的漩涡逐渐减小,流态较好。     

高水头电站水轮机沙水流动特性的数值研究

研究泥沙磨损有助于降低水轮机磨损,延长水轮机使用寿命。运用Partical两相流模型对高水头多泥沙电站的水轮机全流道内部沙水两相流动进行数值计算,并分别分析转轮进口沿叶高20%、50%、80%流面的流动特性。计算结果表明,压力从固定导叶进口到转轮出口圆周方向的周向性较好,分布合理,最低压力高于空化压力。活动导叶上泥沙相体积分数最高在导叶头部位置,尾部泥沙相体积分数也较高,导叶靠近头部处和导叶尾部泥沙速度最大。转轮叶片各叶高流面泥沙相体积分数均在叶片工作面尾部达到最大,叶片头部和尾部位置泥沙速度均较高。研究结果对水轮机选材、关键磨损部位的预测及防护方案具有指导意义。     

基于CFD的球阀关闭对水泵水轮机飞逸过程影响的分析

蓄能机组发生导叶拒动飞逸过渡时,工况点经历不稳定的反S特性区,产生巨大压力脉动和振动,需要球阀及时关闭来加以控制。针对某抽水蓄能电站模型试验系统,采用一维管道与三维水泵水轮机耦合的CFD方法,模拟分析球阀关闭对飞逸稳定性与水轮机压力脉动和转轮受力的影响。结果表明,球阀关闭可有效抑制飞逸振荡,减小压力脉动,使波动趋于稳定;在线性关闭条件下,飞逸前期特性主要受转轮特性的影响,球阀的作用在后期逐渐体现;线性关闭对减小转轮轴向力和径向力均有利。这为球阀关闭规律的优化奠定了基础。     

张河湾抽蓄电站运行时过大厂房振动分析与处理

张河湾抽蓄电站装机4台250MW的抽水蓄能机组,机组投入运行后,一直存在过大的厂房振动和高频噪声,威胁了电站的安全稳定运行,影响了员工的身心健康。经测试分析和有限元计算,发现转轮与导叶间动静干涉而产生的压力脉动(无叶区压力脉动)造成局部厂房结构发生了共振现象。对转轮进行水力优化设计,转轮更换后,无叶区压力脉动大幅减小,2倍叶片过流频率分量幅值也大幅减小,随之厂房振动也大幅减小,高频噪声消失。厂房振动过大和高频噪声问题得到解决。研究成果可为其他抽蓄电站提供参考。     

贯流式水轮机压力脉动特性及尾水管流态分析

本文以福建高唐水电站灯泡贯流式水轮机真机为研究对象,对贯流式水轮机满负荷工况、额定工况和低负荷工况进行了三维非定常数值模拟,各工况导、桨叶均为各自对应的最优协联角度,来分别研究三种工况压力脉动特性和尾水管的流动情况.结果表明,灯泡贯流式水轮机在导叶进口、转轮进口和尾水管进口压力脉动主要是受叶片通过频率影响,即由转轮旋转所引起的,而在尾水管出口主要受低频压力脉动的影响.同时,满负荷工况时,脉动幅值最小,尾水管流线相对分布均匀,形成的涡量最少,额定工况至低负荷工况,幅值越来越大,尾水管流线也越来越紊乱,漩涡数量明显增加.     

活动导叶头部圆半径对水泵水轮机飞逸特性的影响研究

以中国某抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机模型机为研究对象,通过改进活动导叶头部圆半径r,基于Realizable k-ε湍流模型,分析改进活动导叶头部圆半径r对水泵水轮机飞逸特性的影响,充分发挥水泵水轮机在抽水蓄能中的核心作用。结果表明：减小头部圆半径r至(r-0.313) mm,对机组“S”特性存在较佳的改善效果;飞逸工况下无叶区的高速水环逐渐减弱。流体由活动导叶进入转轮叶片流道的过程中,流体的速度由活动导叶出口附近逐渐增大,受高速水环的影响,在无叶区达到最大,随后速度逐渐减小进入转轮,保持在某个较大速度持续流动;飞逸工况下1～5流道转轮叶片进口端旋涡沿着流道逐渐扁平且向转轮叶片后移扩散。转轮叶片进口端旋涡附近压强变化整体呈下降趋势,在叶片进口端出现峰值,转轮叶片进口端旋涡附近压强大小随旋涡位移以及强度而变化;飞逸工况下尾水管的直锥管段分布着大量涡带,且涡带沿着弯肘段逐渐后移到扩散段。回流主要集中在尾水管扩散段边壁附近,在距离转轮中轴线300～500 mm处,回流逐渐减少。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.