陕西泾河流域水资源评价

在实测水文资料的基础上,分析了陕西省泾河流域降水资源量、地表水资源量、地下水资源量、水资源总量、水资源可利用总量、水资源质量评价及水资源量趋势等,结果表明:陕西省泾河流域水资源总量6.32亿m3;泾河流域入境水量为14.01亿m3;陕西省泾河流域水利用总量为7.68亿m3。为陕西省泾河流域水资源管理及优化配置提供了参考。     

中国主要江河年径流变化特性分析

基于中国主要江河历年年径流资料,采用随机分析法探讨了中国主要江河年径流的年内分配特点、年际变化特征、趋势性、突变性和周期性。结果表明,中国主要江河年径流的年内不均匀性总体均较大,其中海河流域、淮河流域、松花江流域和辽河流域不均匀性更大。与1980年前相比,1980年后除淮河流域和松花江流域年径流年内不均匀性稍有增加外,其他江河年径流的年内不均匀性有降低趋势;中国主要江河年径流南多北少,北方河流年径流的年际变化幅度和剧烈程度大于南方河流。与1980年前相比,1980年后除王家坝站和哈尔滨站年径流量略微增加外,中国主要江河年径流量有不同程度的减少,水量较贫乏的黄河中下游和海河流域近60年来出现连旱、连丰的频次远高于其他流域;受气候变化和人类活动的影响,中国主要江河各站除石角站、王家坝站和哈尔滨站年径流有不显著的增加趋势外,其余各站年径流均出现下降趋势,尤其是海河流域、辽河流域和黄河中下游地区下降最为显著;长江流域和珠江流域年径流突变点主要集中于20世纪50~70年代和21世纪初期,松花江流域在20世纪20、60、90年代年径流存在突变,黄河流域、海河流域、淮河流域和辽河流域年径流突变点主要集中于20世纪50~80年代间;中国主要江河年径流序列存在长度不等的周期成分,主要周期一般在20年以下,以3~7、8~10、12~20年周期为主。     

梧桐河流域上游径流时序变化特性及趋势

为掌握梧桐河流域上游径流时序变化特性以指导流域水资源开发利用,基于梧桐河上游宝泉岭水文站1951～2013年天然径流序列,采用累积距平法、非参数检验Mann-Kendall法和Morlet小波分析法研究了年、季节径流量的趋势特征、突变特征及周期特征,探讨了引起天然径流量发生变化的主要原因。结果表明,梧桐河流域春、冬两季径流量分别以0.005×10~8、0.004×10~8 m~3/10a平均速率呈增加变化,夏、秋两季径流量分别以0.144×10~8、0.243×108 m~3/10a平均速率呈减少变化,仅秋季径流量减少趋势显著,在季节径流量综合作用下,年径流量以-0.379×10~8 m~3/10a平均速率呈不显著减少变化;年及季节径流量丰枯转变频繁,突变多发生于1960年代中期以前;年及四季径流量存在显著周期特征,第1主周期依次为12、14、12、11、11年;降水减少引起流域径流量减少,使得两者呈基本一致的时序变化特性。研究成果可为流域水资源开发利用及规划管理提供依据。     

北部湾经济区入海河流径流变化分析

以南流江、钦江、防城河为例,分析了北部湾经济区1956～2000年入海河流径流量年际变化特征,采用线性趋势线法、滑动平均法、Kendall秩次相关法分析了3条河流年际径流变化趋势.结果表明,南流江入海径流年际变化最剧烈,3条河流丰、枯年份径流基本持平且历时较短,南流江入海年径流量呈减少趋势,钦江和防城河入海年径流量呈增加趋势,但趋势均不显著.     

重力卫星监测的中国陆地水资源储量时空变化特征

陆地水资源储量变化对研究我国水文循环规律变化具有重要意义。利用重力卫星(GRACE)观测数据研究了我国陆地总水量时空变化特征,分析了六大江河流域水资源总量变化趋势,并与全球陆面数据同化系统(GLDAS)模拟结果进行对比。结果表明,珠江、长江、淮河流域陆地水储量均存在增加趋势,黄河、海河、松辽河流域总水量均呈递减趋势,验证了GRACE可有效监测陆地总水量的季节性及空间变化规律,对研究气候变化条件下区域及全球水文循环规律具有重要价值。     

呼兰河流域河川径流年内分配变化特征分析

掌握河川径流年内分配变化特征对优化区域水资源利用具有重要意义。基于呼兰河流域兰西站1952~2014年逐月径流资料,分析了流域径流年内各季、各月分配情况,运用不均匀系数Cu、集中度Cd、绝对变化幅度ΔR和相对变化幅度Cm等指标分析了流域径流年内分配特征,并采用累积滤波器法、Mann-Kendall法和R/S分析法分析了径流及其特征指标的历史、未来变化趋势。结果表明,呼兰河流域各季年代、年际径流量相差较大,各季径流量均呈减少变化;径流年内分布呈"单峰型",主要集中在4~10月,该时段平均径流量占到全年的94%以上;未来一段时间内,年、各季、1、5、6、8~12月径流量将表现为减少变化,其余时段呈增加变化;Cu、Cd、ΔR和Cm分别以-0.007/10a、0.004/10a、-0.511×108 m3/10a、-42.727/10a的趋向率变化,现在和未来的年内各月径流差异逐渐减小,径流年内分配趋于集中。流域内农业迅猛发展,尤其是灌溉用水的急剧增加,在一定程度上改变了流域河川径流年内分配特征。研究成果可为呼兰河流域水资源规划管理提供参考。     

海河流域极端降水事件时空变化特征分析

为研究气候变化背景下海河流域的极端降水事件变化规律,基于流域内30个气象台站1960~2008年的逐日降水资料,选取不同的降水指标,应用M-K趋势检验和滑动t检验方法分析了海河流域极端降水的时空变化特征。结果表明,海河流域的极端降水事件的发生频率和强度在年际变化中均呈减小趋势;在空间大部分范围内,降水频率和强度指标也均呈负趋势,仅滦河上游山区、子牙河山区和胶东沿海部分地区呈微弱上升趋势,但趋势并不显著。总体而言,海河流域趋向于干旱化,流域内洪涝灾害发生的概率有所减小。     

鄱阳湖五河流域入湖年径流变化特征分析

为探讨鄱阳湖入湖流量变化特征,以便为鄱阳湖五河流域的水资源管理提供科学依据,根据鄱阳湖五河流域6个水文站近60年的实测径流量资料,采用差积曲线—秩检验联合识别法分析五河流域入湖年径流量的变异性,采用五点滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall秩次检验法分析各站年径流量的变化趋势,应用小波分析法识别各站的变化周期。研究结果表明,各水文控制站年径流序列均未发生突变;各水文站的年径流变化趋势均不显著,鄱阳湖入湖总量在1953~1956、1968~1976、1990~2001年处于丰水年,在1958~1967、1978~1985、2002~2013年处于枯水年;各站均存在19年左右的主周期。     

塔里木河流域气候变化与径流变化特征分析

采用趋势分析、小波分析等方法分析了1951～2010年塔河流域8个气象站点气象资料及13个水文站1956～2009年的径流量及降雨资料,揭示了不同时间尺度下塔河流域降雨及径流量序列变化周期,阐述了气候变化与径流变化特征之间的关系.结果表明,塔河流域的径流量处于相对平衡状态、降雨与径流主周期相同,气候变化仍是影响径流量变...     

嫩江流域中下游径流量变化的时空特征

为分析嫩江流域中下游径流量变化的时空特征,以1955~2005年嫩江中下游同盟、江桥、大赉站径流和降水为依据,应用Morlet小波分析法、Mann-Kendall检验、Sen趋势度估计、改进累积曲线等方法研究了嫩江中下游径流在年、季节尺度上的变化特征及周期性规律,并采用多元线性回归法、双累积曲线分析了径流对人类活动的响应规律。结果表明,嫩江中下游径流具有5、11、26年主周期,其中26年为第一主周期;嫩江中下游径流的年内分布规律基本一致,径流量最大峰值均集中于7月份;下游河川径流的波动性比中游大,1955~2005年中下游径流呈下降趋势,其下降趋势由中游到下游越来越显著;嫩江流域径流突变点发生于1979年;降水对径流无显著影响,径流减少趋势主要受人类活动的影响,且下游受人类活动的影响更大。     

有机相变材料储能的研究和进展

回顾了近十年有机物应用于能量储存的研究工作,这些研究工作被分为有机物相变储能实际应用研究、有机物相变参数及相变循环热稳定性研究、有机物相变过程的相变传热及传热强化研究3个方面。分析讨论了有机物用于储能研究今后需要重点解决的问题。     

Experimental study on the thermal storage performance and preparation of paraffin mixtures used in the phase change wall

In this paper, several admixtures including n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, n-eicosane, 46^# paraffin, 48^# paraffin and liquid paraffin are prepared with different mixed proportion, aiming for appropriate phase change materials used in the building envelope. The phase change temperatures and phase change latent heats of several kinds of paraffin mixtures were studied experimentally by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The experimental results showed that the phase change temperatures and latent heats of paraffin mixtures change with their composition. Paraffin mixtures in different mass proportions have a wider phase change temperature range and higher phase change latent heat. So the paraffin mixtures can be used in the different thermal storage fields by adjusting the mixed proportion. Several paraffin mixtures with appropriate phase change temperatures and higher phase change latent heats were given, and they can be used in the building wall to storage thermal. The results in this paper can provide references and basis for the application of phase change material in the wall.     

Climate modelling with endogenous technical change: Stochastic learning and optimal greenhouse gas abatement in the PAGE2002 model

This paper looks at the impact of ETC on the costs and benefits of different abatement strategies using a modified version of the PAGE2002 model. It was found that for most standard abatement paths there would be an initial “learning investment” required that would substantially reduce the unit costs of CO₂ abatement as compared to a business as usual scenario. Furthermore, optimising an abatement program where ETC has been included leads to an increase in cost uncertainty during the period of widespread CO₂ abatements due to our lack of knowledge of the learning investments involved. Finally, the inclusion of ETC leads to a slightly deferred optimised abatement path followed by a rapid abatement program. Together, the results draw attention to the possibilities of ‘uncovering uncertainty’ through proactive abatements. ‘Learning about learning’ could become an important consideration for any plan to optimise future abatements.     

The thermal storage performance of monobasic, binary and triatomic polyalcohols systems

Energy storage of phase change materials used in the building envelopes such as the wall or the floor is more and more valuable. Polyalcohols solid–solid phase change materials have become important because of its advantages. In this paper, the phase change temperatures and phase change heats of monobasic, binary and triatomic systems consisting of neopentylglycol, pentaerythritol and trihytdroxy methyl-aminomethane with different component were studied experimentally by differential scaning calorimeter (DSC). Feasibility of materials used in the building envelope was analyzed. The research is to find suitable polyalcohols mixtures with different composition used in the building envelope. Results can provide the basis for the application of solid–solid phase change materials in the building fields.     

Endogenizing technological change: Matching empirical evidence to modeling needs

Given that technologies to significantly reduce fossil fuel emissions are currently unavailable or only available at high cost, technological change will be a key component of any long-term strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In light of this, the amount of research on the pace, direction, and benefits of environmentally-friendly technological change has grown dramatically in recent years. This research includes empirical work estimating the magnitude of these effects, and modeling exercises designed to simulate the importance of endogenous technological change in response to climate policy.Unfortunately, few attempts have been made to connect these two streams of research. This paper attempts to bridge that gap. We review both the empirical and modeling literature on technological change. Our focus includes the research and development process, learning by doing, the role of public versus private research, and technology diffusion.Our goal is to provide an agenda for how both empirical and modeling research in these areas can move forward in a complementary fashion. In doing so, we discuss both how models used for policy evaluation can better capture empirical phenomena, and how empirical research can better address the needs of models used for policy evaluation.     

Transitioning to low carbon communities—from behaviour change to systemic change: Lessons from Australia

Transitioning to low carbon communities requires an understanding of community practices and resultant emissions, as well as the technologies, infrastructures and institutions associated with and accessed by communities. Moreover, it requires an understanding of the connections between these integrated system components, its dynamics, a defined transition and potential ‘levers’ involved in ‘transitioning’. This paper accepts the notion that ‘levers’ include programmes designed to achieve practice or behaviour change in households which result in less carbon intensive lifestyles, and focuses on the factors that shape human behaviour and influence householder energy consumption. Research to date by the authors and others indicates that a comprehensive socio-technical framework that considers both individual psychological factors as well as the systems, standards and norms under which individuals operate is fundamental to the development of successful strategies to shift towards low carbon communities.     

Why did the energy intensity fall in China's industrial sector in the 1990s? The relative importance of structural change and intensity change

There have been a variety of studies investigating the relative importance of structural change and real intensity change to the change in China's energy consumption in the 1980s. However, no detailed analysis to date has been done to examine whether or not the increased energy efficiency trend in the 1980s still prevailed in the 1990s. This article has filled this gap by investigating the change in energy consumption in China's industrial sector in the 1990s, based on the data sets of value added and end-use energy consumption for the 29 industrial subsectors and using the newly proposed decomposition method of giving no residual. Our results clearly show that the overwhelming contributor to the decline in industrial energy use in the 1990s was the decline in real energy intensity, indicating that the trend of real energy intensity declines in the 1980s at the 2-digit level was still maintained in the 1990s. This conclusion still holds even if we lower the growth rate dramatically in line with the belief that the growth rate of China's GDP may be overestimated.     

相变过程体积变化率的实验研究

建立了一套实验装置研究相变过程中的体积变化规律及其影响因素.以正十六烷为相变材料,在不同的初始温度和边界温度下,对凝同过程和熔解过程的体积变化率进行测量分析.研究表明:在相变初始阶段,体积变化速率较大.体积变化速率的大小与相变速率的大小有关,所有影响相变速率的因素将影响体积变化速率.在压力的作用下,熔解过程的总体积变化率小于凝固过程的总体积变化率.对同体积的液态正十六烷,在相同的外界压力下,较小的体积膨胀率可获得较大的输出功率.     

相变墙体在节能建筑中的应用

在充分考虑北方地区夏季昼夜的气候条件和国家节约用电的峰谷电价差政策的基础上,利用DSC进 行了相变储能材料性能测试与分析,优选出2种脂酸类相变材料制成相变储能墙板,进行了相变墙板热性能 分析。研究表明,相变墙体在北方寒冷地区节能建筑中应用,可以利用我国北方城镇丰富的自然冷风条件,符 合国家有关调低乡镇居民电价和电力移峰填谷政策,不但能降低供热空调系统的投资与能耗,而且也是一种 改善建筑能耗对环境负面影响的有效途径。     

Climate change and electricity consumption—Witnessing increasing or decreasing use and costs?

Climate change affects the need for heating and cooling. This paper examines the impact of gradually warming climate on the need for heating and cooling with an econometric multivariate regression model for five countries in Europe along the south–north line. The predicted changes in electricity demand are then used to analyze how climate change impacts the cost of electricity use, including carbon costs. Our main findings are, that in Central and North Europe, the decrease in heating due to climate warming, dominates and thus costs will decrease for both users of electricity and in carbon markets. In Southern Europe climate warming, and the consequential increase in cooling and electricity demand, overcomes the decreased need for heating. Therefore costs also increase. The main contributors are the role of electricity in heating and cooling, and the climatic zone.