Effects of microstructures on the deformation and fracture behaviors of TiAl-based alloys

The fracture toughnessK _Ic, the tensile deformation and fracture behaviors of different microstructures ofγ-TiAl based alloy, Ti-33Al-3Cr-0.5Mo] were studied at room temperature. It is found that theK _Ic value is lower in the duplex microstructure, and increases with the increase of vol pct of the lamellar microstructure, and that the full lamellar has the highestK _Ic value. Cleavage was the dominant fracture mechanism in the duplex microstructure material. In contrast, for the full lamellar microstructure the high anisotropy of deformation and the large strain discontinuity at grain boundaries resulting in decohesion of grain boundaries are the main fracture processes. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Advanced Materials Committee of China Synopsis of the first author Chen Xiaoqun, associated professor, born in Jan. 1965, current research fields: physical metallurgy of high-temperature structural intermetallic compounds.     

Heat treatment behavior of can-forged titanium aluminide alloy in ( α + γ ) region

The effect of initial microstructures on the heat treatment behavior of can-forged titanium aluminide alloy has been studied. Optical microscopy and EDX analyses results show that different initial microstructures, including difference in dislocation density, phase distribution and morphology, have inherent effects on the final heat treatment microstructure although at the same heat treatment temperature. An almost full lamellar (NFL) microstructure with an average α ₂/γ colony size of 20 μm was obtained through adjusting initial microstructure. Project supported by the “863” High Tech Program and the National Natural Science Foundation of China Synopsis of the first author Liu Yong, Doctoral student, born in April 1973. Specializing in powder metallurgy of ceramics, intermetallics and metal: 1) Ca/P based bioceramics; 2) TiAl based intermetallics; 3) Fe, Cu materials.     

Effect of low temperature aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of super-high strength aluminum alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of two alloys, namely Al- 12.2%Zn-2.48%Cu-2.0%Mg-0.15%Zr-0. 166%Ag（alloy 1）, and Al-9.99%Zn-1.72%Cu-2.5%Mg-0.13%Zr（alloy 2） were investigated. The results show that low temperature aging after promotive solution treatment can increase elongation without the loss of strength for the studied alloys. The optimum aging treatment （T6） for alloy 1 and alloy 2 is 100 ℃/80 h and 100 ℃/48 h, respectively. Compared with other heat treatment alloys, alloy 1 and alloy 2 show super-high tensile strength up to 753 MPa and 788 MPa, remaining 9.3% and 9.7% elongation under T6 condition, respectively. During aging, trace addition of Ag enhances the formations of GP zone and metastable phase, and stabilizes GP zone and metastable phase to a higher temperature. Trace addition of Ag prolongs the aging time of reaching the peak strength and delays over-aging condition of the alloy. However, trace addition of Ag promotes the formation of coarse constituent in the alloy and consumes hardening alloying elements of Zn and Mg. Moreover, the addition of the transition element Zr in 7000 series super-high alloy forms incoherent Al3 Zr dispersoid which can serve as nucleation sites for nonuniform precipitation of η phase during aging process. The higher the aging temperature, the greater the tendency for nonuniform precipitation of η phase.     

Study on mechanical properties of warm compacted iron-base materials

Mechanical properties of the warm compacted iron-base powder metallurgy materials were compared with those of conventional cold compacted materials. Factors such as compaction temperature, lubricant concentration and lubricant′s property were studied. A lubricant for warm compaction powder metallurgy was developed. An iron-based powder metallurgy material with a green density of 7.31 g/cm3 (a relative density of 92.5%) can be obtained by pressing the powder at 700 MPa and 175 ℃. The sintered materials have a density of 7.2 g/cm3, an elongation of 2.1% and a tensile strength of 751 MPa compared to 546 MPa using conventional cold compaction with the same lubricant and 655 MPa using warm compaction with other lubricant. Compact density and mechanical properties were influenced strongly by the compacting temperature. Although the best quality compacts can be obtained at 175 ℃, warm compaction within 165 to 185 ℃ can give high density compacts. Evidence shows that compact density depends on the friction coefficient of the lubricant.     

Effects of Ag on microstructure and mechanical properties of 2519 aluminum alloy

The effects of Ag on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2519 aluminum alloy were investigated by means of tensile test, micro-hardness test, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the addition of 0.3 % （mass fraction） Ag accelerates 2519 aluminum alloy＇s age-hardening, increases its peak hardness and reduces 4 h of peak aged time at 180 ℃. The addition of 0. 3% （mass fraction） Ag increses the tensile strength at room temperature and elevated temperature. This increment at room temperature and 200 ℃ is 24 MPa and 78 MPa, respectively. In contrast, the elongation of 2519 aluminum alloy is decreased with Ag addition. The increase of tensile strength of 2519 aluminum alloy with Ag addition is attributed to the high volume fraction of Ω phase.     

Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-C alloy

A kind of Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-C alloy was designed for valve seat use. The effects of the quenching temperature, tempering time and tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy were investigated. The results show that the hardness decreases, while tensile strength (σb), transverse rupture strength (σbb) and impact toughness(Kit) increase after the alloy is quenched and tempered. The best complex property (σb, 446 MPa; σbb ,793 MPa; Kic, 2.96 J/cm2 ) can be obtained when the alloy is quenched at 1 100 ℃ and tempered at 650 ℃. The results of X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) show that the major strengthening phases are carbides such as (Fe, Cr)7 C3 and Fe2 MoC. The obvious secondary hardening appears when the alloy is tempered at 550 ℃, which results from the precipitated carbides of Cr and Mo in the alloy from the matrix and the heat-resistant retained austenite .     

Effect of heat treatments on tensile properties and microstructure of 2195 alloy

Effect of various aging treatments on the tensile properties and microstructure of 2195 alloy has been investigated. The experimental results show that promising combination of strength and ductility is achievable under T₈ temper. The lower aging temperature reduces T₁ precipitation on the subgrain or grain boundaries and favors uniform dispersion of T₁ phases in the matrix, resulting in better strength and ductility. Prior deformation before aging has improved tensile strength with a slight decrease in ductility. Pre-aging after prior deformation had little effect on the age-hardening behavior of 2195 alloy. Project supported by the Key Program of the 9th Five-year Plan of China Synopsis of the first author Zheng Ziqiao, professor, born in 1944, major research fields: physical metallurgy of aluminum alloys; functionally gradient materials; self-propagation high temperature synthesis.     

Behavior of oxygen in DG? invar-Cu alloys and its effects on mechanical and physical properties

The invar alloy powder, mixed with different Cu powder contained different content of oxygen, was compacted and sintered into four sorts of DG™ invar-Cu low expansion and high conductivity alloy specimens. The mechanical and physical properties of the alloys were tested and analyzed. The behavior of oxygen and its effect mechanism were discussed. The results show that the ultimate strength decreases with the increase of oxygen content, so does the coefficient of thermal expansion (α) whereas the α platform is shortened. Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province Synopsis of the first author Wang Zhifa, Senior Engineer, born in 1946, specializing in electronic packing materials. His studied group developed the first W disc and the first invar-Cu plate of the country for power semiconductor devices.     

Physical simulation of hot deformation of TiAI based alloy

In order to establish a model between the grain size and the process parameters, the hot deformation behaviors of Ti-49.5Al alloy was investigated by isothermal compressive tests at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1 100 ℃ with strain rates of 10^-3-10^-1 s^-1. Within this range, the deformation behavior obeys the power law relationship, which can be described using the kinetic rate equation. The stress exponent, n, has a value of about 5.0, and the apparent activation energy is about 320 J/mol, which fits well with the value estimated in previous investigations. The results show that, the dependence of flow stress on the recrystallized grain size can be expressed by the equation: σ = K1 drex^-0.56. The relationship between the deformed microstructure and the process control parameter can be expressed by the formula: lgdrex= -0.281 1gZ 3.908 1.     

Microstructural evolution of TiAl base alloy during three-stepped thermo-mechanical treatment

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Influence of cerium on microstructures and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys

Effect of element cerium (Ce) on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hardness test. The results show that addition of Ce can remarkably refine the as-cast grains and eutectic microstructure. A transformation from Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)₂ phase to Al₂CuMg phase is observed during homogenization. Furthermore, the Ce addition introduces changes in the precipitation process and consequently in the age-hardening behavior of the alloy. Microstructural measurements reveal that the addition of Ce promotes the precipitation of η′ phase, but it also partly retards the precipitation of GP zones. The density of precipitates decreases in a certain degree and rod-like η′ precipitates increase when Ce content is from 0.2% to 0.4% (mass fraction).     

热等静压处理对NiAl-Mo（Nb）合金显微组织和力学行为的影响

研究了热等静压处理对NiAl-Mo（Nb）合金显微组织和力学行为的影响。结果表明：铸态NiAl-Mo（Nb）合金由NiAl和Mo相组成共晶胞状组织,胞界处尺寸较大的白色相为含有Nb元素的富Mo相。热等静压处理后,胞状形貌变得不明显,Mo相变得细小、均匀,且Mo相发生了球化。热等静压处理明显提高了铸造合金的屈服强度,在低温及高应变速率时,强度提高80%左右;而在高温及低应变速率时,强度提高30%左右。     

THE PROCESS AND MECHANISM OF TiAl－BASED ALLOY SYNTHESIZED FROM Ti AND AlP OWDERS

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Effect of cold working and annealing on microstructure and properties of powder metallurgy high entropy alloy

An equiatomic CoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy(HEA) was produced by powder metallurgy method. Cold rolling followed by subsequent annealing was conducted to further optimize the microstructure and mechanical properties. The results show that the SPSed CoCrFeNiMn HEA has an equiaxed single fee phase microstructrue. Cold rolling results in extensive dislocation pile-up and twinning within the grains. The 80% cold-rolled alloy shows very high yield strength of 1292 MPa, but a limited elongation of 3%. Subsequent annealing produces recrystallization and precipitation of fine σ particles with particle size of 30-100 nm. The annealed alloy has a yield strength of 540 MPa, which is about two to three times of the cast CoCrFeNiMn HEA, while still maintains a high tensile ductility of 41%. The improvement of the tensile properties is caused by the grain boundary strengthening,solid solution strengthening, and precipitation strengthening.     

FeTiNbMoW高熵合金的组织和性能

为了研究一种能够吸收γ射线的含W合金的性能,按照等摩尔比设计了一种FeTiNbMoW五组元高熵合金.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、显微硬度计、密度仪和万能力学试验机对合金的晶体结构、微观组织、成分、硬度、密度和压缩性能进行了分析.结果表明,FeTiNbMoW高熵合金组织由简单BCC固溶体基体和分布其上的少量金属间化合物组成.BCC结构的实际晶格常数为0.315 5 nm,组织形貌为典型枝晶组织.枝晶硬度和枝晶间硬度分别为830.05和793.04 HV.合金的实测密度为10.7 g/cm3,略高于其理论值10.21 g/cm3.室温下合金的抗压强度和对应塑性应变分别为604 MPa和3.19%.合金呈粉末性断裂,其断裂机制为解理断裂.     

Effect of HIPing time on the properties of TiAl alloys

The compacted TiAl alloys were prepared and the effects of HIPing time on their properties were studied. At 1100 ℃, 80 Mpa, the density of TiAl alloy reached up to 3.46 g/cm3 after 10 min HIPing. The densities of TiAl alloys did not significantly increase with the time increasing from 10 min to 70 min. Under the experimental conditions, the TiAl alloys obtained is an unstable state alloy, and the effect of HIPing time on the TiAl phase is not significant. The micro-cracks appear in inner of TiAl alloy with the HIPing time increase. At 1380 ℃, after one hour heat treatment, the micro-cracks disappear and the phase changes into stable state and its microstructure changs into lamella.     

Study on densification of chemical manganese dioxide for batteries

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Abnormal gradient microstructure in Cr3C2 based cemented carbide

With OLYMPUS PMG3 metallograph, an abnormal three-layer gradient structure, i. e. coarse grain zone, binder enrichment zone and normal structure zone from surface to inner, was observed in Cr₃C₂ based cemented carbide. In the binder enrichment zone, three different shapes of anomalous coarse carbides were observed. It is shown that the transverse rupture strength can be raised remarkably, up 20.7% from the alloy with abnormal gradient structure by removing the abnormal gradient structure. The results suggested that the abnormal gradient structure in the surface, especially the anomalous coarse carbides in the binder enrichment zone is the main reason for the lower strength Biography of the first author: ZHANG Li, born in 1965, senior engineer, majoring in powder metallurgy.     

Ce对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Sc合金组织和力学性能的影响

为了研究Ce元素对T6态Al-7.5Zn-2Mg-2.3Cu-0.1Sc合金显微组织和力学性能的影响,通过改变合金中Ce元素的添加量,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和电子万能实验机对合金的显微组织、拉伸断口形貌和力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,加入质量分数为0.2%的Ce元素可以显著细化Al-7.5Zn-2Mg-2.3Cu-0.1Sc合金的铸态和T6态显微组织.在合金的T6处理过程中随着时效时间的增加,合金硬度和抗拉强度均先增加后降低,合金的硬度和抗拉强度峰值分别为216 HB和681.7 MPa,合金最高屈服强度为638.2 MPa.合金拉伸断口呈韧脆混合断裂特征.     

Microstructure analysis of microwave sintered ferrous PM alloys

The properties and microstructure of microwave and conventional sintered Fe-2Cu-0.6C powder metallurgy (PM) alloys were investigated. The experimental results show that microwave sintered alloy has the better properties (sintered density 7.20 g/cm³, Rockwell hardness 75 HRB, tensile strength 413.90 MPa and elongation 6.0%), compared with the conventional sintered counterpart. Detailed analyses by using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveal that microwave sintered sample has finer microstructure with small, rounded and uniformly distributed pores, and also demonstrate the presence of more flaky and granular pearlite in the microwave sintered body, both of which account for the property improvement. SEM images on the fracture morphology indicate that a mixed mode containing ductile and brittle fracture is presented in microwave sintered alloy, in contrast with the brittle fracture in conventional sintered counterpart. Funded by the National Science and Technology Development Program (No.2004-09ZD)