Mass spectrometry-based electric nose system for assessing rice quality during storage at different temperatures

A mass spectrometry-based electronic nose (MS e-nose) was used to measure changes in rice quality during storage at different storage conditions. Rice was stored for 4 months at four different temperatures (0 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C) and tested for fat acidity, sensory characteristics, and flavor pattern analysis using the MS e-nose. When the rice was stored for long durations at higher temperatures, fat acidity increased and sensory quality was low. Flavor volatile profiles of the rice determined by MS e-nose revealed a tendency for the results to separate into three groups (months 1 + 2, 3, and 4). Volatile profile changes in rice during storage depended on the storage time, regardless of storage temperature. It is likely that the fat acidity and sensory evaluation results, which were related, could be distinguished by their volatile-producing metabolic activities. Accordingly, MS e-nose system was successfully used to screen and qualitatively evaluate stored rice.     

Effect of Ultrasound Combined with Controlled Atmosphere on Postharvest Storage Quality of Cucumbers (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis> L.)

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effectiveness of ultrasound treatment combined with controlled atmosphere storage (UCA) in preserving quality of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) compared with the controlled atmosphere storage (CA) alone. The combination of ultrasound (especially at 200 W for 10 min) with CA (5% O₂?+?2% CO₂?+?93% N₂) storage was most effective in preserving the fresh-like quality of cucumbers. The treatment reduced the loss in mass, firmness, soluble solids content and color, maintained cell wall integrity, and limited the redistribution of water in cucumbers. UCA significantly better preserved the flavor volatiles and retained the taste characteristics. This method also better preserved the intermolecular hydrogen and carbonyl bonding in aldehyde and ketone compounds of cucumbers which helped them to preserved longer. These results suggested that UCA can be a much effective preservation method than CA alone for fruits and vegetables.     

脱水香葱在不同水分活度下贮藏品质的变化规律

脱水香葱在贮藏期间因受潮吸水而导致的品质劣变是影响其商业价值的主要原因,为阐明脱水香葱在不同水分活度下贮藏品质的变化,研究了脱水香葱在不同水分活度下（0.33、0.43、0.67、0.78、0.84）的水分质量分数、水分分布、外观品质、微观结构、硬度、槲皮素含量和风味成分的变化。结果表明：结合水是脱水香葱中水分的主要存在状态,且其含量和流动性随着水分活度上升而增加;贮藏过程中,脱水香葱在高水分活度下的结合水含量和流动性增加导致了脱水香葱变色、管状组织黏连、硬度下降,同时加剧了槲皮素的降解;在贮藏末期,水分活度为0.84的条件下,脱水香葱风味成分变化相对于低水分活度样品明显,且产生了土霉味。本研究为减少干制品贮藏损失、控制干制品品质和延长其货架期提供了理论依据。     

新采收玉米籽粒中水分状态对淀粉热特性的影响

以2 种中国东北地区玉米郑单958（Zd958）和先玉335（Xy335）为研究对象,采用低场强核磁共振技术（low field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）和差示扫描量热技术分析新玉米采后60?d内籽粒水分迁移和分布变化,及其对淀粉热特性影响。结果表明,东北新采收玉米采后水分T2弛豫时间和水分分布呈显著变化（P＜0.05）,2?种玉米淀粉凝胶焓值在40?d达到最高分别为18.54?J/g和15.06?J/g,结合水弛豫时间T21与籽粒水分含量呈极显著相关（P＜0.01）,结合水相对面积A21与籽粒水分含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,A21与凝胶吸热焓值（?H）呈显著相关（P＜0.05）,表明水分迁移和分布是影响淀粉分子晶体结构变化原因之一,利用LF-NMR技术可以有效分析采后籽粒内部水分动态变化,及其对淀粉功能特性影响。     

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术分析不同包装条件对黄瓜风味的影响

为了研究在（13±2）℃下不同包装材料对黄瓜采后风味品质的影响,对厚度为0.03 mm的打孔聚乙烯包装袋、厚度为0.07 mm的打孔聚乙烯包装袋和无包装三种不同处理进行了评价。黄瓜中的挥发性有机化合物（volatile organic compounds,VOCs）通过使用气相色谱-离子迁移谱法（GC-IMS）进行分析,然后进行多变量分析。结果表明,黄瓜样品中共鉴定出60种挥发性物质,大致可分为2种烯类、14种醇类、13种醛类、13种酮类、8种酯类、5种酸类、3种醚类、1种吡嗪类和1种呋喃类。在多变量分析中,实验组之间实现了明显的分离。建议将由P<0.05且VIP得分>1的19种挥发性化合物组成的小组作为区分用不同包装材料处理的黄瓜的潜在标志,这19种挥发性化合物分别为丙酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、3-戊酮、2,3-丁二酮、甲乙酮、甲基异丁酮、2-戊酮、2-己酮、异丁醛、丁醛、戊醛、3-甲基丁醛、1-丙醇、3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、异丁醇、1-戊醇、正丁醇和乙酸乙酯。在贮藏过程中,无包装黄瓜主要呈香的醛类减少更加明显,并产生一些酮类、酯类、醚类等挥发性代谢物,表明无包装中黄瓜特有的香气流失严重,而打孔自发气调包装中黄瓜主体呈香的醛类物质下降缓慢,且由于微生物滋生而产生的3-羟基-2-丁酮等物质增加也较少,总的说来,厚度为0.07 mm的打孔聚乙烯,建议作为相对有效的材料来保持黄瓜的味道质量。这些发现有望促进这些包装材料在黄瓜的大规模储存中的开发和应用。     

采后黄金百香果失水规律及其与品质劣变的关系

采后失水是百香果果实在贮运流通和销售环节最显著的品质劣变特征之一,严重影响其商品价值。本文利用低场核磁共振技术（Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR）研究采后黄金百香果果实在贮藏过程中的失水过程,并解析失水规律与品质劣变的关系。LF-NMR结果显示,黄金百香果在贮藏过程中,果浆和果皮的质子密度大幅下降,与外观严重失水表现一致;此外,果实失水以自由水为主,其含量下降了14.98%,结合水在贮藏后期显著减少,失水程度与果实采后成熟和衰老进程有关。进一步研究表明,黄金百香果采后成熟期有两个呼吸高峰,此时失水及其引起的失重较小,果皮叶绿素减少和类胡萝卜素增加促进了亮度和色调升高,果浆可溶性固形物保持在较高含量,可滴定酸含量和果实硬度均下降,果实正常完成后熟,极少出现腐烂;而在果实衰老期,呼吸速率下降,失水和失重加剧,果皮类胡萝卜素的迅速减少降低了表面亮度和色泽,果浆可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量以及果实硬度下降,腐烂率迅速升高。因此认为,黄金百香果完熟后严重失水,不仅造成果实失重、失鲜,还可加剧其生理代谢以及细胞和组织结构变化,降低果实耐贮性,加快品质劣变。本研究可为百香果采后失水劣变机制和相应保鲜控制技术研究提供参考,并为果蔬采后水分状态的无损检测提供借鉴。     

The flavor of pomegranate fruit: a review

Despite the increasing commercial importance of pomegranate, especially because of its recently discovered health‐promoting benefits, relatively little is yet known regarding its sensory quality and flavor preferences, or about the biochemical constituents that determine its sensory characteristics. The perceived flavor of pomegranate fruit results from the combination of various taste, aroma and mouthfeel sensations. The taste is governed mainly by the presence of sugars (glucose and fructose) and organic acids (primarily citric and malic acids). The aroma evolves from the presence of dozens of volatiles, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and terpenes, which provide a mixture of various ‘green’, ‘woody’, ‘earthy’, ‘fruity’, ‘floral’, ‘sweet’ and ‘musty’ notes. In addition, the sensory satisfaction during the eating of pomegranate arils is complemented by various mouthfeel sensations, including seed hardness and astringency sensations. In the present review we will describe the sensory quality and flavor preferences of pomegranate fruit, including the genetic diversity in flavor characteristics among distinct varieties. In addition, we will describe the dynamic changes that occur in fruit flavor during fruit ripening and postharvest storage. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析镇巴腊肉贮藏过程中挥发性风味成分变化

目的 基于气相离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy, GC-IMS)分析镇巴腊肉储藏过程挥发性风味成分变化。方法 采用GC-IMS对现代工艺和传统工艺加工的镇巴腊肉在储藏过程中挥发性风味物质变化进行分析。分别取储藏1、6、12、24个月的现代工艺生产腊肉样品及储藏6、12、24个月的传统工艺生产腊肉样品,通过直观可视的三维图、二维图谱、指纹图谱及主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)的方式分析腊肉加工过程中挥发性风味物质种类及变化规律。结果 两种工艺腊肉样品都含有相同的43种已定性的挥发性物质,主要为酯类、酮类、醛类化合物,且每一个储藏阶段都有特征标记物产生;指纹图谱及PCA分析均可以看出现代工艺加工的样品中的挥发的风味成分储藏12个月到24个月的种类一致、含量没有明显变化,反映腊肉品质在该过程逐渐趋于稳定;而传统手工作坊腊肉储藏过程挥发性风味物质含量有着显著的差异,反映腊肉品质不一。结论 挥发性风味成分是腊肉储藏过程中非常重要指标,可用于腊肉样品的监测和品质评价。     

柚类果实采后生理及贮藏技术研究进展

柚类产量在我国柑橘品种中占了12.9%,其产量、质量和对外出口有非常大的潜力。本文分别从柚类果实的贮藏特性、采收期对果实品质的影响,柚果贮藏中的生理代谢变化、生理病害、采后处理、柚果鲜切保鲜、留树保鲜等方面,对国内外柚类果实采后生理及贮藏技术的研究进展进行综述。     

1-甲基环丙烯和二氧化氯复合处理对冬枣采后生理及贮藏品质的影响

为探讨冬枣绿色保鲜新技术,研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)与二氧化氯(chlorine dioxide,ClO2)单独及复合处理[3μL/L 1-MCP与100μL/L ClO2熏蒸、4℃条件下贮藏]对冬枣采后生理和贮藏特性的影响,贮藏过程中每10 d测定转色、腐烂、硬度、含水量、可溶性固形物(total soluble solids,TSS)、可滴定酸(titratable acid,TA)、维生素C(vitamin C,VC)、总酚、还原力和DPPH自由基清除率的情况。研究结果表明:1-MCP或ClO2单独处理都能有效延缓果实转色,减少果实腐烂,保持果实较高的含水量、硬度、TSS含量、TA含量、VC含量、总酚含量、还原力和DPPH自由基清除率,提高采后冬枣果实的贮藏品质。与单独1-MCP及ClO2处理相比,1-MCP复合ClO2处理的保鲜效果更佳,可作为采后冬枣保鲜的有效手段。     

Preservation effect of plasma-activated water (PAW) treatment on fresh walnut kernels

Fresh walnuts exhibit unique flavor and multiple biological activities, but they are highly perishable due to the lack of practical and cost-effective postharvest preservation technique. In this paper, the quality of fresh walnut kernels treated with deionized water, water containing ClO₂, and plasma-activated water (PAW) for 15 min were monitored during 4 °C storage. Results showed that 100-s PAW treatment reduced the total viable count by 1.15 log CFU/g immediately after treatment. The bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of PAW was superior to 4 mg/L ClO₂. PAW-treated samples retained their flavor during 12d storage at 4 °C, while other samples generated odor at 6d. Moreover, PAW treatment could prevent nutritional loss, browning, and rancidity. The increases of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and lipase activities were inhibited after PAW treatment. Hence, PAW treatment can be applied for the preservation of fresh walnut kernels due to its effect on microbial inhibition and quality maintenance.Industry relevanceNon-thermal plasma is an emerging non-thermal food processing technology due to its advantages of non-destructive, pollution-free, high efficiency and short treatment periods. In this study, plasma-activated water (PAW) was applied in the preservation of fresh walnut kernels, and inhibited flavor changes, nutritional loss, microbial growth, browning, and oxidation reaction. When approaching food preservation technologies, especially for heat-sensitive materials, PAW treatment as a novel technique appears to have far-reaching implications for increasing markets by antimicrobial properties, and avoiding the negative impacts on quality attributes.     

Papaya Fruit Quality Management during the Postharvest Supply Chain

Papayas are popular in tropical and subtropical regions and are being exported in large volumes to Europe, the United States, and Japan. The fruit has a sweet, exotic flavor and is rich in vitamins A and C and antioxidants. However, due to its highly perishable nature, it has not emerged as a major traded fruit. Papayas are highly susceptible to qualitative and quantitative postharvest losses. Maintenance of papaya fruit quality during the supply chain depends on orchard management, harvesting practices, packing operations, postharvest treatments, temperature management, and transportation and storage conditions. Postharvest losses are attributed to mechanical damage, rapid flesh softening, decay, physiological disorders, pest infestation, and improper temperature management. The aim of postharvest technology and management in the supply chain is to provide favorable conditions to extend storage life and retain quality and nutritional attributes. This review focuses on the available research findings to retain overall papaya fruit quality and to reduce postharvest losses during the supply chain via adopting appropriate or novel postharvest technologies.     

Suitability of Aloe Vera and Gum Tragacanth as Edible Coatings for Extending the Shelf Life of Button Mushroom

Button mushroom have a short postharvest shelf life compared to most vegetables, due to a very high metabolic activity and high water content. This makes them prone to microbial spoilage and to exhibit enzymatic browning. In this research, the effects of aloe vera, gum tragacanth, and combination of both as edible coatings on the shelf life and postharvest losses of mushrooms were studied. Physical characteristics, general appearance (color and texture), weight loss, and carbohydrate percentage were evaluated during storage. Mushrooms were stored at 4, 10, and 15 °C for 13 days and physicochemical characteristics were analyzed after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 13 days of storage. During cold storage, the uncoated mushrooms showed rapid weight loss, color changes, and accelerated softening while mushrooms treated with aloe vera gel, gum tragacanth, and the combination of both significantly delayed these phenomena. Among different coatings, the combination of aloe vera and gum tragacanth was more effective.     

高光谱图像对白萝卜糠心的无损检测

为实现白萝卜异常品质糠心的无损检测,构建高光谱图像技术检测白萝卜糠心的检测系统。获取了光源透射、反射和半透射模式下白萝卜的高光谱图像信息,结合偏最小二乘分析（partial least squares discriminantanalysis,PLS-DA）、支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）、人工神经网络（artificial neural network,ANN）3 种算法分别建立白萝卜糠心的识别模型。结果表明：3 种检测模式中,基于透射模式的高光谱图像系统检测准确率最高;3 种预测模型中,ANN模型优于PLS-DA和SVM模型。其中,基于透射模式的ANN模型,高光谱图像对萝卜糠心的检测总体准确率达94.3%,效果最好。因此,采用透射模式的高光谱图像技术对白萝卜糠心的检测是可行的。     

气调贮藏对腐败菌引起的鲜切黄瓜品质、滋味和挥发性物质变化的影响

本研究采用电子舌、电子鼻和气相色谱-质谱等手段,探讨3%（体积分数,下同）O2＋7% CO2气调贮藏对变形假单胞菌导致的鲜切黄瓜营养品质、滋味和挥发性物质变化的影响。结果表明,变形假单胞菌生长影响了鲜切黄瓜的营养品质,气调贮藏抑制了鲜切黄瓜的呼吸作用,延缓了丙二醛含量和相对电导率的增加,维持了可溶性固形物质量分数和色泽,保持了鲜切黄瓜硬度。电子舌分析结果表明变形假单胞菌对鲜切黄瓜鲜味和鲜味丰度影响最为明显,气调贮藏抑制了变形假单胞菌导致的各滋味变化。不同处理鲜切黄瓜中挥发性物质存在差异。与接菌空气贮藏组相比,气调贮藏延缓了由变形假单胞菌引起的黄瓜特征香气正己醛、(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛和(Z)-6-壬烯醛相对含量的下降,抑制了2,3-二甲基辛烷、6-甲基-3-庚酮、2-正丙基呋喃和二丙基二硫醚这些特征代谢物的产生。本实验结果可为研究微生物腐败引起的黄瓜营养与风味变化提供理论参考。     

Characterization and efficacy of a composite coating containing chitosan and lemongrass essential oil on postharvest quality of guava

This study characterized chemical and physical properties of chitosan (Chi) coatings with or without Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf. (CCEO) essential oil (0.6 μL/mL). The effects of Chi-CCEO coating on postharvest quality of guava during storage (15 days, 12 ± 1 °C) were assessed. CCEO improved thermal resistance and surface properties of Chi-coating. Chi-CCEO coating had low water solubility and a_w, high thermal resistance, smooth and low-roughness surface. Chi-CCEO coating delayed weight and firmness losses, changes in soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, color and phenolics in guava during storage. Chi-CCEO coating decreased polyphenol-oxidase and pectin-methylesterase activity, while increased peroxidase activity after 5 days. Coated guava had lower fructose content and higher citric and succinic acid content than uncoated guava after 10 days. Coated guava had higher scores for texture, color and overall impression but lower scores for odor. Chi-CCEO coating were effective to maintain guava postharvest quality during a 10 day-cold storage.Industrial relevanceThe addition of CCEO in an active concentration to inhibit fungal spoilage in guavas into Chi-coating positively affected its physico-chemical properties, resulting in a flat, smooth and low roughness composite coating. Chi-CCEO coating delayed undesirable postharvest changes caused by physiological processes in guava, maintaining the fruit quality during cold storage. Chi-CCEO coating should be a feasible technology for guava preservation and decrease synthetic fungicide use in this fruit.     

Taste and aroma of fresh and stored mandarins

During the last decade there has been a continuous rise in consumption of fresh easy‐to‐peel mandarins. However, mandarins are much more perishable than other citrus fruit, mainly due to rapid deterioration in sensory acceptability after harvest. In the current review we discuss the biochemical components involved in forming the unique flavor of mandarins, and how postharvest storage operations influence taste and aroma and consequently consumer sensory acceptability. What we perceive as mandarin flavor is actually the combination of basic taste, aroma and mouth‐feel. The taste of mandarins is principally governed by the levels of sugars and acids in the juice sacs and the relative ratios among them, whereas the aroma of mandarins is derived from a mixture of different aroma volatiles, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes/hydrocarbons and esters. During postharvest storage and marketing there is a gradual decrease in mandarin sensory acceptability, which has been attributed to decreases in acidity and typical mandarin flavor, paralleling an accumulation of off‐flavor. Biochemical analysis of volatile and non‐volatile constituents in mandarin juice demonstrated that these changes in sensory acceptability were concomitant with decreases in acidity and content of terpenes and aldehydes, which provide green, piney and citrus aroma on the one hand, and increases in ethanol fermentation metabolism products and esters on the other, which are likely to cause ‘overripe’ and off‐flavors. Overall, we demonstrate the vast importance of the genetic background, maturity stage at harvest, commercial postharvest operation treatments, including curing, degreening and waxing, and storage duration on mandarin sensory quality. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于转录组分析氯化钙对青圆椒采后机械损伤品质的影响

为探究氯化钙处理对青圆椒采后机械损伤品质的影响,通过高处坠落的方法模拟青圆椒运输过程中受到的机械损伤,利用1 mmol/L氯化钙溶液浸泡处理,测定贮藏期间青圆椒的硬度、色泽及感官品质,并通过高通量测序技术进行转录组分析。结果表明,1 mmol/L氯化钙处理能延缓青圆椒转红、软化及腐烂。同时本研究确定了与青圆椒果实色泽转变、质地变化和风味香气产生的相关基因,鉴定了参与植物激素信号转导途径的关键酶和转录因子,分析了氯化钙处理对机械损伤青圆椒果实贮藏品质的影响。氯化钙可能通过抑制编码双功能15-顺式八氢番茄红素合酶（bifunctional 15-cis-phytoene synthase,PSY）和辣椒红色素/辣椒红色素合酶（capsanthin/capsorubin synthase,CCS）等基因的上调来抑制类胡萝卜素的合成,通过抑制纤维素合酶A（cellulose synthase A,Ces）、内切-1,3-β-葡萄糖苷酶（endo-1,3-β-glucosidase 4,β-Glu）和内切葡聚糖酶25（endoglucanase 25,EG25）等基因的下调来缓解其软化,并通过影响青圆椒中某些转录因子、植物激素和香气风味相关基因的表达,进而影改善有机械损伤的青圆椒果实的表观品质。结论：氯化钙处理可以有效延缓机械损伤青圆椒果实品质的劣变,延长青圆椒果实的贮藏期。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜对采后西番莲果实品质影响

以西番莲为原料,研究常温条件下不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,KGM)溶液(0.5%、1.0%和1.5%)涂膜对西番莲果实采后品质的影响。结果表明,KGM涂膜可减少西番莲果实水分蒸发,延缓果实皱缩指数和失重率的上升;维持较高的外果皮L*、a*、b*值,使西番莲在常温贮藏时保持较好色泽。同时,KGM涂膜有效抑制西番莲果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物(TSS)的降解,维持西番莲果实的风味及营养品质。其中,浓度为1.0%的KGM涂膜保鲜效果最佳,可作为提高西番莲果实采后贮藏品质、延长保鲜的适宜处理条件。     

Chitosan-limonene coating in combination with modified atmosphere packaging preserve postharvest quality of cucumber during storage

Since cucumbers suffer from a short postharvest life, applying different technologies is increasingly used as effective ways to increase their shelf life and quality. In this study a combination of chitosan-limonene coating and MAP storage has been used as a postharvest treatment to maintain cucumber quality. Samples were stored in three different packages: A (21% O₂, macro-perforated package to be in equilibrium with air); package B (active MAP, starting concentrations 10% O₂?+?5% CO₂); package C (passive MAP starting concentrations 21% O₂?+?0.1% CO₂); they were stored at three temperatures (20, 10, and 4 °C). Quality parameters of cucumber such as weight loss, firmness, color, pH, fungal growth, T_g, organoleptic properties were determined. Interactive effects of coating, package, temperature, and storage time showed that coating and MAP in general had positive effects on several quality aspects. Coating combined with active MAP had the most positive effect on most postharvest attributes. However, using active MAP at higher temperature led to quality problems and is only useful if storage time is short. The combined usage of active MAP and chitosan-based coating on cucumber represents an innovative and interesting method for commercial application.