真空、脉冲真空和常压下蓝莓渗透脱水的研究

研究了真空渗透脱水、脉冲真空渗透脱水和常压渗透脱水下蓝莓水分含量和水分活度的变化规律，结果表明：真空渗透脱水时，蓝莓的水分含量和水分活度降低得最快。真空渗透脱水、脉冲真空渗透脱水、常压下渗透脱水蓝莓的有效水分扩散率分别为1.6777×10^-9、1.3629×10^-9、0.5679×10^-9m^2/s。真空渗透脱水、脉冲真空渗透脱水、常压下渗透脱水的有效固性物扩散率分别为9.1705×10^-10、6.3919×10^-10、5.1007×10^-10m^2/s。     

常压、真空和脉冲真空渗透脱水加工芒果脯

在24℃下,以60%蔗糖水溶液作为渗透溶液,在常压、真空和脉冲真空(压力为510 mmHg)条件下对芒果进行渗透脱水,然后置于热风干燥箱中70℃干燥制成芒果脯,测定芒果脯的硬度、颜色、含水量、复水率.通过感官评定及统计分析得出,真空和脉冲真空渗透脱水制成的芒果脯品质明显优于常压渗透脱水制成的芒果脯.     

渗透脱水对真空油炸辣椒脆片品质的影响

为研究渗透脱水预处理对辣椒脆片品质的影响,以湖南大红椒为原料,将辣椒渗透处理后真空油炸,研究渗透时间、料液比、渗透液含盐率等因素对辣椒脆片感官品质、色泽、含油率和脆度的影响。结果表明,辣椒脆片最佳工艺条件为渗透液含盐率6%、料液比1∶12（g/g）、渗透时间10 h、真空油炸温度90 ℃、油炸时间20 min、脱油时间10 min。由此方法加工得到的辣椒脆片色泽均匀,表面完整,咸甜适中,口感清爽而不油腻,其含油率、脆度及感官评分分别为6.67%、1 119.40 g、85.60。     

真空腌制条件对猪肉食盐渗透规律及品质变化的影响

以猪肉为原材料,探讨了不同真空度以及真空腌制时间对其在真空腌制过程中的食盐渗透规律及品质变化的影响。实验数据表明：随着真空度及腌制时间的增大,食盐内渗量以指数方式增长,猪肉水分含量不断减小,并在6 h左右分别达到渗透平衡;猪肉在腌制过程中一直保持增重且增重率随腌制时间的延长而极显著增大;猪肉食盐渗透速率显著减小,食盐渗透速率常数随真空度的增大而先增后减,并在0.08 MPa下达到最大值0.977。在品质变化方面,真空度对猪肉的pH值没有显著影响,盐溶液中可溶性蛋白含量随真空度的增大先增后减且在0.08 MPa下达到最大值;在真空腌制过程中,猪肉的L*值和b*值不断增大,a*值不断减小,嫩度显著提高;硬度、弹性和咀嚼性不断增大,恢复性逐渐减小,粘聚性先减小后增大。     

胡萝卜片渗透脱水与真空油炸联合干燥动力学研究

为降低真空油炸果蔬脆片的脂肪含量,提高产品品质,本文研究了胡萝卜片渗透脱水与真空油炸联合干燥动力学,结果表明:随着渗透时间的延长,胡萝卜片的初始水分含量和平衡水分含量逐渐降低,脂肪含量、平衡脂肪含量以及脂肪的吸收速率也逐渐减少,皮尔逊积差相关分析显示:脂肪含量与其初始水分含量具有极显著的相关性(P<0.001);将渗透脱水Fick水分扩散规律和真空油炸一级反应动力学规律相结合,获得了胡萝卜片联合干燥过程中水分与脂肪含量变化的动力学方程,采用非线性回归法确定了方程系数,结果表明方程具有较高的决定系数,能够较好地预测渗透脱水与真空油炸联合干燥胡萝卜片水分和脂肪含量的变化。     

超声及超声渗透预处理对红外辐射干燥特性研究

为探究超声及超声渗透预处理对桃片水分迁移及红外辐射干燥特性的影响,经超声及超声渗透30、60 min预处理后,进行红外辐射80℃干燥处理,采用低场核磁共振技术测定预处理后桃片横向弛豫时间T2图谱,分析水分状态及分布变化,得到干燥特性曲线,并分析水分状态及分布对干燥特性的影响。结果表明,超声降低桃片固形物含量,超声渗透明显增加固形物含量并降低水分含量;不同预处理均改变桃片内部水分状态和分布。超声后,桃片不易流动水和自由水弛豫时间增加,水分自由度增加,从而提高干燥速率,增加水分有效扩散系数;超声渗透后,桃片结合水、不易流动水及自由水弛豫时间均减小,且自由水含量明显降低,而不易流动水及结合水含量相对升高,从而降低干燥速率,减小水分有效扩散系数。该研究为超声及超声渗透预处理对红外辐射干燥水分扩散研究提供参考。     

Design of Continuous Flow Osmotic Dehydration and its Performance on Mass Transfer Exchange During Osmotic Dehydration of Broccoli Stalk Slices

A continuous flow solution unit was designed and built with a sole purpose of achieving better hydrodynamic control during the osmotic dehydration pre-treatment process. The initial study was set up to calibrate the flow meter at different sucrose solutions at different concentrations and temperatures to obtain a flow velocity range between 1.5 to 3.5 mm/s. In this study, broccoli stalk slices were used to investigate the effect of the flow velocity on mass transfer kinetics and compared with static condition. Further, the optimization of this equipment system was performed to achieve higher water loss with minimal solute gain as pre-drying condition. Comparative studies between static and dynamic conditions show that flow velocity helps in faster rate of water removal with lower solute gain during the osmotic dehydration process of broccoli stalk slices. The optimum condition was found to be at a temperature of 30 °C with concentration of 54 °Brix for 120 min of immersion time at flow velocity of 3.5 mm/s.     

渗透脱水循环处理对糖液及桃片理化特性的影响

以白桃片为实验材料,追踪分析了单阶段(糖液浓度不变)和多阶段(糖液浓度逐渐增加)渗透脱水循环处理后糖液特性和桃片理化特性的变化。糖液循环利用5次,期间不做任何调整。结果表明:随着糖液循环利用次数的增加,单阶段渗透脱水处理过程中糖液黏度降低、稀化现象严重,导致渗透压力差减小,使桃片水分损失率和固形物增加率逐渐降低,同时桃片中可溶性物质的溶出致使糖液电导率、浊度、色差值显著增加;多阶段渗透脱水循环处理基于多浓度糖液组合利用,有效降低了循环利用过程中糖液稀化现象的发生,保持了较好的渗透压力差,进而有利于桃片更多固形物的获得和更多水分的散失,且糖液的电导率、浊度等特性得到了较好的保持,但是多阶段渗透脱水循环处理会使桃片与空气接触更多,不利于产品色泽的保持,且长时间的高渗透压导致桃片中可滴定酸含量显著改变。从糖液循环利用中桃片渗透脱水效率和糖液特性保留角度出发,多阶段渗透处理可在桃片渗透方式的选择上提供一种新颖的思路,具有良好的应用前景。     

Effect of Osmotic Dehydration and Vacuum-Frying Parameters to Produce High-Quality Mango Chips

ABSTRACT:  Mango ( Mangifera indica  L.) is a fruit rich in flavor and nutritional values, which is an excellent candidate for producing chips. The objective of this study was to develop high-quality mango chips using vacuum frying. Mango (" Tommy Atkins ") slices were pretreated with different maltodextrin concentrations (40, 50, and 65, w/v), osmotic dehydration times (45, 60, and 70 min), and solution temperatures (22 and 40 °C). Pretreated slices were vacuum fried at 120, 130, and 138 °C and product quality attributes (oil content, texture, color, carotenoid content) determined. The effect of frying temperatures at optimum osmotic dehydration times (65 [w/v] at 40 °C) was assessed. All samples were acceptable (scores > 5) to consumer panelists. The best mango chips were those pretreated with 65 (w/v) concentration for 60 min and vacuum fried at 120 °C. Mango chips under atmospheric frying had less carotenoid retention (32%) than those under vacuum frying (up to 65%). These results may help further optimize vacuum-frying processing of high-quality fruit-based snacks.     

超高压处理对胡萝卜压差膨化效果的影响

该文以膨化后产品的脆度和色泽为指标,通过对压力、保压时间和温度及其交互作用影响因素的试验分析,探究超高压处理对胡萝卜膨化效果的影响,确定胡萝卜压差膨化超高压前处理工艺参数.研究结果表明:超高压处理压力和保压时间对产品脆度和色差值的影响较为显著,而温度对胡萝卜膨化效果影响不显著.超高压压力和保压时间对胡萝卜脆度和色差值的...     

Osmotic Dehydration of Fruit: Influence of Osmotic Agents on Drying Behavior and Product Quality

Different osmotic solutions, with or without low quantities of added NaCl, were tested to evaluate their effects on the characteristics of the osmosed apples (chosen in our experiences as a fruit “model”). Water loss and water activity of final product were affected not only by the a_w of the osmotic agent but also by the gain of solids in the sample. At the same time of treatment, solid gain depended on chemical composition of the syrups and the shape of the samples. Addition of small quantities of NaCl to osmotic solutions increased the driving force of the drying process.     

超高压结合超声预处理对真空冷冻干燥草莓片品质和抗氧化活性的影响

采用超高压结合超声对草莓片进行预处理,研究超高压压力、超高压时间、超声时间对真空冷冻干燥草莓片品质和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：超高压结合超声预处理能显著提高真空冷冻干燥草莓片的品质（色泽和硬度）,促进草莓片干燥过程中水分扩散;冻干草莓片抗氧化活性得到显著提高（P＜0.05）。最佳的预处理条件为：超高压压力100 MPa、超高压时间5 min、超声时间25 min,此时,草莓片硬度、a*值、花色苷含量、总酚和黄酮含量分别707.28 g,31.01,304.39 mg/kg,11.60 mg/100 g和221.41 mg/100 g。     

芒果片真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水的传质动力学及品质分析

为解决芒果果脯生产过程中传质效率低、加工时间长的问题,该文研究了脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水对芒果传质动力学、质量特性和微观结构的影响。结果表明：脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水组的芒果失水率（54.43%）最高,较常规渗透脱水、脉冲真空预处理渗透脱水、超声辅助渗透脱水组分别高45.85%、14.06%、29.38%,增固率（12.81%）较常规渗透脱水、超声辅助渗透脱水、脉冲真空预处理渗透脱水组分别高90.03%、53.43%、32.06%。用Azuara模型拟合渗透脱水过程中失水率和增固率的变化,高回归系数（R2>0.97）和低RMSE表明Azuara模型可以较好拟合芒果渗透脱水过程,预测脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水组的平衡脱水率、增固率最高,分别为65.06%和23.35%。测定色泽和质构,发现超声辅助渗透脱水组、脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水组芒果硬度值显著低于常规渗透脱水组和脉冲真空预处理渗透脱水组（p<0.05）,而芒果色泽得到了较好保护。通过扫描电镜的观察,发现超声处理使芒果细胞壁塌陷与变形、细胞横截面积变小、微孔增多。此外,真空对芒果硬度和微观结构的影响均较小。综上,脉冲真空预处理联合超声辅助渗透脱水通过改变芒果细胞结构、增加传质微通道,提高了渗透脱水的效率,缩短加工时间,可以较好保护芒果色泽,但会导致硬度的下降。