Identification, FT-IR, NMR (H and C) and GC/MS studies of fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel from rocket seed oil

Biodiesel was synthesized from rocket seed oil by base-catalyzed transesterification with methanol. The synthesis of biodiesel was confirmed by FT-IR and NMR (¹H and ¹³C) spectroscopy. Various fuel properties of the synthesized biodiesel were determined using ASTM methods and discussed accordingly. A total of eleven fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were identified in rocket seed oil biodiesel (RSOB) by the retention time and the fragmentation pattern data of GC/MS analysis. The identified FAMEs were, methyl 9-hexadecenoate (C16:1), 14-methyl pentadecanoate (C16:0), methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate (C18:2), methyl 9-octadecenoate (C18:1), methyl octadecanoate (C18:0), methyl 11-eicosenoate (C20:1), methyl eicosanoate (C20:0), methyl 13-docosenoate (C22:1), methyl docosanoate (C22:0), methyl 15-tetracosenoate (24:1) and methyl tetracosanoate (C24:0). The percentage conversion of triglycerides to corresponding methyl esters determined by ¹H NMR was 88.49%.     

Novel fatty acids in azima tetracantha seed oil

Azima tetracantha Lam, belonging to the Salvadoraceae plant family, was found to contain ricinoleic acid (9.8%) and cyclopropenoid fatty acids (9.6%) along with normal fatty acids.     

Fatty acid composition of melon seed oil lipids and phospholipids

Fatty acid compositions of crude melon seed oil from two different sources were compared. Melon seeds fromCitrullus vulgaris (syn.C. lanatus) contained phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylserine (PS), whereas melon seeds fromCitrullus colocynthis contained only PC and LPC, but not PS. Analysis of the total lipids revealed that the major fatty acid of the oils was 18:2n-6.Citrullus vulgaris seed oil contained 71.3% andC. colocynthis contained 63.4% of 18:2n-6. The predominant fatty acids in theC. vulgaris PC were 18:2n-6 (32.2%), 18:1n-9 (26.4%) and 16:0 (22.2%), whereas theC. colocynthis PC contained 44.6% of 18:1n-9 as the major fatty acid. The level of monoenes in theC. colocynthis variety (46.2%) was different from theC. vulgaris (27.3%). The major fatty acid in the LPC was 18:1n-9 for both varieties. Notably, theC. colocynthis variety did not contain any PS. The major fatty acids in theC. vulgaris PS were 18:1n-9 (37.9%) and 18:2n-6 (33.7%). Of all the phospholipids, LPC contained the greatest amount of monoenes, 48.6–52.4%.     

荞麦籽油的脂肪酸组成与含量分析

通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定荞麦籽油中的脂肪酸含量,用外标法与峰面积归一法进行定量分析。荞麦籽油脂肪酸种类丰富,以不饱和脂肪酸为主,其中单不饱和脂肪酸为45.10%,多不饱和脂肪酸为32.76%。荞麦籽油中4种脂肪酸含量:油酸亚油酸棕榈酸硬脂酸。     

Viscosities of fatty acids, triglycerides, and their binary mixtures

Viscosity data have been obtained as a function of temperature for seven fatty acids (pelargonic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic) and four triglycerides (tricaprilin, tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein) and their binary mixtures at temperatures from above their melting points to 90°C. The viscosity measurements were performed by using Cannon Fenske glass capillary kinematic viscometers. Modified versions of the Andrade equation were used to correlate the kinematic viscosities of pure fatty acids and pure triglycerides. The MacAllister method was used for their binary mixtures. The correlation constants are valuable for designing or evaluating chemical process equipment, such as heat exchangers, reactors, distillation columns, and process piping.     

Fatty acid composition of seed oil triglycerides inCoincya (Brassicaceae)

Oil and triglyceride contents and fatty acid composition were determined for seeds in nine taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). The oil content ranges from 11.1 to 24.6%, triglycerides from 68.7 to 88.5%. The major fatty acids were erucic (24.6–30.5%), linolenic (17.7–27.7%), linoleic (13.9–24.6%) and oleic acid (12.3–21.8%).     

Unusual fatty acids inBrunfelsia americana seed oil: A rich source of oil

Brunfelsia americana Linn, belonging to the Solanaceae plant family, was found to contain ricinoleic acid together with cyclopropenoid and normal fatty acids. These fatty acids were characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography techniques and chemical degradations.     

Vernolic and cyclopropenoid fatty acids in Plectranthus mollis,syn. Plectranthus incanus,link seed oil: A rich source of oil

Plectranthus mollis, syn. Plectranthus incanus Link seed oil contains the following acids: palmitic (7.2%), stearic (13.6%), oleic (21.7%), linoleic (46.5%), malvalic (2.3%), sterculic (3.2), and vernolic (6.1%).     

小桐子油脂肪酸聚酯多元醇及聚氨酯泡沫的制备和性能

研究了脂肪酸环氧-开环-酯化三步反应制备聚酯多元醇,比较了3种不同碘值的脂肪酸原料制备的聚酯多元醇及其聚氨酯泡沫（PUF）性能。脂肪酸碘值越高多元醇的羟值也越高：1#、2#和3#聚酯多元醇羟值分别为：261.47 mgKOH/g、370.28 mgKOH/g和434.49 mgKOH/g。3种多元醇的相对分子量为600～2000。3种泡沫的压缩和弯曲性能与泡沫密度成正比。泡沫SEM分析显示：羟值较高的多元醇泡沫2#和3#泡沫孔结构较规则,以正五边形和正六边形居多;1#泡沫泡孔不规则,易变形。对3种泡沫的TG-DSC、DTG分析结果表明：3种泡沫的热分解温度都约为300 ℃,具有较好热稳定性。     

Solubility and kinetics of soybean oil and fatty acids in supercritical CO2

Supercritical CO₂ extraction of soybean oil was investigated. The fatty acid composition was determined using GC. The solubility and kinetic experiments were performed in the pressure range of 100–300 bar and in the temperature range of 313–323 K. The solubility data were correlated using empirical equation proposed by Gordillo et al. Mass transfer model described by Martinez et al. was used to describe the kinetic curves of soybean oil. The main fatty acids of soybean oil were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic and linolenic acid. The improved Gordillo et al. equation was proposed to correct the effect of temperature on the solubility. The new equation was successfully applied for calculating the solubility of fatty acids and soybean oil in supercritical CO₂.     

Determination of fatty acid derivatives in fuel and diesel oil

Fuel oil plays one of the most important roles as thermal energy source in domestic application. Due to its common use, a careful monitoring of the grade and the deviation of the quality is required. Recently it has been observed that the presence of polar fatty acid derivatives is leading to problems in the fuel injection systems and consequently can cause a damage of the engine. A fast and reliably working procedure is presented, which allows the group determination of these polar compounds, namely glycerides, soaps and fatty acids. A sample preparation succeeded, which accomplishes the extraction, the clean up and the derivatization in one single reaction vessel. Derivatives were methylated with acetyl chloride and methanol and quantified with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The complexity of fuel oil requires a careful elaboration of the clean up and the extraction procedure. Owing to the novelty of this procedure an accurate investigation and optimization of influential parameters were performed. Optimum conditions for the solid phase extraction with polar sorbents were provided for all target compounds. Additionally, the necessity of the clean up is shown with the relation between investigated analytes and matrix effects. Finally, method performance was verified with an accurate validation and analyses of spiked samples.     

Biodiesel production from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids

The production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from crude tobacco seed oil (TSO) having high free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated. Due to its high FFA, the TSO was processed in two steps: the acid-catalyzed esterification (ACE) followed by the base-catalyzed methanolysis (BCM). The first step reduced the FFA level to less than 2% in 25 min for the molar ratio of 18:1. The second step converted the product of the first step into FAME and glycerol. The maximum yield of FAME was about 91% in about 30 min. The tobacco biodiesel obtained had the fuel properties within the limits prescribed by the latest American (ASTM D 6751-02) and European (DIN EN 14214) standards, except a somewhat higher acid value than that prescribed by the latter standard (<0.5). Thus, tobacco seeds (TS), as agricultural wastes, might be a valuable renewable raw material for the biodiesel production.     

Correlation and estimation of solubilities of fatty acids in supercritical carbon dioxide using solution model approach

In this study, solid solubility data of five fatty acids in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) at different temperatures and pressures are correlated using a two-parameter solution model developed from the regular solution model coupled with the Flory⿿Huggins equation. The developed solution model with fewer parameters yields correlated results comparable to those from commonly used semi-empirical equations. In addition, both parameters in the solution model can be further generalized with the chain length of fatty acids and a new predictive solution model is proposed for solubility prediction. The predictive solution model proposed in this study provides better predicted results and yields average deviation in predicted solubilities of 22.1%. To further apply this solution model to other compounds, solid solubility data of three triglycerides in supercritical CO₂ at 313 K are also correlated. After model simplification and generalization, a new predictive solution model for triglycerides is also proposed, which yields average deviation in predicted solubilities of 29.8%. These results demonstrate that the solution model used in this study is applicable for correlation and prediction of solid solubilities of structure-related compounds in supercritical CO₂.     

Methylation of wood fatty and resin acids for production of biodiesel

The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the potentiality of the wood oil of Oriental spruce (Spruce orientalis) for biodiesel production. Two methods have been applied for obtained wood oil with and without solvent such as separation of crude tall oil from sulfate soaps by Kraft pulping process. Production of biodiesel from wood oil follows two steps, first extraction of oil using a solvent (acetone) and then base catalyzed (KOH) or non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification. This paper studied the effect of temperature on transesterification of wood oil to find the optimum temperature of maximum biodiesel yield. Transesterification of the wood oils were performed in a 100-mL cylindrical autoclave using supercritical methanol. In a typical run, the autoclave was charged with a given amount of the wood oil (20-25 g) and alcohol (20-50 g) with changed molar ratios at 500, 525, 550 and 575 K. The yield of the biodiesel produced under optimal condition is 96-98%.     

香樟树籽油提取及其在化妆品中的应用

研究了采用石油醚萃取香樟树籽油脂的制备工艺及其在化妆品中的应用。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:料液比为1∶5(g/mL),反应温度50℃,反应时间2.5 h;香樟树籽油主要脂肪酸有辛酸(0.34%)、癸酸(54.46%)、月桂酸(38.27%)、棕榈酸(0.22%)、硬脂酸(0.07%)、油酸(2.99%)、亚油酸(0.31%),其中癸酸甘油三酯、月桂酸甘油三酯93%以上;用香樟树籽油脂取代白油和单甘脂应用于保湿霜化妆品中,与其他组分相容性较好,保湿效果增强,各项理化指标达到或超过国家标准。     

Variation in lipid composition of niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) Samples collected from different regions in ethiopia

Niger seed samples were collected from different regions in Ethiopia for determination of oil content, and of fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol composition in the seed oil by gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methods. There was a large variation in oil content, ranging from 29 to 39%. More than 70% of the fatty acids was linoleic acid (18∶2) in all samples analyzed. The other predominant fatty acids were palmitic (16∶0), stearic (18∶0) and oleic (19∶1) at a range of 6 to 11% each. Total polar lipids recovered after preparative thin-layer chromatography comprised a small fraction of the total lipids. They had higher 16∶0 and lower 18∶2 contents than the triacylglycerols.α-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in all samples, 94–96% of the total amounting to 630–800 μg/g oil. More than 40% of the total sterols wasβ-sitosterol,ca. 2000μg/g oil. The other major sterols were campesterol and stigmasterol, ranging from 11 to 14%. The Δ5- and Δ7-avenasterols were in the range of 4 to 7%. From the samples studied, no conclusion could be drawn regarding the influence of altitude or location on oil content, tocopherol and/or sterol contents. The results of the present study on niger seed oil are discussed in comparison with known data for common oils from Compositae,viz, safflower and sunflower.     

Production of triglycerides enriched in long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil

Processes that combine enzymic and physical techniques have been studied for concentrating and separating eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil.Candida rugosa lipase was used in hydrolysis reactions to concentrate these acids in the glyceride fraction. By controlling the degree of hydrolysis, two products have been obtained, one enriched in total n-3(∼50%), the other enriched in DHA and depleted in EPA (DHA∼40%, EPA∼7%). The glyceride fraction from these reactions was recovered by evaporation and converted back to triglycerides by partial enzymic hydrolysis, followed by enzymic esterification. Both reactions were carried out withRhizomucor miehei lipase. DHA-depleted free fatty acids from aC. rugosa hydrolysis were fractionated to increase the EPA level (∼30%) and re-esterified to triglycerides by reaction with glycerol andR. miehei.