Development of extruded ethylene propylene rubber insulated superconducting cable

A superconducting power cable is one of the promising ways of underground transmission of huge electric power in the future. The authors have long proposed the idea of the extruded polymer insulation for superconducting cables. The prominent features of the design are to exploit the excellent electrical properties of polymer in the cryogenic temperatures and to separate the helium coolant from the electrical insulation. Although the extruded cross-linked polyethylene cable has proved ability at the liquid nitrogen temperature, the cable insulation cracked due to mechanical stress during cooling to the liquid helium temperature. To overcome this problem, ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) was selected as a new insulating material considering the good results of mechanical and electrical tests of EPR samples at cryogenic temperatures. An extruded EPR insulated superconducting cable 15 m in length was fabricated and a cooling test down to the liquid helium temperature and a voltage test at the liquid helium temperature were carried out with fair success. This is a breakthrough in terms of the electrical insulation design of cryogenic cables.     

Tan δ of ethylene-propylene rubber in cryogenic temperature region–effects of additives and sample thickness

The authors have been developing extruded polymer insulated superconducting power cables. Dielectric loss in electrical insulation cannot be ignored in superconducting cables since conductor loss in the cables is minimal. Studies so far show that ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) is suitable as an electrical insulating material in the extruded polymer insulated superconducting cable design because it demonstrates excellent mechanical and relatively good electrical qualities at a cryogenic temperature. Widely used EPR includes some kinds of additives; however, their effect on tan δ of EPR at cryogenic temperature remains unknown. The effect of additives such as crosslinking agent and fillers on tan δ of EPR was examined at temperatures of between 4.2 K and 300 K. Thickness dependence of tan δ was also measured using EPR films of different thickness and an extruded EPR insulated cable sample. The results show that additives increase tan δ of relatively thin films of EPR even in the cryogenic temperature region; however, they do not have an intolerable dielectric loss in comparison with conductor loss and heat inflow of the superconducting cable. The remedy to tan δ increase due to the polymer contraction relative to shielding wires has been established.     

Power swing analysis in a future metropolitan electric power system on a contingent trip of cryogenic high-power cables

A cryogenic power cable is expected to be capable of carrying bulk power as a main transmission line in a future metropolitan electric power system. It is important to establish a strategy of how to sustain power supply when such a highly densified power supply route trips from the network due to contingency. It is proposed here that the bulk power transmitted by the cryogenic cable could be distributed into the parallel conventional transmission lines by suitable circuit breaker operations in the system. In this process, power-flow routes are forced to be changed with a remarkable modification in the system configuration. In this paper, the power swings associated with the large power-flow change following contingent faults are analyzed by means of a transient network analyzer. It is found that the proposed system modification could be realized without any harmful power swing if the parameters in generators as well as in control devices have conventional magnitudes. It is shown also by simulations that the margin to occurrence in an unstable power swing is left sufficient even if the parameters deviate somewhat from the present magnitudes.     

Study of a future metropolitan electric network adapted to introduction of cryogenic high-power cables

The authors have investigated the operational feasibility of a future metropolitan electric power system associated with highly densified cryogenic cables. A new concept of power system configuration with cryogenic cables and its operation have been proposed. Three different models of future power transmission systems in large cities of Japan have been constructed as the background systems prior to introduction of cryogenic cables in the 21st century. This paper considers one of the three models which is characterized by its conventional transmission system constructed mainly by 154-kV transmission lines stepping down directly from the 500-kV outer ring without any intermediate voltage class. This paper also discusses whether or not the power system model will be operated effectively together with cryogenic cables to supply demands forecasted in the period subsequent to the first decade of the 21st century. The computer simulations are carried out to obtain power flow and bus voltage distributions for a peak load period as well as for an off-peak one in the power system model. These simulations reveal that the conventional background power system should be arranged very carefully before introducing the cryogenic cables to facilitate their operations. (1) On a contingent trip of a cryogenic cable in the peak in the peak load period, not all bus voltages are expected to be kept within a tolerant zone due to the high impedance of 154-kV conventional transmission lines in the power system model. (2) Thus it is proposed that the background conventional system prior to introduction of cryogenic cables should be developed not only by extension of 154-kV conventional transmission lines but also by introduction of 275-kV lines. (3) Bus voltage rises induced in the off-peak load period are reduced by effective utilization of 275-kV conventional transmission lines.     

Insulating materials evaluation for Cold Dielectric superconducting cables

The realisation of the so-called "cold dielectric" cable, where the insulation is kept at a cryogenic temperature, entails the choice of an optimised insulation system, with properties that are the best compromise between physical-electrical characteristics and design requirements. To this purpose, a specific study was planned to qualify different materials. On the basis of literature results, mostly carried out at liquid helium temperature, polypropylene laminate (PPL), paper, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fiber and ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) were chosen as potential candidates for the final use in liquid nitrogen. Electrical properties of materials were evaluated and compared by means of different models. Flat and cylindrical models were used to characterise the intrinsic properties of materials and determine the impact of the technological processes, respectively. Short term and long term tests were carried out at liquid nitrogen temperature and at different absolute pressures for the evaluation of electrical endurance. As far as short term tests are concerned, AC and lightning impulse (LI) breakdown step tests were performed. Long term tests were carried out under AC field; furthermore, power factor and partial discharge measurements were made to evaluate the impregnation process. The results of the whole testing procedure indicate that PPL shows the best behaviour for the application at cryogenic temperature in a superconducting cable.     

单芯电缆线芯温度的非线性有限元法实时计算

考虑电缆材料热性参数是温度的函数及忽略热量沿着线芯轴向传输所造成的线芯温度计算误差,为提高电缆线芯温度计算的精度,提出基于非线性有限单元法计算电缆导体的温度。研究电缆导体径向、轴向温度梯度以及热量扩散规律,分析运行电流、外界环境温度等因素对电缆线芯轴向、径向温度分布的影响。根据传热学原理,研究电缆热性参数随温度变化对电缆导体温度的影响,建立电缆导体温度计算三维非线性有限元模型,并通过实验数据对非线性有限元模型进行验证和修正。实验和有限元仿真的对比表明：忽略电缆热量沿着轴向传输以及热性参数的改变会造成线芯温度计算误差;所提出的电缆导体温度实时计算非线性有限元模型的有效性,为高温下运行电缆导体温度监测与负荷预测奠定了基础。     

ac treeing of ethylene-propylene rubber in cryogenic temperature region

The authors have proved that ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) is suitable for the solid electrical insulating material of superconducting and cryoresistive cables due to its excellent mechanical and good electrical properties. It is imperative to study the treeing resistivity of EPR in view of long-term reliability as a cable insulator. The objectives of this paper are to establish an ac treeing test method of opaque EPR samples with fillers and to examine the treeing resistivity of EPR at both liquid-nitrogen and room temperatures and the effect of fillers on treeing resistivity. It was found that EPR has enough resistance to ac treeing at liquid-nitrogen temperature and that fillers improve ac treeing resistivity slightly. High reliability of EPR insulation is expected during long-term operation at cryogenic temperature.     

基于电容串联式的新型振荡波测试系统的研究

传统直流激励式振荡波容易对电缆形成空间电荷。为解决直流加压对电缆造成损伤这一隐患,提出一种新的振荡波电源结构,分析了电容串联式振荡波电路的加压过程然后利用Multisim软件进行仿真并结合仿真数据,确定其理论的可行性。以实验室10 k V交联聚乙烯电缆为研究对象,设计电容串联式振荡波实验平台并开展新型振荡波局部放电实验,进一步结合仿真与实验数据验证电压波形的正确性以及与传统加压方式的等效性。实验结果表明,新型振荡波电路能够有效避免电缆在测试过程中产生空间电荷,能有效检测出电缆中缺陷的局部放电,可以替代传统的振荡波测试方法。     

Measures against creepage of 275 kV HPFF cable

Theoretical and experimental work was done to find a way to prevent cable movement in underground cable splices, and an attempt was made to cope with the phenomenon known as creepage. By anchoring the cable to the splice, residual pulling tension, thermal stress, and creepage was counteracted. To prevent cable movement the cable was reinforced with stainless steel tension members that keep the cable in position by a spring action. Cable creepage is analyzed, and the cable and splice design is described. Following satisfactory demonstration in field tests, a 275 kV high-pressure fluid-filled (HPFF) cable incorporating the new splices was used in a newly installed HPFF cable line     

Fehlerabschätzung bei Kryostromkomparatoren

Übersicht In Kryostromkomparatoren werden die Erregerwicklungen von dem Detektorsystem, durch eine supraleitende Schirmanordnung getrennt. Ausgehend von einem supraleitenden Doppelzylinder als, Schirmkonfiguration wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Komparatorfehler bei Gleichstrombetrieb in Abhängigkeit von den geometrischen Parametern berechnet. Über entsprechende Fehlermessungen an Kryostromkomparatoren, bei denen die Parameter in gleicher Weise variiert wurden, wird berichtet. Theoretische und experimentelle Ergebnisse zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung.

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Contents In cryogenic current comparators the ratio windings are separated from the detector system by a superconducting shield arrangement. In this paper the dc error of cryogenic current comparators is computed as a function of the geometric parameters, where at a superconducting double cylinder is taken as shield configuration. Corresponding error measurements on cryogenic current comparators, whose parameters were varied in the same manner, are reported. Theoretical and experimental results show a good agreement.

     

铠装回路串联电阻对110 kV海底电缆热效应影响的试验研究

以110 kV单芯海底电力电缆为研究对象,建立了电缆暂态热路模型。结合铅包和铠装损耗的影响,得出导体稳态温度的计算公式。从降低海缆热量产生的角度出发,结合生产实际,设想在铅包铠装回路串入一定阻值的电阻器。根据电缆设计规范及被试海缆的实际情况选择合适的电阻器。基于海缆热循环试验系统,在不同工况下对被试海缆进行通流试验。通过对实验数据的分析与比较,证明了该方法能够有效降低海缆的损耗与导体的稳态温升,提高了海缆的载流量。     

磁性不锈钢丝编织铠装损耗的实验研究

本文介绍了上海电缆研究所对单芯交联聚乙烯电力电缆的磁性不锈钢丝编织铠装损耗开展的实验研究和理论计算 ,证明磁性不锈钢丝编织铠装的损耗可达铜损耗的 1 .9倍 ,降低了电缆允许的载流量。该实验研究为工程应用提供了依据     

海底高压动力电缆在线监测技术与实验研究

海底动力电缆经常出现故障,为探索寻找电缆监测技术方法,分析了胜利油田埕岛海域海底动力电缆多次出现短路故障的可能原因和产生故障的机理,并由此提出了采用基于BOTDR技术的分布式光纤传感系统监测电缆所受外力变化和监测电缆内部温度变化的技术,以及应用局部放电检测技术监测电缆绝缘破损后放电现象。电缆截面温度场和电缆外表受力的数值模拟分布式光纤传感监测电缆内部不同温度和外部受力变形的实验,以及电缆绝缘破损后的局部放电监测证明,所研究的方法可较好地在线监测动力电缆的工作状态,能有效监测和预测海底高压动力电缆运行中的主要故障,该研究可对海洋动力电缆的健康运行与维护提供一种技术方法。     

基于ART2A-E的交叉互联XLPE电缆绝缘在线诊断技术研究

研究110 kV及以上电压等级的XLPE电缆绝缘的在线监测与诊断技术,确保电缆的安全可靠运行具有重要意义。笔者根据屏蔽层交叉互联接地XLPE电缆在线监测的特点,提出了基于ART2A-E(Adaptive Resonance Theory)神经网络的交叉互联电缆绝缘在线诊断方法。首先,通过分析电缆绝缘老化的特点以及电缆加速老化的实验结果,建立交叉互联XLPE电缆的仿真模型。然后,计算首末端A、B、C三相接地线电流与电缆初始安装时的接地线电流幅值和相位的相对劣化度得到12个特征量,并以此特征量作为ART2A-E的输入样本进行模式识别。仿真实验结果表明,ART2A-E神经网络可以识别发生在交叉互联中的任意一段电缆的绝缘故障,为交叉互联电缆的绝缘在线诊断开辟了新的途径。     

基于视在波速的电缆故障行波测距法

在电缆故障行波测距法中,行波在传输过程中会发生畸变,甚至出现反射行波真实起始点被噪声淹没而 不能探测的现象,故用反射波上升沿中间段部分数据拟合出的二次曲线与坐标轴交点为视在起始点,用最小二乘 法建立电缆故障点距离与视在起始点之间的联系。由于视在起始点受噪声的影响比较小,且视在波速来自实验数 据的曲线拟合,故测距精度较高(误差<2m)。     

高压电缆接头界面压力测试研究

为准确测量高压电缆接头的界面压力以保障接头电气性能良好,设计了橡胶件界面压力测试装置,它采用一个与电缆外径相同的铝质薄壁管,在内部粘贴应变片,用电测法测量橡胶件施加载荷时内壳壁的应变量,再利用有限元分析获得外壁界面压力值。结果表明,设计的测试装置可操作性良好,测试精度满足要求。     

Research and development of electrical insulation ofsuperconducting cables by extruded polymers

This is a review to show the importance of electrical insulation in ac superconducting cables. An attractive superconducting cable has to be designed for the voltage range of 60-270 kV. Therefore, a reliable insulation design is imperative. Two types of insulation have been compared. One is composite insulation, namely laminar paper or plastic tape, impregnated with coolant. The other is solid insulation of extruded polymer on the conductor. The composite insulation has a lengthy history and, in the constructions to date, has been the insulation design used for superconducting cables. Some prototype superconducting cables with this type of insulation have been developed and successfully tested. However, the partial discharge in butt gaps may affect their long-term reliability. The solid insulation, on the other hand, can separate the coolant from the electrical insulation and can exploit the benefit of the super electrical insulation characteristics of polymers in the cryogenic region. Some attempts have been made to use this design with liquid nitrogen and liquid helium. One example incorporating extruded ethylenepropylene rubber (EPR) for insulation was found to satisfactorily go through the cool-down to a liquid helium temperature and to endure the simultaneous voltage and current tests. EPR, and possibly some other polymers, seem to be promising materials for solid insulation in the cryogenic region     

根据导体温升特性实现高压单芯电缆动态增容的实验研究

为了动态增加运行电缆的输送容量,在分析动态增加运行电缆输送容量的必要性后提出了实现电缆动态增容的方法,并模拟电缆的隧道敷设环境设计了110kV交联聚乙烯单芯电缆的正常负荷、满负荷、超负荷等阶跃电流温升实验。分析发现:实验得到的电缆导体温升时间与理论计算得到的导体温升时间基本相符;电缆增加的容量在电缆正常负荷运行范围内,根据供电需求可以长时间对电缆进行动态增容;电缆由正常容量增加到电缆满负荷运行时,在导体温升时间范围内,电缆导体温度达到的最大数值为87%额定工作温度,因此也可以根据供电需求长时间动态增加电缆的容量;电缆由正常容量增加到电缆超负荷运行时,当电缆超负荷20%,电缆运行约50%导体温升时间后,电缆导体温度才达到额定工作温度。因此,利用电缆的导体温升时间,可以动态增加电缆的输送容量,甚至可以让电缆处于满负荷或者超负荷的运行状态。这对电缆线路负荷优化、电力调度以及相关工程实践具有参考意义。     

High Frequency Loss From Neutral Wire-Shield Interaction of Shielded Power Cable

The conductor and ground shield layers of shielded distribution cable provide a smooth interface between conductors and insulation. Their semiconducting nature causes attenuation of high frequencies which propagate down the cable, as the high frequency displacement current flows through the shield layers and, in the case of concentric neutral cable, in a circumferential direction through the ground shield to a neutral wire. Such attenuation is relevant to partial discharge detection and the use of shielded power cable for wideband communications. This paper discusses the high frequency attenuation in concentric neutral shielded power cable and develops an analytic approximation for predicting high frequency attenuation which is compared with finite element computations and experimental data.     

Interaction of drive modulation and cable parameters on AC motortransients

This paper investigates overvoltage transients on AC induction motors when connected through a cable of arbitrary length to a variable frequency drive (VFD) consisting of a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power devices. Factors contributing to a motor overvoltage transient equal to a theoretical twice DC bus voltage are first described using existing transmission line analysis. A critical cable distance I_c is defined where this 2-pu overvoltage occurs. However, literature is lacking on flow motor voltage transients >2-pu bus voltage and up to 3-4 pu are generated. This phenomenon is observed on all PWM inverters with output cable lengths greater than l_c distance. Contributing factors to the >2-pu overvoltage phenomenon are investigated by exploring the complex interaction between drive modulation techniques, carrier frequency selected, cable natural frequency of oscillation, cable high-frequency damping losses, and, to a lesser extent, inverter output rise time. Theoretical calculations of cable frequency and damping are correlated with simulation and experimental results. Novel modifications to the PWM modulator, as well as external hardware apparatus, are proposed solutions to the >2-pu overvoltage problem; both are simulated and experimentally confirmed