啤酒废酵母制备1,6-二磷酸果糖的研究

啤酒废酵母生产1,6-二磷酸果糖发酵工艺进行了试验性探讨。正交试验结果表明,啤酒废酵母发酵生产FDP的最佳工艺参数为:发酵体系中葡萄糖的加量为0.5mol/L、无机磷的浓度为0.4mol/L、pH6.5、转化时间6h。     

SOLUBILIZATION OF PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE FROM THE PARTICULATE FRACTION OF CHICKEN MUSCLE

The particulate fraction of chicken breast muscle (pH 6.5–6.7) contained 99% of the phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity. A dramatic shift from the particulate to the soluble form occurred at pH 7.05±0.10. ATP and MgATP were effective solubilizers of PFK at pH 6.7. ADP appeared to be converted to a solubilizer of PFK after incubation in the crude system. Cyclic AMP and AMP were not effective solubilizers at pH 6.7. The solubilization by ATP was dependent on the concentration of the nucleotide and could be prevented by lowering the pH to 6.0. Pyruvate, fructose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1, 6-diphosphate, glucose-1, 6-diphosphate, 2-phosphoglycerate, 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate and pyrophosphate were not effective solubilizers at pH 6.7 at the concentrations tested.     

Comparison of techniques for measurement of rumen pH in lactating dairy cows

Subacute rumen acidosis is thought to be a common condition in early lactating dairy cattle; however, diagnosis is difficult. There are currently only two techniques available for measuring rumen pH under field conditions: rumenocentesis and oral stomach tube. Sixteen rumen-fistulated cows were sampled in four sites of the rumen (cranial-ventral, caudal-ventral, central, and cranial-dorsal) with a rumen cannula. Rumen pH results were compared to those obtained at the same time with rumenocentesis and with an oro-ruminal (Geishauser) probe. Rumen fluid was obtained between 6 and 12 wk of lactation. Samples were analyzed for pH, lactate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Rumen pH results were also compared to those obtained from 24-h continuous rumen pH measurement using indwelling rumen pH probes. Oro-ruminal probe samples had the highest pH values and the highest bicarbonate concentrations. Rumenocentesis samples had the lowest pH values and the lowest bicarbonate concentrations. Small differences in electrolyte concentrations were noted among rumen fluid collection techniques in the different rumen sites. The highest correlations of rumen pH were obtained between rumenocentesis and rumen cannulation (cranial-ventral), and between rumen cannulation (cranial-ventral) and the 24-h indwelling pH meter. Compared with samples obtained from the cranial-ventral rumen, rumenocentesis was more sensitive than the oro-ruminal probe in the measurement of low rumen pH; both techniques were moderately specific. The most accurate field technique was rumenocentesis. Improved field techniques are required for better on-farm diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis.     

Effect of pH and energy spilling on bacterial protein synthesis by carbohydrate-limited cultures of mixed rumen bacteria

Rumen contents were obtained from a cow fed 2.5 kg concentrates and 2.5 kg timothy hay twice daily, and the mixed rumen bacterial inoculum (pH 6.3) was separated from large feed particles and protozoa by centrifugation. Bacteria were incubated in artificial media at pH 6.7 and 6.0. When starch, sucrose, cellobiose, xylan, pectin, or a mix of carbohydrates were provided to pH 6.7 incubations at 1 mM/h for 10 h, fermentation was carbohydrate-limited, less than 20% of the carbohydrate was converted to lactate, molar ratio of methane to hexose fermented was as great as 49%, and pH remained constant. When initial pH was lowered to 6.0, methane production was nearly eliminated, volatile fatty acid production was reduced, and there was a small decrease (less than .5) in final pH. At pH 6.0, lactate production was increased in all incubations except xylan and pectin, and pH had a greater effect on acid production than the type of carbohydrate provided. Bacterial protein synthesis was reduced 34 to 69% when initial pH was 6.0, but these reductions were greater than decreases in carbohydrate utilization, increases in lactate, and associated decreases in adenosine 5'-triphosphate production. Because less adenosine 5'-triphosphate was used for protein synthesis, it appeared that low pH diverted energy to nongrowth functions.     

Acetate and ethanol production from H2 and CO2 by Moorella sp. using a repeated batch culture

The growth inhibition of Moorella sp. HUC22-1 by undissociated acetic acid was analyzed using a non-competitive inhibition model coupled with a pH inhibition model. In the cells grown on H2 and CO2, the inhibition constant, K(p) of the undissociated acetic acid was 6.2 mM (164 mM as the total acetate at pH 6.2, pKa = 4.795, 55 degrees C), which was 1.5-fold higher than that obtained in cells grown on fructose. When a pH-controlled batch culture was performed using a fermentor at pH 6.2 with H2 and CO2, a maximum of 0.92 g/l of dry cell weight and 339 mM of acetate were produced after 220 h, which were 4.4- and 6.8-fold higher than those produced in the pH-uncontrolled batch culture, respectively. In order to reduce acetate inhibition in the culture medium, a repeated batch culture with cell recycling was performed at a constant pH with H2 and CO2. At a pH of 6.2, the total acetate production reached 840 mmol/l-reactor with 4.7 mmol/l-reactor of total ethanol production after 420 h. When the culture pH was maintained at 5.8, which was the optimum for ethanol production, the total ethanol production reached 15.4 mmol/l-reactor after 430 h, although the total acetate production was decreased to 675 mmol/l-reactor.     

Technical note: Changes in rumen mucosa thickness measured by transabdominal ultrasound as a noninvasive method to diagnose subacute rumen acidosis in dairy cows

Feeding high-grain diets leads to the release and accumulation of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen. The subsequent prolonged decline in ruminal pH can lead to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids can cause proliferation of rumen papillae to increase absorption surface, subsequently leading to a thickening of the rumen mucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of continuous measurements of the rumen mucosa thickness (RMT) as a diagnostic tool for SARA in dairy cows compared with continuous measurements of ruminal pH. The study used 6 lactating Simmental cows switched from a moderate-grain (MG) diet with 40% concentrate (dry matter basis) for 1 wk to a high-grain (HG) diet with 60% concentrate (dry matter basis) for 4 wk. Reticuloruminal pH was recorded with indwelling sensors throughout the trial. Rumen mucosa thickness was measured by transabdominal ultrasound at 4 d during the MG diet and 23 d during the HG diet. Mean RMT increased from 4.7 ± 0.19 mm in the MG diet to 5.3 ± 0.17 mm in the HG diet, whereas daily mean reticular pH decreased from 6.8 ± 0.01 in the MG diet to 6.5 ± 0.01 in the HG diet. Older cows (>3 lactations) had increased RMT, associated with higher reticular pH throughout the experiment. The higher RMT and pH level in older cows underlines their lesser susceptibility to SARA during high-grain feeding. In conclusion, RMT can successfully be measured using linear ultrasound probes, commonly used by veterinary practitioners as rectal probes. By combining noninvasive RMT measurements with the lactation number of the individual cows in a herd, this study suggests that RMT is a viable option for diagnosing SARA. Further research, using a larger number of cows with different lactations numbers, is needed to establish a cut-off RMT indicating the risk of SARA.     

1,6-二磷酸果糖二钙的提取研究

该文重点论述了1,6-二磷酸果糖二钙的提取工艺,得出最佳工艺条件为:1L发酵液中加1.0mol的氯化钙,体系pH为8.5,酸洗pH为1.5,碱沉pH为8.5。红外光谱显示,此工艺提取的产品为1,6-二磷酸果糖二钙,提取率为68％。     

牛链球菌L-(+)-乳酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中表达

利用PCR方法从牛链球菌(Streptococcus bovis)基因组DNA中扩增出了L(+)乳酸脱氢酶基因(ldh),并将其连接到表达载体pSE380上,得到重组质粒pSEldh,将重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌菌株JM109。利用SDS-PAGE分析ldh表达产物的分子量为36KD,重组菌株的乳酸脱氢酶酶活力为168.2U/mL,最适反应温度25℃,最适作用pH为5.0,重组质粒的稳定性达99.9%。     

2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone as a secondary metabolite from D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate metabolism by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii

2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF) is an important aroma compound found in many fruits such as strawberries and pineapples and it is also produced by the soy-sauce-fermenting yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii after the addition of d-fructose-1,6-diphosphate to yeast-peptone-dextrose nutrient media. Dilute DMHF solutions exhibit a strawberry-like flavor while DMHF concentrates have a caramel-like aroma. In media containing D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate as the sole carbon source, growth of Z. rouxii and formation of DMHF were not observed. Although Z. rouxii cells grew in media with D-glucose as the sole carbon source, DMHF was only produced when media were supplemented with D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate. The DMHF concentration always correlated with the yeast cell count and D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate concentration. Addition of CaCl2 (up to 50 g.l(-1)) led to a higher DMHF concentration. Addition of Na2SO3 reduced the growth of Z. rouxii and inhibited DMHF formation. The amount of DMHF formed by Z. rouxii was not significantly affected by the addition of KH2PO4. DMHF concentrations of 5 and 10 g.l(-1) partially and completely inhibited the growth of Z. rouxii cells, respectively. Only the singly labeled furanone was formed after the addition of 1-13C-D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate to the medium. However, unlabeled DMHF was formed in the presence of (13)C(6)-D-glucose. Therefore, the carbons of the furanone originate exclusively from exogenously supplied D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate as no exchange with the internal pool of D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate occurs. This implies that DMHF is a secondary metabolite of Z. rouxii formed from D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate. We assume that at least the first step of the metabolism of D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate takes place in the cell wall or membrane of the yeast.     

Development of a fed-batch culture process for enhanced production of recombinant human antithrombin by Chinese hamster ovary cells

Antithrombin is a serine protease inhibitor that inactivates several coagulation proteases, primarily thrombin and factor Xa. The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line transfected with a vector expressing recombinant human antithrombin (rAT) and a selectable marker, glutamine synthetase (GS), was cultivated in a 2-l fed-batch culture process using serum-free, glutamine-free medium. To maximize the rAT yield, effects of culture pH, balanced amino acid feeding, and an increased glutamate concentration on cell metabolism and rAT production were investigated. When cells were grown at pH values of 6.6, 6.8, 7.0, and 7.2, the maximum cell density and maximum lactate concentration decreased with decreasing pH. The highest production level of rAT was obtained at culture pH 6.8 due to the extended culture lifetime. Compared to the imbalanced amino acid feeding at culture pH 6.8, the balanced amino acid feeding increased the amount of rAT activity by 30% as a result of an increased viable cell number. A decrease in the specific glucose consumption rate (q(Glc)) with increasing culture time was observed in all the above-mentioned experiments, while the glucose concentration was maintained above 0.7 g l(-1). In addition, a decrease in the specific rAT production rate (q(rAT)) was observed after the depletion of lactate in the late cultivation stage. Taken together, these results suggest that the reduced availability of cellular energy caused by the decrease in q(Glc) and depletion of lactate led to the decrease in q(rAT). This decrease in q(rAT) was partially prevented by increasing the residual glutamate concentration from 1 mM to 7 mM, thus resulting in an additional 30% increase in the amount of rAT activity. The optimized fed-batch culture process yielded 1.0 g l(-1) rAT at 287 h of cultivation.     

Compositions and characteristics of strains of Streptococcus bovis

Streptococcus bovis strains JB1, 26, 581AXY2, 21096C, and 45S1 grew on glucose, maltose, starch, sucrose, cellobiose, and lactose. None of these strains grew on xylose or ribose, but arabinose was a suitable energy source for strains 2109C and K27FF4. All strains grew at 45 degrees C, but incubation at 50 degrees C prevented growth. Growth was permitted in 2% sodium chloride, but 6.5% sodium chloride was inhibitory. Doubling times ranged from 24 to 27 min, and final pH on glucose was approximately 4.6. None of the strains had a requirement for amino acids, and growth was rapid in media containing glucose salts and B vitamins. There was no ammonia production from arginine. All strains showed aminoendopeptidase activity, but there was considerable strain variation. Strain 7H4, reported as Streptococcus bovis, was noticeably different from the other six strains. It had a doubling time that was more than four times as long, and it grew poorly on starch or in the absence of an amino acid source. Six-and-a-half percent sodium chloride was not inhibitory, and it produced ammonia from arginine. Cell morphology was coccoid rather than ovoid. Based on these criteria, classification of strain 7H4 as Streptococcus bovis seemed doubtful. Other experiments with strain 7H4 indicated that Streptococcus bovis was devoid of diaminopimelic acid. In these experiments strain 7H4 contained significant diaminopimelic acid. The six Streptococcus bovis strains all contained diaminopimelic acid as well, but concentration varied.     

Modeling of off-feed periods caused by subacute acidosis in intensive lactating ruminants: Application to goats

Off-feed periods caused by subacute rumen acidosis are often observed in intensive ruminant production systems but appear in an unpredictable manner. The objectives of this paper were first, to study the influence of spontaneous off-feed periods due to bouts of acidosis on milk composition and on some rumen and blood parameters and second, to model the day-to-day variations in rumen pH, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk production during these bouts of acidosis. Twenty-five spontaneous off-feed periods were detected in an experiment performed in 18 mid-lactating goats fed a high concentrate diet over 11 wk. Dry matter intake, milk production, and rumen pH were measured daily during the experiment, which allowed us to model the day-to-day evolution of these 3 parameters during spontaneous bouts of acidosis. Bouts started with a very rapid pH decrease (1 d) followed by several days of relatively high rumen pH (>6.5) before recovery of preacidosis values. The pH decrease was followed by a decrease in DMI, reaching a nadir around 2 d after the start of the episode, and a milk yield decrease, reaching a nadir 3 d after the beginning of the episode. The high rumen pH was caused by the relatively small decrease in daily chewing time during the decrease in DMI. Therefore, chewing time per unit of DMI increased, which probably increased the buffer supply per unit of DMI. Dry matter intake and milk yield needed around 20 d to recover to preacidosis values. Energy balance also decreased during DMI and milk yield decreases but recovered more rapidly than DMI and milk yield. However, energy balance cumulated from the start of the bout of acidosis remained negative for more than 10 d. Milk composition and rumen and blood parameters were not measured daily and therefore could not be used in the modeling process. However, during off-feed periods, milk fat and protein contents were negatively correlated with DMI, whereas milk lactose content was positively correlated with DMI. Low DMI was also linked to low blood pH, bicarbonates, and low rumen volatile fatty acids but high levels of plasma nonesterified fatty acids. This indicates that rumen fermentation was reduced and body reserves were mobilized during bouts of acidosis. This analysis showed that spontaneous bouts of acidosis in intensively reared dairy ruminants can have a great influence on animal production and health over at least 3 wk, and can thus represent an important economic loss.     

藏灵菇源乳酸菌复合发酵剂分批发酵条件的优化

利用筛选自藏灵菇产胆盐水解酶的干酪乳杆菌J1、嗜热链球菌Tx和乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种P5研究发酵条件与生长因子对酸奶复合发酵剂活菌数及球杆菌比例的影响。采用5L自动发酵罐进行四因素三水平(L9(34))正交试验,确定分批发酵的优化条件。结果表明：在发酵温度40℃、发酵液pH6.5、发酵时间6h的条件下,以5%胡萝卜汁为生长因子时,复合发酵剂活菌数最高,为6.7×109CFU/mL。在此优化条件下,发酵剂的活菌数是优化前的近70倍。     

Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of several essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation. In the first experiment, 4 doses (5, 50, 500, and 5,000 mg/L) of 5 essential oil compounds were evaluated using in vitro 24-h batch culture of rumen fluid with a 60:40 forage:concentrate diet (18% crude protein; 30% neutral detergent fiber). Treatments were control (CON), eugenol (EUG), guaiacol, limonene, thymol (THY), and vanillin. After 24 h, the pH was determined, and samples were collected to analyze ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The highest dose of all compounds decreased total VFA concentration and increased the final pH. Eugenol at 5 mg/L tended to reduce the proportion of acetate and the acetate to propionate ratio, at 50 and 500 mg/L tended to reduce ammonia N concentration, and at 500 mg/L reduced the proportion of propionate and branched-chain VFA concentration, without affecting total VFA concentration. All other treatments had minor effects or changes occurred only after total VFA concentration decreased. In the second experiment, 8 dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (1,320 mL) were used in 3 replicated periods (6 d of adaptation and 3 d of sampling) to study the effects of THY and EUG on rumen microbial fermentation. Fermenters were fed 95 g/d of DM of a 60:40 forage:concentrate diet (18% crude protein; 30% neutral detergent fiber). Treatments were CON, 10 mg/L of monensin (positive control), and 5, 50, or 500 mg/L of THY and EUG, and were randomly assigned to fermenters within periods. During the last 3 d of each period, samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after the morning feeding and analyzed for peptides, amino acids, and ammonia N concentrations, and total and individual VFA concentrations. Monensin changed the VFA profile as expected, but inhibited nutrient digestion. Eugenol and THY decreased total VFA concentration and changed the VFA profile, and only 5 mg/L of THY tended to reduce the proportion of acetate, increased the proportion of butyrate, and increased the large peptides N concentration without decreasing total VFA concentration. Most of these essential oil compounds demonstrated their antimicrobial activity by decreasing total VFA concentration at high doses. However, EUG in batch fermentation and 5 mg/L of THY in continuous culture modified the VFA profile without decreasing total VFA concentration, and EUG in batch fermentation decreased ammonia N concentration.     

Effect of acarbose on acute acidosis

A challenge model was used to evaluate a new approach to controlling acute acidosis. Acute acidosis reduces performance in both dairy and beef cattle and most often occurs as a consequence of ingestion of large amounts of readily fermentable starch, resulting in increased production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid and a reduction in ruminal pH. Acarbose is an α-amylase and glucosidase inhibitor that slows the rate of degradation of starch to glucose, thereby reducing the rate of VFA production and maintaining rumen pH at a more stable level. It is commercially available (Glucobay, Bayer, Wuppertal, Germany) and indicated for the control of blood glucose in diabetic patients. The ability of acarbose to reduce the incidence of acidosis and the comparative efficacies of acarbose, sodium bicarbonate, and monensin were tested in 3 acute acidosis challenge experiments in cattle. Rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were challenged with a mixture of 48.4% cornstarch, 48.4% ground corn, 2.1% sodium caseinate, and 1.1% urea with or without test substance. The challenge was administered at a rate of 12.5 g/kg of body weight (BW) as a slurry through the cannula directly into the rumen. Ruminal pH was monitored at 10-min intervals throughout the study. Animals were removed from study and rumen contents replaced if they exhibited acute acidosis as defined as pH <4.5. If acidosis was not observed within 24 h, animals were subjected to a second challenge. Ruminal fluid samples were taken for measurement of VFA and lactate concentrations at various intervals after the challenge. In experiment 1, the carbohydrate challenge induced acidosis in 4 of 4 control animals and 0 of 4 animals treated with 2.14 or 21.4 mg of acarbose/kg of BW in the challenge based on the criterion of pH <4.5. In experiment 2, the carbohydrate challenge induced acidosis in 4 of 7 control animals and 1 of 7 animals when 1.07 mg of acarbose/kg of BW was included in the challenge. In experiment 3, acidosis was induced in 7 of 7 animals in the control, 1% sodium bicarbonate, and 12 mg of monensin/kg of dry matter intake groups and in 3 of 8 steers administered 1.07 mg of acarbose/kg of BW in the challenge. Increases in lactate concentrations and decreases in total VFA associated with acute acidosis were mitigated by acarbose. Thus, acarbose, an amylase and glucosidase inhibitor, prevented or reduced the incidence of acidosis in an acute challenge model in steers and was more effective than monensin or sodium bicarbonate.     

Glucose prevents citrate metabolism by enterococci

Enterococcus faecalis FAIR E-239, growing on glucose plus citrate, metabolized citrate at pH 6.5 or 7.5, but only when glucose had been exhausted; it did not metabolize citrate at pH 5.5 or 8.5. When grown on citrate only, the strain metabolized citrate at all pH values, and two growth rates were apparent. Citrate was mainly metabolized during the second, much slower growth rate. Glucose also inhibited citrate metabolism by E. faecalis FAIR E-237 and FAIR E-259 and Enterococcus faecium FAIR E-338 and FAIR E-371. Glucose-grown resting cells were unable to metabolize citrate. Citrate-grown resting cells had a pH optimum of 4.7 for citrate metabolism but also metabolized significant amounts of citrate at pH 4.2 and 6.5. Resting stationary phase cells used citrate more rapidly than resting log phase cells. Citrate metabolism was faster at citrate levels <10 mM than above 10 mM. These results suggest that some form of catabolite repression is occurring.     

Dilution rate and pH effects on the conversion of oleic acid to trans C18:1 positional isomers in continuous culture

In a previous in vitro study, mixed ruminal microorganisms converted oleic acid to a variety of trans monenes when grown in batch cultures under constant environmental conditions. To determine whether a similar conversion occurs under environmental conditions more typical of the rumen, conversion of ¹³C-labeled oleic acid to biohydrogenation intermediates was determined in ruminal microorganisms grown in continuous culture at two pH (5.5 and 6.5) and liquid dilution rates (0.05 and 0.10/h) arranged factorially. After each morning feeding of the dual-flow continuous cultures, 250 mg of oleic acid in 5 mL of ethanol were injected into each culture. On d 10, 250 mg of oleic-1-¹³C replaced the unlabelled oleic acid in ethanol. Trans fatty acids were isolated from culture samples by solid phase extraction, and ¹³C enrichment and identity of double bond position was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. At pH 6.5 and 0.10/h dilution rate, ¹³C enrichment was detected in all trans-C_18:1 isomers having double bond positions from C₆ through C₁₆ in the acyl chain. However, when pH or dilution rate in fermentors was lowered, no ¹³C enrichment was detected in any trans isomer with a double bond position beyond C₁₀. Enrichment in stearic acid increased by reducing culture pH from 6.5 to 5.5, but decreased when dilution rate dropped from 0.10 to 0.05/h. The stearic acid carbons that originated from oleic acid biohydrogenation increased from 30 to 72% when pH dropped from 6.5 to 5.5. The ¹³C enrichment of trans-10 was reduced under low pH and dilution rate conditions. The results of this study confirm that ruminal microorganisms are capable of converting oleic acid to a wide variety of trans-C_18:1 positional isomers when ruminal conditions are favorable (such as the pH 6.5 and 0.10/h dilution rate treatment). However, at low pH and dilution rate, the conversion of oleic acid to trans-C_18:1 still occurs, but positional isomers produced are restricted to double bond positions from C₆ to C₁₀. Low pH conditions also increased the conversion of oleic acid to stearic acid.     

Effect of Lasalocid or Monensin on Lactate Production From In Vitro Rumen Fermentation of Various Carbohydrates,

Lasalocid and monensin effectively reduced the lactate produced during in vitro fermentation of various sugars and ground grains with rumen fluid from either hay- or grain-fed cattle. The minimum effective dose was 6 μg/ml. Both lasalocid and monensin at 6 μg/ml reduced the fermentation rate of glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactate, mannose, ground corn, ground sorghum, and ground wheat, and raised the pH and substantially lowered lactate concentration compared with controls. Although both antibiotics decreased total lactate production, the proportion of D(?) lactate to L(+) lactate increased. Apparently both antibiotics were less inhibitory to the formation of D(?) than to L(+) lactate isomer. Lasalocid was more effective than monensin in inhibiting lactate production except when rumen fluid from grain-fed cattle was used in fermentation.     

Changes in sugar phosphate and lactate concentration in trawled cod (Gadus callarias) muscle during frozen storage

The concentrations of glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose monophosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, pentose phosphate and lactate have been measured in the muscle of trawled cod. The effects on these compounds of storage in ice during the immediate post mortem period, of freezing at different rates pre- and post-rigor and of storage at three sub-zero temperatures for over a year have been determined.     

Effect of concentrate level on feeding behavior and rumen and blood parameters in dairy goats: Relationships between behavioral and physiological parameters and effect of between-animal variability

This work aimed first to compare 2 diets differing in their percentage of concentrate [low (LO): 30% concentrate vs. High (HI): 60% concentrate] by measuring simultaneously feeding behavior, rumen parameters, blood and plasma parameters, and milk yield and composition in 8 mid-lactation goats. The second aim was to study the interrelationships between these variables and to analyze the between-animal variability to better understand the between-animal differences in acidosis susceptibility. All of the animals received the 2 diets ad libitum as total mixed ration according to a crossover design of two 4-wk periods. Mean daily DMI was similar between the 2 diets but the variability was higher for the HI than for the LO diet. Goats produced more milk when fed the HI diet compared with the LO diet but with a lower fat:protein ratio (0.81 vs. 0.99). They ate more rapidly the HI than the LO diet but stopped eating sooner after the afternoon feed allowance, and spent less time chewing. The increase in concentrate percentage modified rumen parameters: the pH and acetate:propionate ratio decreased and total VFA, ammonia, and soluble carbohydrate concentrations increased. Hematocrit, plasma NEFA, and blood K and Ca concentrations decreased but glycemia and uremia increased. Other parameters were not modified: milk fat content, blood pH, and bicarbonate and Na concentrations. A large between-animal variability was detected for all the measured parameters, especially for feeding behavior, with important consequences on rumen and blood parameters. This work confirmed the effects of a high percentage of concentrate on feeding behavior, rumen and blood parameters, and milk production, and some known relationships such as the positive link between rumen pH and chewing index. It also pointed out other relationships between parameters seldom measured at the same time, such as rumen redox potential or blood pH and chewing index, or the negative link between blood and rumen pH. When the animals spent a lot of time chewing, they probably produced a lot of saliva that buffered the rumen pH and prevented them from suffering from subacute ruminal acidosis. However, they used part of their blood bicarbonates reserve, which might have induced metabolic acidosis, as rumen and blood pH were inversely related. This could explain why some animals suffer from acidosis and others do not in a herd receiving the same diet, and why some animals seem to suffer more from subacute ruminal acidosis and others from metabolic acidosis.