关联规则DHP算法的研究与分析

关联规则挖掘是指从数据中发现有用的信息。本文首先介绍了DHP算法的基本思想,DHP算法利用hash修剪技术,减少数据量。举例说明DHP算法的执行过程,并且对DHP的算法性能进行分析。DHP算法高效的生成频繁项目集,解决了生成频繁2-项目集 时的性能瓶颈问题。减少事务数据库大小和减少数据库扫描次数。     

基于FC—tree的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法

目前提出的频繁项目集挖掘算法大多基于Apriori算法思想,但这类算法会产生巨大的候选集并且重复扫描数据库.本文针对这一问题,给出了一种基于FC-tree的频繁闭项目集挖掘算法Max-FCIA,该算法将频繁项目集存储在哈希表中,节省了程序的搜索时间.此外,利用广度优先搜索和有效的剪枝策略,大大限制了候选项目集的生成,缩小了搜索空间从而提高了程序的性能.实验结果表明该算法是快速有效的.     

Using a hash-based method with transaction trimming for miningassociation rules

We examine the issue of mining association rules among items in a large database of sales transactions. Mining association rules means that, given a database of sales transactions, to discover all associations among items such that the presence of some items in a transaction will imply the presence of other items in the same transaction. The mining of association rules can be mapped into the problem of discovering large itemsets where a large itemset is a group of items that appear in a sufficient number of transactions. The problem of discovering large itemsets can be solved by constructing a candidate set of itemsets first, and then, identifying, within this candidate set, these itemsets that meet the large itemset requirement. Generally, this is done iteratively for each large k-itemset in increasing order of k, where a large k-itemset is a large itemset with k items. To determine large itemsets from a huge number of candidate sets in early iterations is usually the dominating factor for the overall data mining performance. To address this issue, we develop an effective algorithm for the candidate set generation. It is a hash-based algorithm and is especially effective for the generation of a candidate set for large 2-itemsets. Explicitly, the number of candidate 2-itemsets generated by the proposed algorithm is, in orders of magnitude, smaller than that by previous methods, thus resolving the performance bottleneck. Note that the generation of smaller candidate sets enables us to effectively trim the transaction database size at a much earlier stage of the iterations, thereby reducing the computational cost for later iterations significantly. The advantage of the proposed algorithm also provides us the opportunity of reducing the amount of disk I/O required. An extensive simulation study is conducted to evaluate performance of the proposed algorithm     

使用垂直数据格式挖掘频繁项集

关联规则是数据挖掘的主要技术之一,它是描述数据库中一组数据项之间的某种潜在关系的规则。关联规则挖掘算法——Apriori算法,主要过程是对频繁项集的挖掘,而在对频繁项集的挖掘中首先要生成候选频繁项集,然后再从候选集中确定出满足最小支持度计数的频繁项集,这会耗费大量的CPU开销。使用垂直数据格式挖掘频繁项集可避免候选项目集的求解。     

挖掘正相关的频繁项集

在由频繁项集产生关联规则时,利用提升度判断规则前、后件之间的正相关性可以避免产生一些无意义的关联。但是,这并不能保证规则前、后件中的项是正相关的,也不能减少挖掘频繁项集的时间开销。当规则的前件或后件存在负相关的项时,仍然可能产生无意义的关联规则。针对以上问题,基于数学期望,提出了正相关的频繁项集的概念,并改进了一种直接在FP-树中挖掘频繁项集的算法,挖掘出正相关的频繁项集,从而有效地解决以上问题。实验表明,该算法可以大幅度地减少所产生的频繁项集数量,显著地降低了挖掘频繁项集的时间开销。对于大型数据集,尤其是稠密型数据集,该算法具有良好的性能。     

基于FP-T的多层关联规则并发挖掘

现有的数据挖掘方法大致有两类：有候选项集和无候选项集,有候选项集的挖掘以Apriori算法为代表,其特点是产生大量的候选项集,重复多次扫描数据库,挖掘效率低,不适合大型数据库的挖掘。无候选项集的挖掘以FP-T方法为代表,但它不能同时挖掘多概念层的关联规则,对具有超大项ID的大型数据库,无法生成“树”结构,使用也受到限制。该文将FP-T原理引入多层关联规则的并发挖掘,通过构建一个特殊节点链的指针表,可实现超大规模数据库的并发、多层挖掘。对实现物流系统信息自动化及其它数据挖掘应用领域都具有极其重要的指导意义。     

利用Hash树生成频繁项目集的新方法

频繁项目集的生成是关联规则挖掘中的关键问题 .提出基于 Hash树的频繁项目集生成新方法 ,探讨了 Hash树中候选项目集的数据组织与建立算法 ,提出了利用 Hash树计算候选项目集支持数的算法 ,并用 Java语言实现了该算法 ,最后通过实验验证了利用 Hash树生成频繁项目集的有效性     

一种结合散列与位表挖掘频繁项目集算法

在频繁项集的挖掘中,很多算法都是基于Apriori的。这些算法有两个共同的问题:一是把整个数据库装入内存,占用大量的空间;二是在产生候选项集和计算支持度时花费了大量的时间。为了提高效率,提出了一种基于位表挖掘频繁项目集的算法Hash-BFI。按照水平和垂直的方向把数据库压缩到位表内,以大大节省内存空间。引入散列函数计算频繁二项集,完全通过AND, OR运算得到候选项集和计算候选项集支持度,并进行剪枝,从而提高了算法效率。     

Toward boosting distributed association rule mining by data de-clustering

Existing parallel algorithms for association rule mining have a large inter-site communication cost or require a large amount of space to maintain the local support counts of a large number of candidate sets. This study proposes a de-clustering approach for distributed architectures, which eliminates the inter-site communication cost, for most of the influential association rule mining algorithms. To de-cluster the database into similar partitions, an efficient algorithm is developed to approximate the shortest spanning path (SSP) to link transaction data together. The SSP obtained is then used to evenly de-cluster the transaction data into subgroups. The proposed approach guarantees that all subgroups are similar to each other and to the original group. Experiment results show that data size and the number of items are the only two factors that determine the performance of de-clustering. Additionally, based on the approach, most of the influential association rule mining algorithms can be implemented in a distributed architecture to obtain a drastic increase in speed without losing any frequent itemsets. Furthermore, the data distribution in each de-clustered participant is almost the same as that of a single site, which implies that the proposed approach can be regarded as a sampling method for distributed association rule mining. Finally, the experiment results prove that the original inadequate mining results can be improved to an almost perfect level.     

一种基于矩阵的强关联规则生成算法*

针对Apriori算法扫描数据库的I/O代价和候选项集数目较多等问题,提出一种基于矩阵的强关联规则生成算法,算法通过将事务数据库转化为0-1矩阵后对项集按照支持度计数非递减顺序排列,从而减少候选项集的产生,同时实现置信度的高效计算。通过对实例和大数据量数据库的分析表明,该方法是有效的。     

关联规则挖掘Apriori算法的改进

在对Apriori算法分析的基础上,针对该算法存在的两个缺陷,即多次扫描事务数据库和产生大量的候选数据集,提出了改进的Apriori算法。改进后的算法采用矩阵表示数据库,只扫描1次数据库,改变由低维频繁项目集到高维频繁项目集的多次连接运算,直接从高阶项目集着手寻找最大频繁项目集,从而提高了运算效率。     

Incrementally mining high utility patterns based on pre-large concept

In traditional association rule mining, most algorithms are designed to discover frequent itemsets from a binary database. Utility mining was thus proposed to measure the utility values of purchased items for revealing high utility itemsets from a quantitative database. In the past, a two-phase high utility mining algorithm was thus proposed for efficiently discovering high utility itemsets from a quantitative database. In dynamic data mining, transactions may be inserted, deleted, or modified from a database. In this case, a batch mining procedure must rescan the whole updated database to maintain the up-to-date information. Designing an efficient approach for handling dynamic databases is thus a critical research issue in utility mining. In this paper, an incremental mining algorithm is proposed for efficiently maintaining discovered high utility itemsets based on pre-large concepts. Itemsets are first partitioned into three parts according to whether they have large (high), pre-large, or small transaction-weighted utilization in the original database and in inserted transactions. Individual procedures are then executed for each part. Experimental results show that the proposed incremental high utility mining algorithm outperforms existing algorithms.     

一种挖掘free项目集的快速算法

对关联规则的挖掘是数据挖掘中一个重要的问题 .通过挖掘 free项目集来挖掘关联规则已被证明是一种十分高效的方法 .Seg Free算法将数据库分成许多分段并在这些分段中查找 free项目集 .它只耗用很小的额外内存来存储在每个分段中项目集的支持度 ,却能极大的减少项目集匹配的时间 ,而项目集匹配的时间是整个挖掘过程的瓶颈 .在真实数据集上的试验已显示了它良好的性能 .它还能使用在其他的数据挖掘任务中     

基于等价关系的关联规则挖掘算法研究

文章在现有关联规则挖掘算法的基础上,基于等价关系和等价类来生成侯选频繁项目集,它可以减少系统的开销;并利用参照数据集代替原始交易数据库进行侯选频繁项目集中支持度计数的测试,以此来减少对原始交易数据库的扫描次数。这种方法对于挖掘关联规则是有效的。     

Discovering knowledge from large databases using prestored information

In this paper, we examine the two issues of mining association rules and mining sequential patterns in a large database of sales transactions. The problems of mining association rules and mining sequential patterns focus on discovering large itemsets and large sequences, respectively. We present PSI and PSI_seq for efficient large itemsets generation and large sequences generation, respectively. The main ideas of these two algorithms are using prestored information to minimize the numbers of candidate itemsets and candidate sequences counted in each database scan. The prestored informations for PSI and PSI_seq include the itemsets and the sequences along with their support counts found in the last mining, respectively. Typically a user may require to tune the value of the minimum support many times before a set of useful association rules can be obtained from the transaction database. Using prestored information, the total computation time will be reduced effectively. Empirical results show that our approaches outperform previous methods by an order of magnitude, using little storage space for the prestored information.     

一种改进的Apriori关联规则挖掘算法（英文）

关联规则挖掘是数据挖掘中的一个重要研究内容.为了高效、快速地从事务数据库中挖掘出频繁项集,针对数据挖掘的经典关联规则Apriori算法的瓶颈问题提出了改进的方法.算法将事物数据库映射到布尔型数组中,然后所有的操作都针对数组元素值展开.这样大大减少了数据库的扫描次数.算法利用数组的随机访问特性及布尔型数据的简单"与"操作,直接产生频繁项集,而不产生大量的候选项集.经理论分析和实验结果显示该算法在效率上明显优于Apriori 算法.     

基于频繁项目集链式存储方法的关联规则算法

为了提高经典关联规则Apriori算法的挖掘效率,针对Apriori算法的瓶颈问题,提出了一种链式结构存储频繁项目集并生成最大频繁项目集的关联规则算法.该算法采用比特向量方式存储事务,生成频繁项目集的同时,把包含此频繁项目的事务作为链表连接到频繁项目之后,生成最大频繁项目集.该算法能够减小扫描事物数据库的次数和生成候选项目集的数量,从而减少了生成最大频繁项目集的时间,实验结果表明,该算法提高了运算效率.     

基于十字链表的Apriori算法的研究与改进

在关联规则挖掘中,主要的问题是如何高效地产生频繁项集。对近年来一些基于十字链表的Apriori算法进行研究和分析,发现它们的候选频繁项集生成方法有很大的改进空间。提出一个基于十字链表的改进算法,优化候选频繁项集的生成方法,减少对事务数据库的扫描,大大提高了挖掘效率。     

Extracting Share Frequent Itemsets with Infrequent Subsets

Itemset share has been proposed as an additional measure of the importance of itemsets in association rule mining (Carter et al., 1997). We compare the share and support measures to illustrate that the share measure can provide useful information about numerical values that are typically associated with transaction items, which the support measure cannot. We define the problem of finding share frequent itemsets, and show that share frequency does not have the property of downward closure when it is defined in terms of the itemset as a whole. We present algorithms that do not rely on the property of downward closure, and thus are able to find share frequent itemsets that have infrequent subsets. The algorithms use heuristic methods to generate candidate itemsets. They supplement the information contained in the set of frequent itemsets from a previous pass, with other information that is available at no additional processing cost. They count only those generated itemsets that are predicted to be frequent. The algorithms are applied to a large commercial database and their effectiveness is examined using principles of classifier evaluation from machine learning.     

挖掘关联规则中AprioriTid算法的改进

针对Apriori和AprioriTid算法中存在的项集生成瓶颈问题,提出了一种基于事务集压缩、候选项集压缩和支持度布尔矩阵的改进AprioriTid算法。该算法中通过删去不必比较的事务来有效缩减数据集;优化频繁项集的自连接方式来减少生成的候选项集个数;使用支持度布尔矩阵来加快候选项集的验证速度。实验结果表明改进算法确实能有效减少相关计算量,比已有算法执行效率明显提高,同时验证了该算法在旋转机械故障诊断中的有效性。