Integrated operation of sewer system and WWTP by simulation-based control of the WWTP inflow.

In recent years numerical modelling became a standard procedure to optimise urban wastewater systems design and operation by integration. For dynamic control of the wastewater teatment plant (WWTP) inflow, a model-based predictive concept is introduced aiming at improving the receiving water quality. An on-line simulator running parallel to the real WWTP operation reflects the actual state of operation and provides this model information to a prognosis tool which determines the best option for the WWTP inflow. The investigations showed that it is possible to reduce the NH4-N peak concentrations in the receiving water by dynamic WWTP inflow control based on predictive scenario analysis.     

Dynamic least-cost optimisation of wastewater system remedial works requirements.

In recent years, there has been increasing concern for wastewater system failure and identification of optimal set of remedial works requirements. So far, several methodologies have been developed and applied in asset management activities by various water companies worldwide, but often with limited success. In order to fill the gap, there are several research projects that have been undertaken in exploring various algorithms to optimise remedial works requirements, but mostly for drinking water supply systems, and very limited work has been carried out for the wastewater assets. Some of the major deficiencies of commonly used methods can be found in either one or more of the following aspects: inadequate representation of systems complexity, incorporation of a dynamic model into the decision-making loop, the choice of an appropriate optimisation technique and experience in applying that technique. This paper is oriented towards resolving these issues and discusses a new approach for the optimisation of wastewater systems remedial works requirements. It is proposed that the optimal problem search is performed by a global optimisation tool (with various random search algorithms) and the system performance is simulated by the hydrodynamic pipe network model. The work on assembling all required elements and the development of an appropriate interface protocols between the two tools, aimed to decode the potential remedial solutions into the pipe network model and to calculate the corresponding scenario costs, is currently underway.     

Modelling hydrogen sulphide emission in a WWTP with UASB reactor followed by aerobic biofilters.

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) represents one of the main odorant gases emitted from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and a mathematical model can be a fast and low cost tool to estimate its emission. In this work H2S emission rates in a WWTP, composed of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and an aerobic biofilter (BF), are estimated using four mathematical models available in the literature (AP-42, GPC, TOXCHEM + and WATER8). The results show that the GPC model leads to the best agreement with the experimental data, except for the biofilter due to its lack of capability to include biodegradation as a H2S removal process. On the other hand, the AP-42 and WATER8 models showed a slightly better ability to predict H2S removal in the biofilter than the TOXCHEM + model, as all models underestimate the H2S concentration decay.     

Reducing the total discharge from a large WWTP by separate treatment of primary effluent overflow.

At many large wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) the increased hydraulic load, caused by combined sewer systems during storm events, results in primary effluent overflow when the capacity of further treatment is exceeded. Due to stringent effluent standards, regulating the total discharge from the WWTPs, the Rya WWTP in G?teborg and the Sj?lunda WWTP in Malm? will have to reduce the impact of primary effluent overflow. Separate, high rate, precipitation processes operated only during high flow conditions have been investigated in pilot units at the two WWTPs. Precipitation in existing primary settlers operated at a surface loading of 3.75 m/h removed phosphorus to 0.35 mg/l. The Actiflo process was also shown to remove suspended solids and phosphorus well. BOD was reduced by 50-60%. With such processes the overall effluent concentrations from the plants can be reduced significantly. Key upgrading features are small footprints, short start up time and high efficiency.     

Dynamic response of stream temperatures to boundary and inflow perturbation due to reservoir operations

Dams and reservoir operations modify natural stream behaviour and affect the downstream characteristics such as mean temperatures and diurnal temperature amplitudes. Managing phase effects due to reservoir operation and the associated amplification of daily maximum temperatures in the downstream reaches remains a challenge. An analytical approach derived from a one‐dimensional heat advection and dispersion equation with surface heating in the form of equilibrium temperature was developed to examine the potential for restoration of natural stream temperatures. The analytical model was validated with observed temperature data collected in the Clackamas River, Oregon, and was used to highlight key downstream temperature behaviour characteristics. Mean stream temperatures below the dam are relatively stable and upon deviating from natural stream mean temperatures, return asymptotically to their natural state. In contrast, the amplitudes of daily temperature variation are highly sensitive to the phase differences induced by the dam and could nearly double in natural amplitude within the first 24 h. The analysis showed that restoring average stream temperatures to natural levels through structural and operational modifications at the dam may not be sufficient as phase‐induced temperatures maximums would continue to persist. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工业聚集型城镇排水系统监测和污水处理厂进水预警研究

为了应对工业聚集型城镇排水系统中高毒性废水对污水处理厂的冲击问题,以江苏某工业聚集型城镇的排水系统为研究对象,以水质生物毒性为核心指标,综合分析了排水系统中污染源、泵站和污水处理厂进水的水质特征.基于层次分析法建立了保障污水处理厂稳定运行的综合预警模型,并通过污水处理厂实际运行数据验证了模型的可靠性.研究结果表明,该镇...     

基于总入流概念的鄱阳湖设计洪水计算

由于受到江河湖槽自然演变和人类活动的影响,鄱阳湖出湖控制站实测资料无法满足一致性和可靠性要求,再加上湖区水情复杂、观测资料匮乏,导致设计洪水计算面临较大困难。基于入库洪水理论,引入了总入流的计算方法,对于湖区各支流控制站和无控区间来水的流量过程,只考虑传播时间的叠加,避免了对各种自然、人为因素影响的定量计算,计算结果真实反映了洪水量级与时程分配过程,满足设计洪水计算规范要求。计算成果可为鄱阳湖区综合规划、水利枢纽设计提供依据。     

Improvement of nitrogen removal at WWTP Zürich Werdh?elzli after connection of WWTP Zürich-Glatt.

Optimisation of nitrifying activated sludge plants towards nutrient removal (denitrification and enhanced P-removal) leads to a substantial reduction of operating costs and improves effluent and operating conditions. At WWTP Zürich-Werdh?elzli, initially designed for nitrification only, an anoxic zone of 28% of total activated sludge volume was installed and allowed 60% nitrogen elimination besides several other optimisations. In 2001 the operation of WWTP Zürich-Glatt was stopped and the wastewater was connected to WWTP Werdh?elzli. To improve nitrogen removal, WWTP Werdh?elzli co-financed two research projects; one for separate digester supernatant treatment with the anammox process operating two SBRs in series and the other applying NH4 sensors for aeration control in order to decrease energy consumption and raise effluent quality. The results of both projects and the consequences for WWTP Werdh?elzli are discussed in this paper.     

石家庄化纤公司废水处理改造工程设计实例

通过对石家庄化纤公司原废水处理A/O/A/O工艺运行不佳的原因分析 ,在试验研究的基础上 ,将原处理构筑物改造成ENSBR/BDAR/COR工艺 ,处理后水质可达标排放     

Impact of reactive settler models on simulated WWTP performance.

Including a reactive settler model in a wastewater treatment plant model allows representation of the biological reactions taking place in the sludge blanket in the settler, something that is neglected in many simulation studies. The idea of including a reactive settler model is investigated for an ASM1 case study. Simulations with a whole plant model including the non-reactive Takács settler model are used as a reference, and are compared to simulation results considering two reactive settler models. The first is a return sludge model block removing oxygen and a user-defined fraction of nitrate, combined with a non-reactive Takács settler. The second is a fully reactive ASM1 Takács settler model. Simulations with the ASM1 reactive settler model predicted a 15.3% and 7.4% improvement of the simulated N removal performance, for constant (steady-state) and dynamic influent conditions respectively. The oxygen/nitrate return sludge model block predicts a 10% improvement of N removal performance under dynamic conditions, and might be the better modelling option for ASM1 plants: it is computationally more efficient and it will not overrate the importance of decay processes in the settler.     

Autotrophic nitrogen removal from anaerobic supernatant of Florence's WWTP digesters.

In municipal WWTP with anaerobic sludge digestion, 10-20% of total nitrogen load comes from the return supernatant produced by the final sludge dewatering. In recent years a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal process based on Anammox biomass has been tested in a few European countries, in order to treat anaerobic supernatant and to increase the COD/N ratio in municipal wastewater. This work reports the experimental results of the SHARON-ANAMMOX process application to anaerobic supernatant taken from the urban Florentine area wastewater treatment plant (S. Colombano WWTP). A nitritation labscale chemostat (7.4 L) has been started-up seeded with the S. Colombano WWTP nitrifying activated sludge. During the experimental period, nitrite oxidising bacteria wash-out was steadily achieved with a retention time ranging from 1 to 1.5 d at 35 degrees C. The Anammox inoculum sludge was taken from a pilot plant at EAWAG (Zurich). Anammox biomass has been enriched at 33 degrees C with anaerobic supernatant diluted with sodium nitrite solution until reaching a maximum specific nitrogen removal rate of 0.065 kgN kg(-1) VSS d(-1), which was 11 times higher than the one found in inoculum sludge (0.005 kgN kg(-1) VSS d(-1). In a lab-scale SBR reactor (4 L), coupled with nitritation bioreactor, specific nitrogen removal rate (doubling time equal to 26 d at 35 degrees C and at nitrite-limiting condition) reached the value of 0.22 kgN kg(-1) VSS d(-1), which was approximately 44 times larger than the rate measured in the inoculum Anammox sludge.     

太湖流域上游降水量对入湖总氮和总磷的影响EI北大核心CSCD

为探究环太湖河道入湖总氮和总磷通量的变化原因,分析了其与太湖流域上游降水量的相关性,并阐明了环太湖河道入湖氮磷的主要来源。结果表明:2010—2019年,太湖流域年平均降水量为1322 mm,较1986—2009年平均降水量增加15%,湖西区和浙西区年平均降水量分别为1263 mm和1552 mm;环太湖河道入湖总氮和总磷平均年通量分别为3.24万t和0.18万t,主要来源于湖西区和浙西区;太湖流域、湖西区、浙西区河道入湖总氮和总磷通量与相应区域年降水量之间均呈显著正相关关系,土地利用类型的差异使得湖西区河道入湖总氮和总磷通量随降水量增加的响应程度要强于浙西区;面广量大的城镇和农业面源污染是入湖氮磷的主要来源之一,降雨导致的部分雨污合流污水入河也是氮磷污染负荷增加的原因之一;湖西区和浙西区的降水量增加,尤其是强降水量增加,不仅会导致面源污染负荷增大,而且会导致太湖上游河网水系水力停留时间减少,降低水体自净能力,增大入湖总氮和总磷通量。     

Reuse potential analysis on WWTP effluent of industrial parks in Taiwan.

This study examined the reuse potential of the effluents discharged from several unified wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of industrial parks in Taiwan, with designed capacity exceeding 10,000 CMD. Parameters were selected based on the relevant reuse purposes. The "potential recycling percentage", R of the WWTP effluent was defined as the maximal percentage of pure water extractable by the "ideal reverse osmosis module" while the RO retentate still met local effluent standards and required no treatment. The analytical results demonstrated that the WWTP effluents had potential for recycling. A pilot plant was installed in one of the WWTPs. The treatment process included a sand filter, an ultrafiltration unit (UF) and a reverse osmosis module (RO). Results of this study demonstrated that the production quantity and quality are stable and appropriate for various purposes, including both industrial and domestic applications.     

基于纳污控制的流域初始排污权配置模式研究

面向纳污红线控制要求,结合我国流域纳污总量分解实践,以"纳污总量控制、兼顾公平和效益、尊重区域水环境容量差异、保障社会经济发展连续性"为配置原则,构建流域初始排污权多因素混合配置模式,并从配置模式的侧重点和功能角度,与现时经济活动量配置模式、非经济因子配置模式和排污绩效配置模式进行对比分析。以太湖流域为例研究结果表明:多因素混合配置模式集聚多种配置模式的优点,与水环境容量配置模式的配置方案比较接近,实现流域水环境纳污总量控制的有效分解,但适度提高了江苏省和上海市的COD、NH3—N和TP的初始排污权量,有利于促进经济的持续增长和社会公平。同时该配置模式操作简便,易于推广。     

Application of multivariable statistical techniques in plant-wide WWTP control strategies analysis.

The main objective of this paper is to present the application of selected multivariable statistical techniques in plant-wide wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) control strategies analysis. In this study, cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) are applied to the evaluation matrix data set obtained by simulation of several control strategies applied to the plant-wide IWA Benchmark Simulation Model No 2 (BSM2). These techniques allow i) to determine natural groups or clusters of control strategies with a similar behaviour, ii) to find and interpret hidden, complex and casual relation features in the data set and iii) to identify important discriminant variables within the groups found by the cluster analysis. This study illustrates the usefulness of multivariable statistical techniques for both analysis and interpretation of the complex multicriteria data sets and allows an improved use of information for effective evaluation of control strategies.     

Anammox brings WWTP closer to energy autarky due to increased biogas production and reduced aeration energy for N-removal.

Fifty years ago when only BOD was removed at municipal WWTPs primary clarifiers were designed with 2-3 hours hydraulic retention time (HRT). This changed with the introduction of nitrogen removal in activated sludge treatment that needed more BOD for denitrification. The HRT of primary clarification was reduced to less than one hour for dry weather flow with the consequence that secondary sludge had to be separately thickened and biogas production was reduced. Only recently the ammonia rich digester liquid (15-20% of the inlet ammonia load) could be treated with the very economic autotrophic nitritation/anammox process requiring half of the aeration energy and no organic carbon source compared to nitrification and heterotrophic denitrification. With the introduction of this new innovative digester liquid treatment the situation reverts, allowing us to increase HRT of the primary clarifier to improve biogas production and reduce aeration energy for BOD removal and nitrification at similar overall N-removal.     

Computational intelligence-based optimisation of wastewater treatment plants.

Methods of computational intelligence (CI), especially fuzzy control and neuronal networks, are used for controlling and optimising of wastewater treatment plants. Areas of application are the control of sludge water dosage, of phosphate elimination by optimal precipitant dosage as well as an optimal aeration in the nitrification zone. In two municipal wastewater treatment plants with 60,000 and 12,600 person equivalents the controllers have been installed and optimised and they have been in operation for several years. Results of operation of the plants are presented in comparison to previously used classical control. Performance increased significantly and the outflow values could be kept securely below the government requirements without increase of the energy consumption. Peak loads in the inflow were eliminated in the plant and did not increase outflow concentrations. Results of operation for more than three years clearly show that the CI controller is a cost-efficient method for a sustainable rise of performance in municipal wastewater treatment plants.     

白洋淀湿地入淀水量演变归因分析

以白洋淀水文数据为基础,采用敏感系数法,分析了气候变化、人工取用水及蒸渗过程改变对入淀水量变化的影响。在研究时段内,湿地入淀水量、流域降水量及潜在蒸散发量都呈下降趋势,其中入淀水量下降尤为明显。气候变化、人工取用水及蒸渗过程改变对入淀水量变化的影响分别为25.1%、57.53%和17.4%,而人类活动整体对入淀水量影响达到了74.9%,因此人类活动是入淀水量减少的主要原因。     

侏罗系煤层顶板涌水量动态变化及其形成机制分析

以鄂尔多斯盆地北部的泊江海子煤矿113106工作面为研究点,建立了顶板砂岩含水层的水文地质概念模型和模拟模型,利用井下试验数据对模型进行识别和验证,获得了研究区砂岩含水层水文参数,结合工作面推进过程,按块段预测涌水量。结果发现:由切眼向工作面收作线方向,其涌水量异常增大,综合褶皱、古地貌、沉积相变分析其形成机制,为泊江海子矿下一步一盘区顶板砂岩水科学疏放与防治提供了重要依据。