1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐离子液体的基础物性研究

新型功能性离子液体[emim]Ac吸收CO_2性能良好,但物性研究匮乏。在298.15—338.15 K温度范围内测定了离子液体[emim]Ac的黏度和表面张力及308.15—428.15 K温度范围内的比热容。结果表明:当压力一定时,离子液体[emim]Ac的黏度和表面张力均随温度的升高逐渐减小;比热容随温度的升高先减小后逐渐增大;分别采用Litovitz方程和Eotvos方程进行黏度、表面张力数据的关联,比热容与温度的关联式符合温度的N次函数,得出平均相对偏差分别为:0.04%,1.11%,3.53%,理论关联与实验测定结果一致。通过研究补充了离子液体[emim]Ac的相关物性,验证了模型关联对离子液体基础物性关联的可行性。     

离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐对化学镀铜的影响

在甲醛化学镀铜镀液中加入离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐,研究了对化学镀铜的影响。结果表明,随着离子液体质量浓度的增大,化学镀铜溶液的沉积速率降低,铜层晶粒细化,电阻增加。环境扫描电镜和X-射线衍射观察测试表明,镀层表面分布均匀,且在铜(111)晶面成核的趋势增加。电化学测试表明,随着离子液体质量浓度的增大,阳极氧化峰电位负移,氧化峰电流密度减小,进一步显示ρ(1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐)对甲醛化学镀铜溶液沉积速率有抑制作用。     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体合成与表征

采用两步法和微波辅助法合成1一丁基一3一甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体（[Bmim]PF6）,研究时间、温度、配比、溶剂种类对中间体[Bmim]Br和[Bmim]PF6产率的影响,离子液体（[Bmim]PR）的结构采用红外和核磁进行表征。实验结果1表明：反应时间为24h、温度为70cc、反应物质的量比为1：1．1时,中间体[Bmim]Br产率可达到92．31％,25~C下中间体[Bmim]Br和KPF6等物质的量反应24h,[Bmim]PF6离子液体产率为68．94％;利用微波间歇加热辅助合成[Bmim]Br产率高达96．62％,[Bmim]PF6产率为73．52％。     

溴化-1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑碱性离子液体的合成研究

以溴乙烷、N-甲基咪唑为原料,研究了溴化-1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑碱性离子液体的合成工艺,考察了反应温度、n(溴乙烷)∶n(N-甲基咪唑)、反应时间、溶剂对反应的影响,确定了较优合成条件,无任何溶剂条件下,反应温度为60 ℃,n(溴乙烷)∶n(N-甲基咪唑)比为1.5,反应时间为8 h.对溴化-1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑碱性...     

离子液体1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑四氟硼酸盐和1,2-二甲基-3-乙基咪唑四氟硼酸盐的热力学和电导性质研究

在室温下合成了离子液体1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Emim]BF4)和1,2-二甲基-3-乙基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Dmeim]BF4),通过红外光谱对其进行了结构表征。分别测定了两种离子液体在不同温度下的密度、表面张力、粘度和电导率,发现当咪唑环2位碳上增加甲基取代基后其密度、表面张力和电导率均呈下降趋势,而粘度呈上升趋势且变化较大,如在298.15 K时[Emim]BF4的粘度为842 mPa.s,[Dmeim]BF4的粘度为8 293 mPa.s。并根据特定的经验方程估算了两种离子液体的热膨胀系数、摩尔体积、标准熵和晶格能等重要的性质参数。     

1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯离子液体的合成工艺

以N-甲基咪唑和硫酸二乙酯为原料,采用一步法合成1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯离子液体(EMIES)。研究了反应温度、投料比以及溶剂对产率的影响,并用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检查了产品的纯度,优化了EMIES的合成工艺。实验结果表明:在温度50℃,无溶剂,N-甲基咪唑和硫酸二乙酯投料比为1∶1.2,反应2h的反应条件下,收率可达97%,且产品纯度可达99%。     

氯化1-乙基-3-丁基咪唑离子液体的合成

以N-乙基咪唑和氯代正丁烷为原料在一定条件下合成了氯化1-乙基-3-丁基咪唑离子液体([BEIM]Cl),通过考察温度等因素对[BEIM]Cl的影响得出合成离子液体的最佳工艺条件为:N-乙基咪唑∶氯代正丁烷为1∶1.2(摩尔比),溶剂二甲苯为0.9 mL/g(每克N-乙基咪唑0.9 mL溶剂),在其共沸温度下反应18 h。该合成方法操作简单,反应条件温和,在最佳工艺条件下产物收率可达95%。     

离子液体中间体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐的合成

以N-甲基咪唑和1-溴代正定烷为原料合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[Bmim]Br,研究了反应时间、反应温度、及N-甲基咪唑与1-溴代正丁烷的摩尔比(原料比)和溶剂对[Bmim]Br收率的影响,产物结构经过1H NMR及FT-IR确认.实验结果表明,反应温度在60℃,反应时间为24h,N-甲基咪唑与1-溴代正丁烷的摩尔比(原料比)为1:1.2时,收率为93.13%.     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体的合成与表征

以N-甲基咪唑为原料,正丁基溴为烷基化试剂,合成中间体[Bmim]Br,然后与醇钠溶液及氟硼酸反应,制备[Bmim]BF4。结果表明,反应温度80℃,反应24 h,中间体产率为83.7%;目标离子液体的转化率为98.6%。差式扫描量热(DSC)显示,离子液体具有较低的熔点。     

超声波对氯代1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体合成的强化

采用超声波辅助加热回流的方法合成了氯代1–烯丙基–3–甲基咪唑离子液体([AMIM]Cl),并对其进行了紫外光谱(UV)和傅利叶红外光谱(FT–IR)表征。考察了反应物摩尔比、反应时间和超声波功率对离子液体的收率和纯度的影响,探讨了超声波对合成反应的强化效应。实验结果表明超声波能强化[AMIM]Cl的合成,明显缩短合成时间,且其强化效应受反应物摩尔比的影响较小,而与超声波功率紧密相关。[AMIM]Cl适宜的合成条件为反应温度50℃、反应时间2h、氯丙烯与1–甲基咪唑的摩尔比1.4、超声波功率100W,此时离子液体的收率和纯度分别为94.4%和99.2%。     

1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐[Emim]BF_4离子液体的制备和表征

以N-甲基咪唑、溴乙烷和四氟硼酸钠为原料,按照两步法制备了离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Emim]BF4),考察了反应时间、温度、溶剂等对中间体[Emim]Br以及离子液体[Emim]BF4产率的影响,结果表明,反应物N-甲基咪唑与溴乙烷的摩尔比1∶1.5,温度70℃,反应8 h,中间体产率为87.4%;中间体中加入等摩尔NaBF4,25℃下反应10 h,离子液体产率为91.1%。     

纤维素在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基-咪唑乙酸盐中的溶解性能

研究了纤维素在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基-咪唑乙酸盐([BMIM] CH3COO)中的溶解性能.结果表明,[ BMIM] CH3COO对天然纤维素有较好的溶解能力,再生得到纤维素膜;随着溶解温度的升高,溶解时间大大缩短.采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、热质量损失分析(TGA)、X-射线衍射(XRD)等对再生前后纤维素进行了...     

酿酒酵母在硅橡胶膜生物反应器中连续发酵的生长动力学

实验研究了酿酒酵母在硅橡胶膜生物反应器中的细胞生长速率与操作参数之间的关系。在三水平正交实验基础上,用Gauss Newton非线性最小二乘法拟合了细胞比生长率与葡萄糖浓度、乙醇浓度和细胞浓度3变量之间的关系式,得到硅橡胶膜生物反应器乙醇连续发酵的细胞最大比生长率、饱和常数、产物抑制常数和群聚抑制常数等基本动力学参数,表明当细胞浓度达到15g/L或乙醇浓度达到70g/L时细胞生长受到完全抑制。连续发酵实验验证了硅橡胶膜生物反应器中的细胞生长动力学满足拟合模型的规律。     

纤维素乙醇生产重组酿酒酵母菌株的构建与优化研究进展

寻找化石能源的替代品以及开发和利用生物能源已引起国内外研究者的广泛关注。提高酿酒酵母利用来源广泛、贮存丰富的农林废弃物等木质纤维素原料生产燃料乙醇的效率是生物能源的重要研究内容,但是,重组酿酒酵母木糖发酵性能低是限制纤维素乙醇经济性的关键问题。本文总结了酿酒酵母中木糖代谢途径的构建和优化以及木糖转运对木糖利用的影响,分析了重组酵母利用纤维素水解液进行乙醇发酵的研究现状,并对进一步提高重组酿酒酵母纤维素乙醇生产效率的研究趋势进行了展望。目前国内外已经构建了可有效利用木糖产乙醇的重组酵母,但对其木糖代谢机制的研究还尚未深入,限制了重组菌株的定向改造。此外,目前缺少在纤维素生物质水解液发酵实际应用过程中对重组菌株的评价。因此,加强重组酵母菌株对木糖利用相关代谢调控机理的分析,注重多种抑制物对菌株发酵性能的影响,结合真实底物纤维素乙醇发酵过程进行重组菌株的构建和优化,从而进一步提高纤维素乙醇生产的经济性,是未来菌株构建的重要研究方向。     

Electrodeposition of antimony in a water-stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride tetrafluoroborate room temperature ionic liquid

The electrochemistry and electrodeposition of antimony were investigated on glassy carbon and nickel electrodes in a basic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-tetrafluoroborate room temperature ionic liquid. Cyclic voltammetry results show that Sb(III) may be either oxidized to Sb(V) via a quasi-reversible charge-transfer process or reduced to Sb metal. Diffusion coefficients for both Sb(III) and Sb(V) species were calculated from rotating disc voltammetric data. Analysis of chronoamperometric current–time transients indicates that the electrodeposition of Sb on glassy carbon proceeded via progressive three-dimensional nucleation with diffusion-controlled growth of the nuclei. Raising the deposition temperature results in decreased average radius of the individual nuclei. Dense deposits can be obtained within a deposition temperature range between 30 to 120 °C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed dramatic changes in the surface morphology of antimony electrodeposits as a function of deposition temperature; deposits obtained at 30 °C had a nodular appearance whereas those obtained at 80 and 120 °C consisted of evenly distributed fine polygonal crystals.     

通过抑制酿酒酵母乙醇发酵中的甘油产率提高乙醇产率

In ethanol fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae （S. cerevisiae）, glycerol is one of the main by-products. The purpose of this investigation was to increase ethanol yield through minimizing glycerol yield by using mutants in which FPS1 encoding a channel protein that mediates glycerol export and GPD2 encoding one of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were knocked-out using one-step gene replacement. GLT1 and GLN1 that encode glutamate synthase and glutamine synth.etase, respectively,were overexpressed using two-step gene replacment in fpsl△gpd2△ mutant.The fermentation properties of ZAL69（fpsl△：：LEU2 gpd2△：：URA3） and ZAL808 （fps1△：：LEU2 gpd2△：：URA3 PPGK1-GLT1 PPGK1-GLN1） under microaerobic conditions were investigated and compared with those of wild type（DC124）. Consumption of glucose, yield of ethanol, yield of glycerol, acetic acid, and pyruvic acid were monitored. Compared with wild type, the ethanol yield of ZAL69 and ZAL808 were improved by. 13.17% and 6.66 %, respectively, whereas glycerol yield decreased by 37.4 % and 41.7 %. Meanwhile, acetic acia yield and pyruvic acid yield aecreasea aramatlcally comparea to wild type. Our results indicate that FPS1 and GPD2 deletion of S. cerevisiae resulted in reduced glycerol yield and increased ethanol yield, but simultaneous overexpression of GLT1 and GLN1 infps1△gpd2△ mutant did not have a higher ethanol yield thanfps1△gpd2△ mutant.     

Electrodeposition of palladium-indium from 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid

Voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode was used to study the electrochemical co-deposition of Pd-In from a chloride-rich 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/tetrafluoroborate air-stable room temperature ionic liquid at 120 °C. Deposition of Pd alone occurs prior to the overpotential deposition (OPD) of bulk In. However, underpotential deposition (UPD) of In on the deposited Pd was observed at the potential same as the deposition of Pd. The UPD of In on Pd was, however, limited by a slow charge transfer rate. Samples of Pd-In alloy coatings were prepared on nickel substrates and characterized by energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The electrodeposited alloy composition was relatively independent on the deposition potential within the In UPD range. At more negative potentials where the OPD of Pd-In has reached mass-transport limited region, the alloy composition corresponds to the Pd(II)/In(III) composition in the plating bath. The Pd-In alloy coatings obtained by direct deposition of Pd and UPD of In on the deposited Pd appeared to be superior to the Pd-In alloys that were obtained via the co-deposition of Pd and bulk In at OPD potentials.     

Electrodeposition of tin and antimony in 1-ethyl- 3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid

The electrodepositions of Sn(II) and Sb(III) were studied in the [EMIm]BF₄ ionic liquid at ambient temperature. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results indicated that the reductions of Sn(II) and Sb(III) on Pt electrode are electrochemically irreversible. The diffusion coefficients of Sn(II) and Sb(III) in the ionic liquid electrolyte were determined in terms of the LSV data. Tin and antimony ions form simpler Sn(II) chlorocomplex species and higher Sb(III) chlorocomplexes, respectively present in the ionic liquid electrolyte. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis revealed that tin and antimony alloys can be electroplated in the ionic liquid electrolyte.     

Anodic electrode reaction of p-type silicon in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate room-temperature ionic liquid

The anodic electrode behavior for a p-type silicon single crystal electrode ((1 0 0), ρ = 0.01-0.02 Ω cm, boron doped) was examined in the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate, EtMeIm(FH)_2.3F, room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). The electrochemical behavior was very similar to that in conventional HF aqueous solution. After the anodic electrode reaction, the Si electrode was uniformly covered with a mesoporous Si layer having a pore size of ∼25 nm. The mesoporous layer did not exhibit a photoluminescence spectrum in the visible region due to the lack of Si-H termination. However, after chemical treatment with an ethanolic HF solution, a subset of the porous Si samples showed a very weak photoluminescence.     

淀粉质燃料乙醇发酵胁迫及菌株耐受性改造

在淀粉质燃料乙醇生产过程中,酿酒酵母面临的多重胁迫严重制约了燃料乙醇的生产效率。针对这一现状,该文结合国内淀粉质燃料乙醇主要生产工艺,综合分析了该工艺下燃料乙醇发酵过程中影响酿酒酵母生长和生产的各种胁迫因素;阐述了微生物对不同胁迫因子的抗逆分子机制;介绍了菌株耐受性改造的方法;提出实现菌株全局的耐受性和鲁棒性,并且开发基于全基因组的快速进化方法是未来工业微生物耐受性改造的方向。