超声波瞬间脱除冷表面冻结液滴的试验研究

试验研究了超声振荡对冷表面冻结液滴的影响。对施加频率20 kHz的超声振荡作用下冷平板上冻结液滴的脱除现象进行了可视化研究,记录了超声开启瞬间冻结液滴的脱落过程,分析了超声作用瞬间冷平板内部的温度变化规律,探讨了超声振荡瞬间脱除冻结液滴的机理。试验结果表明,超声作用瞬间冻结液滴脱离冷表面,且伴有弹开现象的发生,同时,平板内部出现温度阶跃。分析认为超声机械作用产生的剪切力以及空化作用产生的冲击力的联合作用是冻结液滴瞬间脱除的主要原因。结果表明,超声振荡能够瞬间脱除冷平板表面作为结霜基底的冻结液滴,是一种有效的除霜方法。     

单液滴撞击超疏水冷表面的反弹及破碎行为

对直径2.8 mm的液滴撞击冷表面的动态行为进行快速可视化观测,对比研究单液滴撞击普通冷表面以及超疏水冷表面的动力学特性,同时对初始撞击速度以及冷表面温度对液滴动态演化行为的影响进行了对比分析。实验结果表明:与液滴撞击普通冷表面(温度-25~-5℃)发生瞬时冻结沉积相比,液滴撞击超疏水冷表面时均未发生冻结,而且伴随铺展、回缩、反弹以及破碎行为;撞击速度越大,普通冷表面上液滴铺展因子越大,而且液滴越易冻结。液滴低速(We≤76)撞击超疏水冷表面会发生反弹现象,但速度对液滴最大铺展时间无影响;液滴高速(We≥115)撞击超疏水冷表面后会产生明显液指,而且破碎为多组卫星液滴。此外,冷表面温度仅影响液滴反弹高度,对液滴最大铺展因子以及液滴铺展时间影响较小。结果表明超疏水表面可显著抑制液滴撞击冷表面的瞬时冻结沉积。     

单液滴撞击超疏水冷表面的反弹及破碎行为

对直径2.8 mm的液滴撞击冷表面的动态行为进行快速可视化观测，对比研究单液滴撞击普通冷表面以及超疏水冷表面的动力学特性，同时对初始撞击速度以及冷表面温度对液滴动态演化行为的影响进行了对比分析。实验结果表明：与液滴撞击普通冷表面（温度-25~-5℃）发生瞬时冻结沉积相比，液滴撞击超疏水冷表面时均未发生冻结，而且伴随铺展、回缩、反弹以及破碎行为；撞击速度越大，普通冷表面上液滴铺展因子越大，而且液滴越易冻结。液滴低速（We≤76）撞击超疏水冷表面会发生反弹现象，但速度对液滴最大铺展时间无影响；液滴高速（We≥115）撞击超疏水冷表面后会产生明显液指，而且破碎为多组卫星液滴。此外，冷表面温度仅影响液滴反弹高度，对液滴最大铺展因子以及液滴铺展时间影响较小。结果表明超疏水表面可显著抑制液滴撞击冷表面的瞬时冻结沉积。     

不混溶液体表面上蒸发液滴的动力学特性

针对不混溶均匀受热液体表面上蒸发液滴的动力学过程,基于润滑理论推导出了无量纲方程组。采用数值模拟方法,探究了蒸发液滴的动力学特性。结果表明,蒸发液滴的演化过程分为两个阶段:由"铺展主导"的液滴前进阶段和由"蒸发主导"的持续脉动振荡的后退阶段。液滴在低黏度比下的流动性更强,导致铺展更加迅速,黏度比的增加会导致铺展和收缩速率的降低。蒸发通过影响液滴界面的温度分布进而影响界面张力以及液滴铺展。相较于固体表面液滴蒸发出现的钉扎现象,蒸发液滴在不混溶液体表面上的铺展是去钉扎的,并且伴有液体基底的明显变形。     

壁面曲率及过冷度对液滴铺展特性的影响

从覆冰类型及危害来看,雨凇对于导线产生的危害是最为严重和致命的。液滴撞击壁面的动力学特性对于相变凝固过程中的热质传递有重要影响,进而影响导线覆冰的特性。通过对比液滴撞击常温及过冷弯曲壁面过程中的液滴行为演变的异同,获得了表面过冷度和曲率大小对液滴铺展行为的影响规律。实验结果表明,随着圆柱曲面曲率的增加,周向上液膜铺展更好,轴向上液膜铺展更差。对于低温壁面上液滴的铺展过程,增加表面的过冷度,液滴的铺展更差,液滴振荡弛豫时间更短,表层液膜结冰速率加快。然而,低温壁面上液滴的铺展好于常温壁面上液滴的铺展,通过分析温度对液滴表面张力和黏性的影响规律,推论在铺展过程中,较低的壁面温度使得液滴底层快速形成了一层冰膜,改变了液固之间的界面能,使得液滴更易于铺展。在液滴回缩阶段,可明显观察到底层结冰的现象。该结论可为导线雨凇结冰提供理论参考。     

液滴撞击微结构疏水表面的动态特性

对去离子水滴撞击不同几何尺寸显微结构方柱和方孔状疏水表面的动态特性进行了研究。结果表明：当液滴以不同速度撞击微方柱疏水表面时,液滴展现铺展和回缩过程,且随着韦伯数（We数）增大,最大铺展直径增大,并伴随卫星液滴出现,但到达最大铺展直径的时间一致;而当液滴以相同的速度（We数相同）撞击间距不同的微方柱疏水表面时,液滴的最大铺展直径随着间距的增大而减小,且铺展过程会液滴浸润状态变得不稳定,发生由Cassie向Wenzel状态的浸润转变。当微方柱间距较小时,液滴受到的黏附功越小,越易发生向Cassie状态的转变;液滴撞击微方孔疏水表面时,液滴以规则的圆环状向外铺展和回缩,最后呈现近似规则的椭球状,不会发生向Wenzel状态的浸润转变,利用建立的物理模型对前述现象进行了分析。     

壁面曲率及过冷度对液滴铺展特性的影响

从覆冰类型及危害来看,雨凇对于导线产生的危害是最为严重和致命的。液滴撞击壁面的动力学特性对于相变凝固过程中的热质传递有重要影响,进而影响导线覆冰的特性。通过对比液滴撞击常温及过冷弯曲壁面过程中的液滴行为演变的异同,获得了表面过冷度和曲率大小对液滴铺展行为的影响规律。实验结果表明,随着圆柱曲面曲率的增加,周向上液膜铺展更好,轴向上液膜铺展更差。对于低温壁面上液滴的铺展过程,增加表面的过冷度,液滴的铺展更差,液滴振荡弛豫时间更短,表层液膜结冰速率加快。然而,低温壁面上液滴的铺展好于常温壁面上液滴的铺展,通过分析温度对液滴表面张力和黏性的影响规律,推论在铺展过程中,较低的壁面温度使得液滴底层快速形成了一层冰膜,改变了液固之间的界面能,使得液滴更易于铺展。在液滴回缩阶段,可明显观察到底层结冰的现象。该结论可为导线雨凇结冰提供理论参考。     

液滴撞击亲疏水间隔条纹表面

在高温高压环境下,将线切割成特殊形状的铝片镶嵌在树脂表面,再通过CuCl₂溶液对铝表面腐蚀,利用硬脂酸无水乙醇溶液的恒温水浴,进行表面修饰,适当处理得到亲水区域与疏水区域共存的复合表面。采用高速相机记录了液滴撞击水平与倾斜表面的动力过程,实验结果表明：液滴撞击水平放置的亲疏水复合表面时,其铺展过程与液滴撞击单一润湿性表面相似,但收缩行为差异化明显。液滴在亲疏水间隔表面收缩时,液膜会因亲疏水性并存而产生高度差。液滴撞击倾斜亲疏水复合表面时,液滴撞击的速度越大,其在斜面进行的位移量越大,速度过大的情况下液滴不会被宽度为20mm的斜面捕获;当速度为定值,Oh数越小,液滴跨越的亲疏水段越多,Oh数过小的情况下液滴不会被斜面截留;其他参数不变,比值系数H越小,液滴更易被斜面捕获。     

液滴冲击加热壁面沸腾现象特征分析

采用高速摄像仪对液滴冲击加热壁面过程进行实验观测,分析了不同实验流体的沸腾现象特征,探讨了中间射流及宝塔状气泡的形成机理。观测发现,壁温高于液体对应的Leidenfrost温度时水滴撞击后会出现暴沸现象,由于气泡夹带伴随强烈的核化作用,氯化钠溶液液滴撞击后可以观察到中间射流的产生,醇类液滴则发生完全反弹;壁温低于Leidenfrost温度时液滴在加热壁面会出现泡状沸腾现象,与半球形气泡不同,宝塔状气泡出现在液膜厚度较大的区域。此外定量考察了液滴在加热壁面完全反弹时的最大铺展因子,发现铺展因子仅受Weber数影响,与文献结果比较表明本研究得出的铺展因子经验公式可较好地预测液滴在加热壁面的铺展尺度。     

液滴冲击加热壁面沸腾现象特征分析

采用高速摄像仪对液滴冲击加热壁面过程进行实验观测,分析了不同实验流体的沸腾现象特征,探讨了中间射流及宝塔状气泡的形成机理。观测发现,壁温高于液体对应的Leidenfrost温度时水滴撞击后会出现暴沸现象,由于气泡夹带伴随强烈的核化作用,氯化钠溶液液滴撞击后可以观察到中间射流的产生,醇类液滴则发生完全反弹;壁温低于Leidenfrost温度时液滴在加热壁面会出现泡状沸腾现象,与半球形气泡不同,宝塔状气泡出现在液膜厚度较大的区域。此外定量考察了液滴在加热壁面完全反弹时的最大铺展因子,发现铺展因子仅受Weber数影响,与文献结果比较表明本研究得出的铺展因子经验公式可较好地预测液滴在加热壁面的铺展尺度。     

表面特性对结霜和融霜排液的影响

对亲水表面、裸铝表面和疏水表面上结霜和融霜排液过程进行实验研究,分析了表面特性对冷凝水珠冻结、霜层生长和融霜排液的影响。结果表明：疏水表面上冷凝水珠呈规则球缺状、冻结较晚,而亲水表面和裸铝表面上冷凝水珠形状不规则;相比于亲水表面和裸铝表面上平整霜层,疏水表面上霜层不平整,有凹穴和凸起;疏水表面上霜层平均厚度增长较亲水表面和裸铝表面缓慢;在湿空气温度和冷面温度较低的情况下,表面特性对霜层生长的影响减弱;亲水表面具有较好的排液效果,其循环再结霜量最小。     

Experimental investigation of ultrasonic-vibration polishing of K9 optical glass based on ultrasonic atomization

K9 optical glass has an important position in the field of optical material because of its excellent chemical stability and optical projection. The hard and brittle characteristics of K9 optical glass make conventional processing difficult and time-consuming. A non-conventional hybrid polishing system combining ultrasonic atomization (UA) spraying method and axial ultrasonic vibration was developed for processing K9 optical glass. This system utilizes the high-frequency vibration characteristics of ultrasonic vibration technology: On the one hand, the ultrasonic atomization spraying method is used to generate evenly distributed atomized droplets for polishing, on the other hand, the axial ultrasonic vibration of the polishing tool provides impact kinetic energy for the free abrasive particles. Mechanical polishing (MP), ultrasonic-assisted polishing (UVP), mechanical polishing under ultrasonic atomization spraying (UA-MP) and ultrasonic vibration polishing under ultrasonic atomization spraying (UA-UVP) were carried out on K9 optical glass. The material removal rate (MRR), material removal depth (MRD), surface quality and surface micromorphology of the polished workpieces were also analyzed and compared. The experimental results showed that the best surface was obtained at UA-UVP (A_Ⅰ = 9 μm) with MRR of 0.0994 mm³/min, material removal depth of 26.816 μm, the Ra and Sa values were 0.028 μm and 0.033 μm respectively. Meanwhile, no obvious pits and scratches were observed on the micromorphological surface. Ultrasonic atomization contributes to even material removal from the polished surface and axial ultrasonic vibration of the polishing tool has a significant effect in improving the polishing characteristics, which provides the experimental basis for applying ultrasonic vibration technology in polishing.     

Experimental study of frosting on different wettability surfaces under magnetic field

The frosting laws of three kinds of wettable surfaces under different magnetic field strengths were studied under cold surface temperature T_w=-10℃ and -30℃, environmental relative humidity RH=60% and 80%. Through visual observation method,image binarization is processed and calculated,the effect of frost morphology,water droplets diameter,water droplets crystallization time,water droplets coverage,frost crystal coverage,frost layer thickness and frost density under the different magnetic field intensity and surface contact angle are well explained. The results showed that adding magnetic field in combination with hydrophobic surface,the diameter of water droplets decreases by about 40%, and the crystallization time is prolonged by more than 500 s,the distribution of condensate droplets is more sparse. Frost thickness and frost density decrease as the increase of magnetic field strength and surface contact angle,providing possibility of restrain the frosting effectively. As the temperature of the cold surface decreases and the relative humidity increases, the influence of the surface properties and the external magnetic field on the frosting process decreases.     

磁场作用下不同润湿性表面结霜实验研究

研究了在冷面温度Tw=-10℃和-30℃,环境相对湿度RH=60%和80%,3种润湿性表面在不同磁场强度下的结霜规律。通过可视化观测和图像二值化处理计算,分析了磁场强度和表面接触角对霜晶形态、水珠粒径、结晶时间、液滴和霜晶覆盖率、霜层厚度和密度的影响。结果表明:磁场作用下,疏水性表面水珠粒径减小40%左右,结晶时间延长500 s以上,凝结水珠分布更加稀疏;结霜厚度和密度随着磁场强度和接触角的增大而减小;随着冷面温度的降低和相对湿度的增大,表面特性和外加磁场对结霜过程的影响降低。     

水平表面结霜过程的实验研究

对水平表面在低温高湿条件下结霜过程进行实验研究, 分析了冷面温度、湿空气温度和表面特性等因素对水珠冻结和霜层生长的影响。结果表明:冷面温度越低, 过冷水珠冻结时间越短、冻结直径越小;在湿空气温度与冷面温度温差相等的条件下, 湿空气温度越低, 过冷水珠冻结时间越短、冻结直径越小;疏水表面上过冷水珠的冻结时间比裸铝表面晚。冷面温度越低, 湿空气流速越快, 则霜层生长越快。     

Experimental Investigation of Ethanol Enrichment Behavior in Batch and Continuous Feed Ultrasonic Atomization Systems

The fragmentation of a liquid layer to form a fine droplet mist by high frequency ultrasonic atomization of liquids has been applied to a range of industrial applications such as fine chemical manufacturing, pharmaceutical production, and food processing. A recent development is the separation of alcohol from miscible alcohol‐water mixtures using ultrasonic atomization. In this work, the effect of high frequency ultrasonic atomization at 1.6 MHz on the enrichment of ethanol from ethanol‐water feed mixtures has been studied. Experiments for evaluating this enrichment process were conducted in batch and continuous feed processing systems. The continuous enrichment process generated product concentrations that were higher than the equivalent vapor‐liquid equilibrium curve at feed concentrations greater than 40 mol.‐% in a single stage. The role of the ultrasonic jet formed at the surface of the feed solution combined with the ethanol separation characteristics has been discussed.     

Formation of mono-dispersed droplets with electric periodic dripping regime in electrohydrodynamic (EHD) atomization

The formation of controllable size and dripping frequency in electrohydrodynamic (EHD) atomization with electric periodic dripping regime are of much interest and importance because of significant and wide applications, such as micro-encapsulation and ink-printing. In the present study, the experimental and theoretical works were carried out to explore droplet formation in periodic dripping regime in presence of an electric field. The dimensionless electric charge carried by each droplet produced is smaller than the 50% of critical value of the Rayleigh limit, where charge-to-mass ratio of droplets was obtained through the deflection distance in the presence of an electric field. The droplet in electric periodic dripping regime usually undergoes oscillating deformation, and finally forms a spherical droplet below the tip no more than ten times out diameter of tube. The droplet size tens of microns to one hundreds of microns decreases with an increase in applied potential. In the electric dripping mode, droplets size is independent of flow rate and affected by flow rate due to adsorption of surface active species in micro-dripping. The simplified model to predict droplets size was derived from the balance of electric, surface tension and gravity forces. The droplets size calculated in good agreement with the experiments. Meanwhile, the dripping frequency of droplets with rang of a few to several hundred hertz obtained from timeresolved images is highly dependent of liquid flow rate and electric potential. The largest dripping frequency was predicted and in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. In electric periodic dripping regime drop-on-demand droplets in size and dripping frequency further our understanding on the formation of identical droplets and are beneficial to many practical applications.     

物性对油滴剪切变形影响的模拟分析

以简单线性剪切流为背景,采用VOF模型及若干自定义子程序进行模拟分析,探讨物性对油滴变形和破碎的影响关系。模拟表明:粘度对变形起到抑制作用,粘度越大,变形越难,更能耐受剪切流动;表面张力越小,油滴越容易发生变形和破碎,稳定性越差,表面张力阻止了油滴的变形;油滴粒径越大,越易变形、破碎,越不稳定。