Microstructure and cavitation behaviour of alloyed austempered ductile irons

In this paper, the study of cavitation behaviour of austempered ductile iron (ADI) alloyed with copper, as well as copper and nickel with a fully ausferritic microstructure, is presented. The ADI materials used were austenitized at 900 °C and austempered at 350 °C having an ausferrite microstructure with 16 and 19% of austenite, respectively. The experimental investigations were conducted using the ultrasonically induced cavitation test method. The results show that the cavitation damage was initiated at graphite nodules, as well as in the interface between a graphite nodule and an ausferrite matrix. The cavitation rate revealed that the ADI material alloyed with Cu + Ni austempered at 350 °C/3 h has a higher cavitation resistance in water than ADI alloyed with Cu. An increased cavitation resistance of the ADI material alloyed with Cu and Ni is due to the matrix hardening by stress assisted phase transformation of austenite into the martensite (SATRAM) phenomenon.     

The Nature of the Tensile Fracture in Austempered Ductile Iron with Dual Matrix Microstructure

The tensile fracture characteristics of austempered ductile irons with dual matrix structures and different ausferrite volume fractions have been studied for an unalloyed ductile cast iron containing (in wt.%) 3.50 C, 2.63 Si, 0.318 Mn, and 0.047 Mg. Specimens were intercritically austenitized (partially austenitized) in two phase region (α + γ) at various temperatures for 20 min and then quenched into a salt bath held at austempering temperature of 365 °C for various times and then air cooled to room temperature to obtain various ausferrite volume fractions. Conventionally austempered specimens with fully ausferritic matrix and unalloyed as-cast specimens having fully ferritic structures were also tested for comparison. In dual matrix structures, results showed that the volume fraction of proeutectoid ferrite, new (epitaxial) ferrite, and ausferrite [bainitic ferrite + high-carbon austenite (stabilized or transformed austenite)] can be controlled to influence the strength and ductility. Generally, microvoids nucleation is initiated at the interface between the graphite nodules and the surrounding ferritic structure and at the grain boundary junctions in the fully ferritic microstructure. Debonding of the graphite nodules from the surrounding matrix structure was evident. The continuity of the ausferritic structure along the intercellular boundaries plays an important role in determining the fracture behavior of austempered ductile iron with different ausferrite volume fractions. The different fracture mechanisms correspond to the different levels of ausferrite volume fractions. With increasing continuity of the ausferritic structure, fracture pattern changed from ductile to moderate ductile nature. On the other hand, in the conventionally austempered samples with a fully ausferritic structure, the fracture mode was a mixture of quasi-cleavage and a dimple pattern. Microvoid coalescence was the dominant form of fracture in all structures.     

金属型铸造高铬铸铁Cr20组织及性能的研究

研究了金属型铸造高铬铸铁Cr20的铸态组织和性能,以及主要合金元素对性能的影响。结果表明,用金属型铸造的高铬铸铁Cr20的铸态组织为奥氏体基体,共晶碳化物为孤立的块状分布,具有较高的硬度和一定的韧性,并且还可以降低合金元素Mo和Ni的加入量。对于不能通过常规热处理进行淬火硬化的高铬铸铁件,可用金属型铸造来满足在铸态下使用的要求。     

Effect of austempering time on mechanical properties of a low manganese austempered ductile iron

An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of austempering time on the resultant microstructure and the room-temperature mechanical properties of an unalloyed and low manganese ductile cast iron with initially ferritic as-cast structure. The effect of austempering time on the plane strain fracture toughness of this material was also studied. Compact tension and round cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from unalloyed ductile cast iron with low manganese content and with a ferritic as-cast (solidified) structure. These specimens were then austempered in the upper (371 °C) and lower (260 °C) bainitic temperature ranges for different time periods, ranging from 30 min. to 4 h. Microstructural features such as type of bainite and the volume fraction of ferrite and austenite and its carbon content were evaluated by X-ray diffraction to examine the influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of this material. The results of the present investigation indicate that for this low manganese austempered ductile iron (ADI), upper ausferritic microstructures exhibit higher fracture toughness than lower ausferritic microstructures. Yield and tensile strength of the material was found to increase with an increase in austempering time in a lower bainitic temperature range, whereas in the upper bainitic temperature range, time has no significant effect on the mechanical properties. A retained austenite content between 30 to 35% was found to provide optimum fracture toughness. Fracture toughness was found to increase with the parameter (XγCγ/d)^1/2, where Xγ is the volume fraction of austenite, Cγ is the carbon content of the austenite, and d is the mean free path of dislocation motion in ferrite.     

Mo、Ni、Cu对高炉衬板用Cr26高铬铸铁铸态组织和性能的影响

采用正交试验法研究了Mo、Ni、Cu对高炉衬板用Cr26高铬铸铁铸态组织和性能的影响,以宏观硬度和冲击韧度为考察指标,对3种合金元素含量进行了优化设计。研究结果表明,单一合金元素对该高铬铸铁硬度和冲击韧度影响以Ni最为显著;而任意两种合金元素的联合作用效果以Mo加Cu最为显著。当合金元素含量为0.6%Mo、0.7%Ni和1.0%Cu时,获得的高铬铸铁综合性能最佳,铸态硬度为55.5 HRC,冲击韧度αk为7.4J.cm-2,铸态显微组织由六角形M7C3初生碳化物,M7C3共晶碳化物和奥氏体组成。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Wear-Resistant As-Cast Alloyed Bainite Ductile Iron

An as-cast bainite ductile iron with excellent mechanical properties and wear resistance was fabricated by alloying and centrifugal casting method, and the alloyed chemical composition was optimized by using the thermodynamic software Thermo-Calc. By using optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, the microstructure of the as-fabricated bainite ductile cast iron was characterized pertinent to the elements distribution in matrix and features of ferrite and retained austenite. The results of mechanical properties test show that the hardness and compressive strength of this alloyed ductile iron are 52 HRC and 2,200 MPa, respectively. The ascast bainite ductile iron possesses highly abrasive wear resistance and the reason can be ascribed to the solid solution of the elements Si, Ni, Cu, and Mn in the austenite and the formation of carbides of elements Cr and Mo. The strength of bainite ductile iron is increased by the acicular bainitic ferrite in the matrix.     

ZG0Crl3Ni4Mo不锈钢铸件凝固相变过程的数值模拟

结合相图分析了ZG0Crl3Ni4Mo(质量分数，％)不锈钢铸件凝固相变过程，提出了适合于数值模拟的物理和数学模型，分别模拟了该材质二维和三维的相变过程．为验证数值计算结果，设计并浇注了两种类型的大型试件，用金相显微镜及扫描电镜观察了铸态下微观组织形态，测定了奥氏体晶粒大小、奥氏体晶粒内马氏体板条束个数和马氏体板条间距．数值模拟结果和实验结果进行了对比，进一步从实验和模拟计算两个方面阐明了ZG0Crl3Ni4Mo不锈钢铸件凝固时的相变过程．     

Effect of cast wall thickness,composition and austempering temperature on microstructure and properties of ductile cast iron

Abstract

In this study, two ductile irons were prepared: the first cast was unalloyed with a chemical composition of 3·65C–2·58Si–0·31Mn–0·045Mg, and the second one was alloyed with 0·5%Cr. The solidification rate was changed by casting four different cast thicknesses of 5, 10, 20 and 30 mm. The austempering treatment was carried out by austenitising the samples at 900°C for 1 h and then rapidly quenched into two different salt baths with temperatures of 325 and 375°C for 1 h each. The austempering temperature of 325°C showed higher mechanical properties than of 375°C. An addition of 0·5%Cr enhanced the tensile strength and hardness on the account of impact toughness. Maximum abrasion resistance was reported for the iron containing 0·5%Cr and austempered at 325°C for the cast thickness of 5 mm. This is due to the formation of fine ausferrite matrix and existing Cr carbides imbedded in the matrix that resist well the abrasion resistance. Minimum abrasion resistance was obtained for the unalloyed iron austempered at 375°C due to the formation of coarse ausferritic structure and existence of a higher amount of retained austenite.     

高Ba孕育剂在厚大灰铸铁件中的应用

比较了2种含Ba量不同的孕育剂用于厚大灰铸铁机床底座生产的效果,结果显示:采用高Ba孕育剂的单铸试棒力学性能和金相组织优于采用低Ba孕育剂的单铸试棒,而且所生产铸件的本体硬度也明显高于采用低Ba孕育剂的铸件。在不加Cu、Mo等贵重金属合金的情况下,采用w(Ba)量为10%的孕育剂进行包内孕育和浇注随流孕育,可以使铸件力学性能和金相组织均达到HT300的要求,铸件本体硬度为190~220 HB,硬度均匀性好,很好地解决了铸件表面硬度与内部硬度差大的问题。     

Effects of austempering temperature on fatigue crack rate propagation in a series of modified (Cu, Ni, and/or Mo) nodular irons

Studies on austempered nodular cast irons were carried out to establish the optimum isothermic heat treatment at a given chemical composition that rendered the highest fatigue crack propagation resistance. Seven nodular iron chemical compositions with different concentrations of copper, nickel, and or molybdenum were tested at three austempering temperatures achieving ausferritic microstructures. Three-point bend tests for crack growth rates were performed at room temperature in a close loop servo hydraulic machine. Crack opening displacement measurements were performed using a controlled displacement telescope. A simple linear statistical analysis indicated that the lower the austempering isothermal temperature, the higher the fatigue strength of the alloys. Cu and Mo additions along with a good spheroidicity of graphite nodules in the iron favored this effect.     

Effect of austempering process on microstructure and wear behavior of ductile iron containing Mn-Ni-Cu-Mo

In this work, the effects of austempering time and temperature on the microstructure and sliding wear behavior of a Mn-Ni-Cu-Mo alloyed ductile iron were investigated. Ductile iron samples with the desired chemical composition were cast according to ASTM A897M-1990 Y-block. Wear test samples austenitized at 900 °C for 90 min, were austempered at 260, 290 and 320 °C for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. The wear tests on samples were conducted by Block-on-Ring testing machine according to ASTM G77-98 standard, at the applied load of 75N and the displacement speed of 3.27 m/s. The results showed that the sample austempered at 260 °C for 90 min exhibited the maximum relative wear resistance in comparison with the as-cast sample. The X-ray diffraction patterns of wear debris and the SEM observations of worn surfaces and crosssection of worn surfaces together with wear debris showed that delamination associated with oxidation is the dominant wear mechanism in the samples.     

灰铸铁合金化及加工性能研究

对比了在相同的孕育剂75SiFe孕育下多元合金添加剂(RE、Cr、Mn、Si、Fe)和Cu分别合金化处理得到的灰铸铁力学性能和加工性能,以及多元合金添加剂合金化处理不同孕育剂孕育得到的灰铸铁力学性能和加工性能.结果表明:在75SiFe孕育的情况下,多元合金添加剂合金化处理的灰铸铁与Cu合金化处理的灰铸铁相比,抗拉强度降低了6.5％,主切削力降低了3.5％～7.7％(切削深度2～3 mm),加工性能略好.均用多元合金添加剂合金化处理时,使用不同孕育剂75SiFe、SrSi和BaSi孕育得到的灰铸铁件强度基本相同,而SrSi孕育处理的灰铸铁切削加工性能最好.     

铝合金氩弧表面合金化层的组织和性能研究

利用氩弧作为热源，将高熔点的镍、铬直接熔入铸造铝合金表面，获得组织均匀的合金化层。显微组织结构分析表明，合金化层由Ni3Al、NiAl等金属间化合物组成，其硬度可达到130HV0.1左右，大约是基体材料的1．6倍；耐磨性大约是基体的1.4倍左右。     

Microstructure and wear properties of low-alloy phosphoric gray cast irons

The effects of various alloying elements on the microstructure and wear properties of phosphoric gray cast irons were examined. The wear properties of gray cast irons were examined with wear tests in the lubricated condition at various final loads and sliding speeds. It is found that the microstructure and the morphology and size of flaky graphite do not change much with a small addition of alloying elements such as V, Nb, Mo and Cr. However, the wear resistance of phosphoric gray cast iron is found to increase significantly with an increasing amount of alloying element. For a given amount of alloying element, it is found that V and Nb are very effective, whereas Mo and Cr are less effective in increasing the wear resistance of phosphoric gray cast iron. The increase in the hardness of steadite caused by the segregation of carbide-forming elements is found to be responsible for the excellent wear resistance of low-alloy phosphoric gray cast irons.     

钒和铜对高合金白口铸铁铸态组织及性能的影响

针对磨钼矿用磨球的湿式磨损工矿条件,通过对高合金白口铸铁进行成分设计、材料制备以及相应的性能测试和组织观察,分析了不同配比的Cu和V对高合金白口铸铁铸态组织及性能的影响.研究结果表明,不同的Cu和V含量对高合金白口铸铁碳化物的形态和分布影响不同.含量为1.0%的Cu和V的该合金（12.0%Cr）,其碳化物呈现短杆状、块状,均匀弥散分布于基体中,材料的硬度、冲击韧度和耐腐蚀磨损性能得到有效提高,相对耐磨性比不含Cu、V的普通高铬铸铁（18.0%Cr）约提高了15%.     

Microstructures and erosion-corrosion behavior of Fe-B alloy containing chromium and nickel

The Fe-B alloy containing chromium and nickel was prepared, and the microstructure and erosioncorrosion behavior of the alloy were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, Leica digital image analysis, a hardness tester and an erosioncorrosion tester. Cr28 white cast iron was used for comparison. Results show that the microstructures of both as-cast and heat-treated Fe-B alloys consist of austenite and borocarbide. The nickel and chromium elements are mainly distributed over the matrix and borocarbide, respectively. The hardness of the austenite matrix and the Rockwell hardness of heat-treated Fe-B alloy are higher than those of as-cast Fe-B alloy. In the erosioncorrosion test of the slurry, the erosion-corrosion weight loss of Fe-B alloy is lower than that of Cr28 white cast iron, indicating the Fe-B alloy displays higher erosion-corrosion resistance.     

Influence of microalloying and heat treatment on the kinetics of bainitic reaction in austempered ductile iron

The effect of different contents of alloying additions and austenitizing temperature on the transformation kinetics of austenite in a ductile iron austempered at 300 and 400 °C has been investigated in the present study. X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and hardness measurements were used to determine the transformation kinetics of low Ni iron, low Mo iron and low Ni, Mo iron during austempering at 300 and 400 °C for 1 to 480 min after austenitizing at 850 and 930 °C for 120 min. Nickel and molybdenum in used contents are shown to delay the bainitic transformation without the undesirable features. Decreasing the autenitizing temperature is shown to increase the driving force for stage I of reaction but to have only a small effect on stage II kinetics. This shifts the position of the processing window to short periods of time and leads to opening of the processing window, which is closed for higher autenitizing temperatures. A more uniform austempered microstructure can be obtained with a decrease of autenitizing temperature. Decreasing the autenitizing temperature has the disadvantage of reducing the austemperability.     

灰铸铁不同合金化同等强度下的加工性能对比研究

制备了用多元合金添加剂(含RE、Cr、Mn、Si、Fe)合金化和Cu合金化的具有相同抗拉强度的2种灰铸铁,对比研究了2种灰铸铁的加工性能.结果表明,具有同强度的2种灰铸铁的布氏硬度和珠光体基体硬度基本相同,但多元合金添加剂合金化灰铸铁的断面敏感性较小,加工性能好,在切削深度分别为1.5、1.75、2.0mm的条件下,其主切削力比Cu合金化灰铸铁的分别降低了23.0％、55.0％和55.2％.     

不同孕育剂处理的高强度灰铸铁加工性能研究

为研究不同孕育剂对灰铸铁切削加工性能的影响,制备了高强度HT350材质的试样.对比研究了孕育剂75SiFe、SrSi、BaSi、SiSr(80％)+75FeSi(20％)处理的高强度灰铸铁的力学性能和切削加工性能.结果表明,SiSr(80％)+75FeSi(20％)复合孕育处理的灰铸铁较单一孕育处理的灰铸铁石墨细小弯曲,基体组织均匀性好,具有较高的硬度以及较小的切削抗力,但其断面敏感性较大.单一孕育剂中75SiFe孕育处理的灰铸铁具有较高的抗拉强度、较小的硬度以及较低的断面敏感性.灰铸铁中A型石墨越细小,基体组织越均匀,灰铸铁的加工性能越好,说明显微组织的均匀性对灰铸铁的加工性能具有较大影响.     

Relationship between matrix-microstructure and mechanical properties of copper alloyed thin wall austempered gray cast iron (TWAGI)

In this investigation the characteristics of thin wall (3 mm thickness) castings of copper alloyed gray cast iron have been examined. The samples of the thin wall castings have been austempered isothermally thus the thin wall austempered gray iron (TWAGI) produced. The samples austenitizing at 927 °C (1700 °F), the samples have been austempered at 260 °C (500 °F), 285 °C (545 °F), 310 °C (590 °F), 335 °C (635 °F), 360 °C (680 °F) and 385 °C (725 °F) respectively for 1 h. As a result, these samples developed an ausferrite matrix and excellent mechanical properties. The microstructures of these samples TWAGI have been characterized through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The mechanical properties may be correlated with the volume fraction of austenite and ferrite and ferrite cell size in the ausferrite microstructure.