10mm厚LF2铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度分布及组织分析

采用嵌入热电偶测温法得到了10mm厚LF2铝合金搅拌摩擦对焊时不同深度(2、5和8mm)、距离搅拌针不同位置的FSW温度分布;通过对焊缝不同位置的金相观察,分析了温度场对10mmLF2搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属组织的影响。实验结果表明,返回侧温度略高于前进侧,但最大不超过40℃;焊缝顶部的最高温度出现在与轴肩接触的边缘区域,而焊缝底部的最高温度出现在搅拌针边缘;同时焊缝底部出现的"鼓"形组织表明焊缝不同深度的温度分布不仅与热源产热量有关,还与材料的流动情况有关。     

厚铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊塑性金属不同深度的水平流动状况

通过在10mm厚LF2铝合金板的不同位置嵌入示踪Fe粉,进行搅拌摩擦焊对接实验,焊后截取不同深度的水平面试样,采用扫描电镜对试样进行能谱分析,通过观察Fe粉在焊缝金属中的水平分布,确定了10 mm厚LF2搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属的二维水平流动状况.结果表明,塑性金属流动关于焊缝中心并不对称.焊缝下部金属受搅拌针作用,前进侧大部分金属与焊接方向相反向后流动,小部分金属向前流动,但都未进入返回侧;返回侧金属都向后流动,且有部分金属进入前进侧.焊缝上部金属主要受轴肩作用,前进侧大部分金属向前流动但未进入返回侧,小部分金属向后流动;返回侧金属沿旋转方向流入前进侧.     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场的三维实体耦合数值模拟

为更贴近实际的模拟搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程中复杂的热力行为,试验通过建立三维搅拌摩擦焊过程数学模型,采用三维实体耦合的有限元方法来分析2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊热过程和温度场分布.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的温度场梯度呈现上密下疏,前密后疏的分布状态,最高温度位于后退侧的搅拌针与轴肩的过渡区,焊缝后退边的温度高于前进边,搅拌针底部温度超过2219铝合金的再结晶温度,可确保对接接头根部形成紧密焊缝,模拟结果为研究搅拌摩擦焊的机理和优化搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺提供了支持.     

6005A FSW接头金属运动行为研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊对6005A进行焊接,并对垂直、平行焊接方向接头不同区域的组织进行研究。结果表明:搅拌摩擦焊接头前进侧金属运动迹象大于后退侧,前进侧"匙孔"边缘底部基本保留了搅拌针形貌;在垂直焊缝方向,前进侧晶粒呈明暗带状分布的"洋葱环"结构,距离焊缝中心越远越明显,后退侧组织致密且过渡平缓;在平行焊缝方向,前进侧边缘塑性金属运动痕迹强烈,为连续锯齿状形貌,该形貌向焊缝中心逐渐减弱并消失于后退侧。     

LF21超声搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能分析

利用超声波对金属塑性成形作用对LF21铝合金进行了超声搅拌摩擦焊接试验,并对常规搅拌摩擦焊与超声搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织、断口形貌进行了对比分析.结果表明,超声能量通过搅拌头有效地导入焊缝底部,在增加焊缝底部搅拌强度的同时,提高了搅拌针周围金属原子的运动和扩散能力,焊核区的金属组织有明显的晶粒细化和组织均匀化.超声搅拌摩擦焊断口韧窝数量与深度均不及常规搅拌摩擦焊,撕裂棱不明显;超声搅拌摩擦焊可以提高接头力学性能,但平均断后伸长率相比常规搅拌摩擦焊有所下降.     

异种铝合金单层板与双层板对搭接搅拌摩擦焊

将一块厚4 mm的LF5铝板与两块厚2 mm的6063铝板组成并种铝合金对搭接复合接头,进行搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验并优化焊接参数,获得优质焊缝.重点研究搅拌头转速、搅拌针偏移量对复合接头抗拉强度的影响,并对焊缝表面及横截面宏观形貌、焊缝“洋葱环”组织形貌、焊缝缺陷等进行观察.分析在搅拌针选取不同偏移量的条件下,双层板一侧的...     

激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊的激光加热特性研究

在研究激光在空心搅拌头内传热行为的基础上,将激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊过程分为搅拌头插入焊缝前、插入焊缝原位旋转以及沿焊缝前进3个阶段,采用接触式和非接触式测温手段获取搅拌头以及焊缝的温度场,对激光加热特性进行研究。研究结果表明:激光能量在小孔内的分布并不均匀,近3/4的激光能量集中在小孔的底部;激光功率越高,搅拌头温度上升越快,峰值温度也越高;细孔底部对应的搅拌针外表面温度最高,轴肩处温度明显下降;复合焊接在靠近焊缝中心处的温度要明显高于常规FSW,激光在搅拌头插入焊缝前预热,能够更加快速地提高焊缝温度。在一定焊接工艺参数下,加入激光能够消除常规搅拌摩擦焊焊缝中的孔洞,不会改变焊缝横截面的组织分布。     

超厚铝合金水流冷却搅拌摩擦焊接头非均质微观组织特征分析

针对108 mm超厚5A06(H112)铝合金，采用水流冷却搅拌摩擦焊接方法解决了轴肩影响区因过热导致的孔洞缺陷，对接头全厚度的微观组织特征进行了测试分析。结果表明，双面焊缝组织具有上下对称性，在厚度方向仍存在微观组织的不均一性；对于单道焊缝，焊核区不同厚度位置的晶粒尺寸、金属化合物尺寸分布存在差异；近表面焊核区（NZ-upper）以及焊核重叠区（OZ）晶粒尺寸最小，金属化合物颗粒尺寸最小呈弥散分布；距离表面7～22 mm深度中上部焊缝存在粗晶区，区域内Al3Mg2颗粒有所长大，其与后退侧TMAZ的过渡位置发现线状偏聚的β相Al3Mg2、氧化物以及Mg2Si。采用一种水平方向塑性材料堆积模型解释了金属化合物线状偏聚形成机制。     

厚板双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊温度场及流场数值模拟

针对30 mm厚5A06铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊的焊接过程,建立温度场及流场的数值模型,计算两种搅拌工具作用下的温度场及流场分布情况。模拟结果发现,双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊温度场靠近轴肩区域的温度高,沿板厚中心方向温度逐渐降低,呈哑铃状分布,后退侧温度高于前进侧温度;采用锥形搅拌针焊接时的焊缝温度高于圆柱形搅拌针作用的焊缝。流动场模拟结果表明,工件上、下表面轴肩作用范围内的材料流动最为剧烈,工件内部材料流动相对较弱,采用平行槽结构的搅拌针材料呈横向流动规律,而螺纹结构的搅拌针作用下材料流动较紊乱,材料流动情况与两种搅拌工具作用下的焊缝形貌吻合较好。     

伸缩式搅拌头厚铝板搅拌摩擦焊缺陷及其补焊工艺

采用伸缩式搅拌头对25 mm板厚2219-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊,在多道补焊时避免搅拌头轴肩的二次下压量造成的底部焊穿。对25 mm板厚2219-T6搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的微观组织、材料缺失型缺陷及弱连接型缺陷进行观察。结果表明:焊缝沿厚度方向分为轴肩影响区和搅拌针影响区,焊接参数的变化与这两区域中缺陷的产生存在一定关系,焊缝中的材料缺失型缺陷遵循一定的体积守恒关系。利用伸缩式搅拌头制备不同尺寸的焊缝根部未焊透缺陷,发现未焊透的深度与焊缝抗拉强度呈非线性关系。在统一的焊接参数规范下,调整搅拌针伸出长度进行多道焊,研究多道补焊工艺对焊缝组织性能的影响。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。