副干酪乳杆菌K56调节肠道菌群及润肠通便功能研究

目的:参考保健食品检验与技术评价规范(2003版)中关于调节肠道菌群及通便功能动物实验评价方法评价副干酪乳杆菌调节肠道菌群及润肠通便功能。方法:分别以0.000867、0.00867、0.0867、0.867、8.67 mg/kg灌胃给予副干酪乳杆菌K56菌株(实验室检测菌株规格为1.5×1011 CFU/g),检测小鼠干预14 d前后双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌含量,并测定干预30 d后小肠墨汁推进率、首粒黑便时间、排黑便粒数及重量,评价副干酪乳杆菌对小鼠肠道菌群及排便的影响。结果:干预14 d前后比较,各组小鼠粪便双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌均显著增加(P<0.05),而肠杆菌和肠球菌无显著变化(P>0.05);与对照组比较,以0.00867、0.0867、0.867 mg/kg剂量的K56干预后,小鼠肠道内双歧杆菌及乳杆菌数量显著增加(P<0.05),0.000867、0.00867、0.867 mg/kg剂量的K56干预后产气荚膜梭菌含量显著降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,0.00867、0.867、8.67 mg/kg剂量组干预小鼠墨汁推进率显著增高(P<0.05),0.0867、0.867 mg/kg剂量组小鼠排黑便粒数与重量显著增加(P<0.05),但各剂量组对小鼠首粒黑便时间与模型对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:副干酪乳杆菌K56菌株具有调节肠道菌群和润肠通便的作用,调节肠道菌群最佳剂量为0.0867 mg/kg(对应人体剂量1.0×108 CFU/d),润肠通便最低有效剂量为0.867 mg/kg(对应人体剂量为1.0×109 CFU/d)。     

蔓菁对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:探究不同剂量蔓菁对小鼠粪样中肠道菌群和短链脂肪酸的影响。方法:选取BalB/C雄性小鼠(18~22 g)48只按体重随机分为对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组4组,三个剂量组分别饲喂不同剂量(1、2、4 g/kg·BW·d)的蔓菁粉,对照组正常喂养,连续干预14 d,分别在干预第0 d、第7 d、第14 d称重并无菌收集新鲜粪样。采用平板计数法检测肠道菌群数量,气相色谱-质谱联用法检测短链脂肪酸的含量,并用SPSS 21.0对结果进行数据分析。结果:蔓菁可增加肠道益生菌乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和中性菌肠杆菌的数量(p<0.05),减少中性菌肠球菌和致病菌产气荚膜梭菌的数量(p<0.05),中剂量(2 g/kg·BW·d)作用最为明显,且肠杆菌数量增加幅度低于乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌增加幅度。蔓菁还可增加肠道乙酸、丙酸、正丁酸、异丁酸的含量(p<0.05),提高短链脂肪酸总含量,高剂量(4 g/kg·BW·d)作用最为明显。结论:蔓菁可促进小鼠肠道有益菌的增殖,抑制致病菌的增殖;蔓菁可促进小鼠肠道短链脂肪酸的产生。     

低聚异麦芽糖调节肠道菌群及润肠通便作用的研究

为研究体外检测低聚异麦芽糖对长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌生长的影响及低聚异麦芽糖对BALB/c小鼠肠道菌群影响以及对便秘小鼠润肠通便的作用。采用不同浓度低聚异麦芽糖与葡萄糖作为培养基中的碳源,与碳源为葡萄糖比较,检测不同浓度低聚异麦芽糖条件下长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的生长情况。体内实验以BALB/c雌性小鼠为实验对象,连续给予小鼠高剂量(1.0 g/(kg·bw))、低剂量(0.5 g/(kg·bw))的低聚异麦芽糖14 d后,测定小鼠粪便中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌的含量;连续给予小鼠高、低剂量的低聚异麦芽糖21 d后,以复方地芬诺酯建立小鼠便秘模型,测定给予低聚异麦芽糖后便秘小鼠的排首黑便时间、6 h内黑便重量及小肠推进率。得到在体外实验中,与碳源为葡萄糖相比,碳源为不同浓度低聚异麦芽糖与葡萄糖时,长双歧杆菌与嗜酸乳杆菌的数量显著增加。体内实验中,实验组小鼠灌胃低聚异麦芽糖14 d后,与正常组相比,粪便中乳杆菌与双歧杆菌都极显著增加,B/E值也明显提高,且低剂量组中肠杆菌显著减少;灌胃前后自身相比,乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量也显著增加。灌胃便秘小鼠低聚异麦芽糖后,其首粒排黑便时间明显缩短,排黑便总量明显增加,小肠推进率明显提高。体外培养条件下,低聚异麦芽糖可以增加长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的数量;低聚异麦芽糖具有改善小鼠胃肠道菌群及润肠通便的功效。     

槲皮素对肠道菌群的调节作用研究

为探究槲皮素对肠道菌群的调节作用,利用光电比浊法动态观察槲皮素在体外对肠道优势菌肠球菌、肠杆菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌增殖的影响;利用盐酸林可霉素灌胃构造小鼠肠道菌群失调动物模型,通过小鼠体内实验评价槲皮素调节肠道菌群失调的效果。体外实验结果表明,在一定浓度范围内(0.01、0.05、0.1μmol/mL)槲皮素对乳杆菌增殖有明显扶植作用,超过这一范围时(0.5、1μmol/mL)对乳杆菌增殖强烈抑制,各浓度槲皮素均对肠球菌的体外增殖表现为强烈的抑制作用,对肠杆菌和双歧杆菌无明显的抑制作用但也不表现出扶植作用;体内实验表明,200、400 mg/kg BW槲皮素可增加小鼠肠道双歧杆菌数量。槲皮素可调节肠道菌群。     

乳双歧杆菌V9对头孢曲松钠作用小鼠肠道菌群的变化

该研究主要探讨了乳双歧杆菌V9对头孢曲松钠作用的小鼠肠道菌群的变化。头孢曲松钠连续灌胃5 d建立小鼠肠道菌群失调的模型,然后随机分为4组,分别为模型组及低、中和高剂量组。低、中和高剂量组灌胃不同剂量乳双歧杆菌V9溶液,另设正常对照组,与模型组灌胃等体积生理盐水,连续灌胃23 d。灌胃结束后,采集小鼠的粪便进行活菌计数和16S rDNA测序,检测粪便中微生物组成及分布,测定血清中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α以及IL-2的含量,测定小肠及肝脏组织中SOD、MDA、GSH、GSH-Px的含量,HE染色观察小鼠小肠组织病理学变化。结果表明,灌胃乳双歧杆菌V9溶液后,中、高剂量组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及IL-2的含量分别显著降低31.73、17.04、12.57及31.71 pg/mL;高剂量组小肠及肝脏组织中MDA含量显著降低（p<0.01）,中、高剂量组SOD、GSH及GSH-Px均极显著升高（p<0.01）。同时,乳双歧杆菌V9使得头孢曲松钠导致的小鼠肠道菌群失调得到明显改善,粪便活菌计数显示高剂量组肠杆菌数量显著降低0.34 lg cfu/g,乳杆菌及双歧杆菌数量显著增加,分别增加0.40 lg cfu/g和0.26 lg cfu/g。拟普雷沃菌属和魏斯氏菌丰度显著降低（p<0.01）。说明乳双歧杆菌V9对由头孢曲松钠引起的肠道菌群失衡具有一定的调节作用,并调节菌群多样性。     

豆渣膳食纤维及豆渣超微化制品对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

用豆渣膳食纤维及豆渣超微化制品灌胃BALB/c小鼠,研究其对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。正常对照组用生理盐水进行灌胃,实验组分别以低剂量(0.5g/(kg.d))、高剂量(2.5g/(kg.d))灌胃水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)、非水溶性膳食纤维(IDF)、超微粉碎豆渣(SPO)和螺杆挤压-超微粉碎豆渣(ESPO)。实验期间,每周同一时间取小鼠粪便,采用选择性培养基检测小鼠粪便中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、肠杆菌和肠球菌的数量。结果表明:灌胃的各个阶段,各实验组在灌胃豆渣膳食纤维及豆渣制品后对小鼠的肠道菌群均有明显影响,其中高剂量IDF、低剂量SDF和低剂量的ESPO对小鼠肠道菌群调理作用明显,在增加乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的同时,一定程度上抑制了肠球菌和肠杆菌的增长。     

牛蒡寡糖的提取及对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

目的：研究牛蒡多糖的提取条件和对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。方法：采用单因素试验和正交试验优化牛蒡多糖提取工艺。15 只小鼠随机分为空白对照组和牛蒡多糖低、高剂量组,每组5 只,经口灌胃给药,灌胃容积为10ml/kg,1 次/d,连续14d。给药结束后,分别采集小鼠粪便,检查肠道肠杆菌,乳杆菌和双歧杆菌。结果：牛蒡多糖优化提取条件为：温度80℃,固液比1:10(m/V),时间60min,提取两次。与空白对照组相比,牛蒡多糖组乳杆菌与双歧杆菌数量均显著增加(P ＜ 0.05),肠杆菌数量变化不明显(P ＞ 0.05)。结论：牛蒡多糖能有效调节小鼠肠道菌群,增殖乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量。     

魔芋低聚糖对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

该实验研究了魔芋低聚糖（KOGM）对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。以不同剂量魔芋低聚糖连续灌胃小鼠35 d,测定血清生化指标,无菌条件下取小鼠粪便培养肠道菌群。结果表明,与对照组比较,魔芋低聚糖高剂量组（2.00 g/kg体质量）小鼠粪便中双歧杆菌和乳杆菌数量（对数值分别为3.65、3.81）显著增加（P＜0.05）,肠杆菌和产气杆菌数量无显著性变化（P＞0.05）;结肠内容物中乙酸、丙酸以及丁酸的含量（6.51 mmol/100 g、1.69 mmol/100 g、3.83 mmol/100 g）显著增加（P＜0.05）。说明魔芋低聚糖对小鼠肠道菌群有较好调节作用。     

黑菊芋多糖的润肠通便和调节肠道菌群作用

该研究旨在探索黑菊芋多糖对便秘小鼠肠道功能及菌群多样性的影响。将KM小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和黑菊芋多糖低（2.5 g/kg·bw）、中（5.0 g/kg·bw）、高（10.0 g/kg·bw）剂量组。连续14 d利用复方地芬诺酯诱导便秘小鼠模型,并从第8 d起开始多糖干预。计算小鼠6 h内排便粒数和肠墨汁推进率,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对其肠道菌群16S rDNA基因进行分析。结果显示,与模型组相比,低、中、高剂量黑菊芋多糖能够增加小鼠黑便粒数（分别增加48.21%、98.21%和78.57%）和小肠墨汁推进率（分别增加67.34%、107.05%和87.08%）,其中以中剂量效果最佳。中剂量组干预后,微生物多样性、丰富度以及厚壁菌门/拟杆菌比例和变形菌门丰度显著增加（p<0.05）,并促进肠道有益菌乳酸菌属和栖粪杆菌属增殖（p<0.05）。因此,适量食用黑菊芋多糖有助于逆转便秘造成的肠道菌群紊乱,改善便秘症状。     

酪蛋白糖巨肽(CGMP)对小鼠肠道菌群消长规律的影响

目的:研究了不同剂量的CGMP对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法:选用60只BALB/c小鼠(25～30g),随机分成十组(对照组和4～10七个试验组),每组6只;对照1组(日食组)既不灌胃CGMP也不灌胃安慰剂,对照2组灌胃甜乳清粉溶液(0.2ml),对照3组灌胃生理盐水(0.2ml),试验4～10组灌胃等体积(0.2ml)不同浓度的CGMP溶液,灌胃期为15d。分别于灌胃前以及试验的第3、5、7、10、15d和停止灌胃后一周(第22d)用逼迫法采集小鼠新鲜粪便进行菌群测定,观察肠道内菌群的消长规律。结果表明:与对照组相比,随着灌胃时间的延长,各试验组均可促进小鼠肠道和粪便中的双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌增殖(p<0.01),使致病菌数量明显减少(p<0.05),对肠杆菌、肠球菌数量的影响不明显。CGMP对小鼠肠道菌群的影响作用存在最适剂量(100μg/d),最适剂量组使肠杆菌、肠球菌、致病菌数量明显减少。说明CGMP具有有效地促进和调控小鼠肠道生理性细菌、构筑膜菌群的作用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the