Effect of different types of feeding on the fatty acid makeup of the blood serum in premature infants

The composition of fatty acids and the content of total serum lipids were studied in 65 virtually healthy premature infants on varying types of feeding, natural and mixed ones (supplemented with kefir and a mixture of the "Similak" type). It was established that the composition of blood serum fatty acids in premature infants on natural feeding is marked by age-specific features. The differences in the content of blood serum fatty acids among children on natural feeding and those whose food was supplemented by kefir and a mixture of the "Similak" type were consequent on the specificity of lipid fatty acids from the food given. Good tolerance, adequate weight gain and a high content of indispensable fatty acids in blood serum were attained as a result of the research described. Therefore it is recommended that whole kefir and the mixture of the "Similak" type may be used for feeding premature infants.     

The vitamin E allowance of rats on different combinations of sunflower and soybean oils in their diets

Soybean oil and its combinations with sunflower oil, as 1:1 and 1:3, were used in the rations intended for rats. As it is evidenced by the data on the content of tocopherol in the tissues, malonic dialdehide in the liver, diene conjugates in the liver and red blood cells, and red blood cell resistance, the fatty products used in the rations sufficiently provided the animals with antioxidants. The role of tocopherol isomers and phosphatides, as synergists of antioxidants in varying combinations of soybean and sunflower oils, formed for simultaneous intake of linoleic and linolenic acids with the ration, has been analyzed.     

Characteristics of calcium-phosphorus metabolism and vitamin D allowance in the Far North

Examination of children aged 3 to 17 years and adult population including parturients living in Naryan-Mar and northern settlements of the Nenets national district revealed the reduced calcium and elevated phosphorus concentrations in the blood serum of the examinees as compared with respective parameters in analogous population groups living in the middle zone of Russia (Moscow and Kazan). These changes, particularly marked in winter and spring, are determined by national and local features of the diet poor in calcium and containing excess amount of phosphorus. The concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood serum of the population living in the Extreme North was 2 times lower than that in the population of the middle zone, constituting 15-20 and 30-40 ng/ml, respectively. The reason for a lower vitamin D supply in the North is insufficient insulation.     

The vitamin allowance of the pupils in a rural vocational and technical school and their prophylactic vitaminization]

The actual nutrition and providing with vitamins C and B1 was studied in boys aged 16-17 years, students of a rural trade school (Volsk of Saratov Province). Although the caloric value of their ration was high enough the content of animal proteins was only 42-48 g/day. The content of ascorbic acid in the ration comprised 48%, in the spring of 1987 it was 17%, and of 1988-29% of the recommended standard, vitamin B1 levels did not show seasonal differences. Vitamin C and B1 deficiencies in the spring were proved by their low excretion levels in urine, and by a low concentration of vitamin C and decreased activity of B1-dependent enzyme transketolase in the blood. Intake of "Undevitum" (1 dragee/day) during 4 months was conductive to the improvement of the student providing with vitamins.     

Effect of vitamin D source and amount on vitamin D status and response to endotoxin challenge

The objectives were to test the effects of dietary vitamin D₃ [cholecalciferol (CHOL)] compared with 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ [calcidiol (CAL)] on vitamin D status and response to an endotoxin challenge. Forty-five Holstein bull calves (5 ± 2 d of age) were blocked into weekly cohorts, fed a basal diet that provided 0.25 µg/kg body weight (BW) CHOL, and assigned randomly to 1 of 5 treatments: control [(CON) no additional vitamin D], 1.5 µg/kg BW CHOL (CHOL1.5), 3 µg/kg BW CHOL (CHOL3), 1.5 µg/kg BW CAL (CAL1.5), or 3 µg/kg BW CAL (CAL3). Calves were fed milk replacer until weaning at 56 d of age and had ad libitum access to water and starter grain throughout the experiment. Treatments were added daily to the diet of milk replacer until weaning and starter grain after weaning. Measures of growth, dry matter intake, and serum concentrations of vitamin D, Ca, Mg, and P were collected from 0 to 91 d of the experiment. At 91 d of the experiment, calves received an intravenous injection of 0.1 µg/kg BW lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clinical and physiological responses were measured from 0 to 72 h relative to LPS injection. Data were analyzed with mixed models that included fixed effects of treatment and time, and random effect of block. Orthogonal contrasts evaluated the effects of (1) source (CAL vs. CHOL), (2) dose (1.5 vs. 3.0 µg/kg BW), (3) interaction between source and dose, and (4) supplementation (CON vs. all other treatments) of vitamin D. From 21 to 91 d of the experiment, mean BW of supplemented calves was less compared with CON calves, but the effect was predominantly a result of the CHOL calves, which tended to weigh less than the CAL calves. Supplementing vitamin D increased concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum compared with CON, but the increment from increasing the dose from 1.5 to 3.0 µg/kg BW was greater for CAL compared with CHOL (CON = 18.9, CHOL = 24.7 and 29.6, CAL = 35.6 and 65.7 ± 3.2 ng/mL, respectively). Feeding CAL also increased serum Ca and P compared with CHOL. An interaction between source and dose of treatment was observed for rectal temperature and derivatives of reactive metabolites after LPS challenge because calves receiving CHOL3 and CAL1.5 had lower rectal temperatures and plasma derivatives of reactive metabolites compared with calves receiving CHOL1.5 and CAL3. Supplementing vitamin D increased plasma P concentrations post-LPS challenge compared with CON, but plasma concentrations of Ca, Mg, fatty acids, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, haptoglobin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and antioxidant potential did not differ among treatments post-LPS challenge. Last, supplementing vitamin D increased granulocytes as a percentage of blood leukocytes post-LPS challenge compared with CON. Supplementing CAL as a source of vitamin D to dairy calves was more effective at increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Ca, and P concentrations compared with feeding CHOL. Supplemental source and dose of vitamin D also influenced responses to the LPS challenge.     

中国儿童维生素A缺乏情况及预防措施

维生素A又名视黄醇，是一种脂溶性维生素，它具有许多重要的生理功能。（1）与正常视觉和感光关系密切，维生素A缺乏可导致夜盲症；（2）与人体上皮细胞的正常形成和功能有关，维生素A缺乏可引起眼结膜和角膜上皮组织的退变、泪液分泌减少所致的干眼病，进一步发展可成为角膜软化、溃疡及穿孔，导致失明；（3）可提高机体免疫功能，故有“抗感染维生素”之称。维生素A缺乏，机体对病原微生物的屏障抗病能力降低，细胞免疫和体液免疫功能下降，呼吸道及消化道疾病增加；（4）促进生长和骨的发育，维生素A缺乏使青少年的生长发育发生障碍，…     

北京地区不同喂养方式婴幼儿肠道菌群多样性分析

目的 探讨不同喂养方式对0~3岁婴幼儿肠道微生物的影响,以及喂养方式引起的肠道菌群变化与婴幼儿的年龄和分娩方式之间的相关性。方法 选取221例0~3岁北京地区健康婴幼儿肠道粪便样品,按照哺乳方式,将这些样品分为4组：纯母乳组（B）、纯奶粉组（F）、以母乳为主,奶粉和辅食为辅组（BP）、以奶粉为主,辅食为辅（NB）。其中B组44例、F组29例、BP组108例、NB组40例。利用16s微生物多样性测序技术分析了不同喂养方式对婴幼儿肠道微生物的丰度影响。结果 在物种组成上,没有摄入母乳的NB组,门水平上优势菌的含量变化明显。厚壁菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门四大优势菌的总含量明显低于B组、BP组和F组。在属水平上B组、BP组和F组相互比较,F组双歧杆菌属和拟杆菌属的含量显著下降,但粪杆菌属、罕见小球菌属等厌氧菌的含量升高。主成分分析的结果表明,NB组和B组的距离最远,F组与BP组的距离最近。F组与B组的差异要大于BP组与B组的差异,说明,与纯母乳喂养的婴幼儿相比,奶粉喂养的婴幼儿其肠道微生物的变化要大于辅以母乳摄入的婴幼儿。同时,关联性分析表明,分娩方式与喂养方式和婴幼儿年龄在影响肠道菌群的丰富度上密切相关。结论 出生前3年的饮食组成和模式会显著影响肠道微生物群的多样性,这种多样性变化与婴幼儿的年龄和分娩方式均具有密切的相关性。     

Vitamin supply of premature infants with intracranial birth injuries fed in different ways

A total of 136 premature infants with intracranial birth trauma were studied during the first 2 months of life for vitamin B, C, A and carotinoid supply with regard to their body mass at birth and type of feeding. Premature children with different patterns of birth trauma showed low supply with thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin A in the presence of breast feeding. Combined feeding raised the supply of the children under observation with thiamine and riboflavin. The data obtained attest to the necessity of further study in this direction with the purpose of developing pathogenetically validated schemes for vitamin therapy of premature children.     

Bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified process cheese and effects on vitamin D status in the elderly

We conducted 2 studies to determine the effect of vitamin D-fortified cheese on vitamin D status and the bioavailability of vitamin D in cheese. The first study was designed to determine the effect of 2 mo of daily consumption of vitamin D₃-fortified (600 IU/d) process cheese on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and osteocalcin (OC) concentrations among 100 older (≥60 yr) men and women. Participants were randomized to receive vitamin D-fortified cheese, nonfortified cheese, or no cheese. Serum levels of 25-OHD, PTH, and OC were measured at the beginning and end of the study. There were no differences in 25-OHD, PTH, or OC after 2 mo of fortified cheese intake. The vitamin D-fortified cheese group had a greater decrease in 25-OHD than other groups, due to higher baseline 25-OHD. A second study was conducted to determine whether the bioavailability of vitamin D₂ in cheese (delivering 5880 IU of vitamin D₂/56.7-g serving) and water (delivering 32,750 IU/250 mL) is similar and whether absorption differs between younger and older adults. The second study was a crossover trial involving 2 groups of 4 participants each (younger and older group) that received single acute feedings of either vitamin D₂-fortified cheese or water. Serial blood measurements were taken over 24 h following the acute feeding. Peak serum vitamin D and area under the curve were similar between younger (23 to 50 yr) and older (72 to 84 yr) adults, and vitamin D₂ was absorbed more efficiently from cheese than from water. These studies demonstrated that vitamin D in fortified process cheese is bioavailable, and that young and older adults have similar absorption. Among older individuals, consuming 600 IU of vitamin D₃ daily from cheese for 2 mo was insufficient to increase serum 25-OHD during limited sunlight exposure.     

Effect of different types of feeding on the lipid metabolism of infants in the 1st months of life with acute digestive disorders

A total of 147 sick children from 2 weeks to 6 months of age and 40 healthy children were examined. The children suffering from acute digestive disorders showed, in the presence of formula feeding, deep changes on the lipidogram at the height of the disease. The lipidogram does not return to normal even by the time of clinical recovery. With natural and mixed feeding the metabolic changes are less pronounced, all test parameters reaching normal by the time of convalescence. Intensive therapy does not exert any material effect on the body weight recovery in children with a low lipid level in the blood serum. Parenteral and enteral applications of fat emulsions favoured rapid recovery of these children.     

Comparison of different methods for fortifying Cheddar cheese with vitamin D

Fortification of Cheddar cheese with vitamin D was tested using three different addition methods to cheesemilk at a final concentration of 400 IU L⁻¹: addition of a commercial water-soluble emulsion of vitamin D (Vitex D); homogenization of crystalline liposoluble vitamin D in a portion of cream used for cheesemilk standardization; and addition of water-soluble vitamin D entrapped in multilamellar liposomes (Prolipo-Duo^TM). The recovery of vitamin D in cheese curd, losses in whey and stability of vitamin D during cheese making and ripening over a 7 months period were measured. The method of vitamin D addition did not affect significantly the composition of experimental cheeses (protein, fat, moisture and salt), which was not different from that of control cheeses made without vitamin D. The recovery of vitamin D in cheese was significantly higher when vitamin D was entrapped in liposomes (61.5±5.4%) than for vitamin D homogenized in cream (40.5±2.2%) and for Vitex D (42.7±1.7%). Vitamin D concentration in experimental cheeses was stable for 3–5 months of ripening depending on the addition method, but decreased thereafter, particularly with liposome-encapsulated vitamin D. Vitamin D concentration after 7 months of ripening was very similar for all experimental cheeses, and corresponded to approximately 60, 89 and 84% of that measured after production in cheese fortified by vitamin D in liposomes, cream, and Vitex D, respectively.     

The vitamin B6 allowance of hypertension patients and the effect of dietotherapy

A total of 111 patients with essential hypertension (the II stage) and obesity (the II degree) were investigated for providing with vitamin B6. The functional methods used for the vitamin assay (ACT activity of red blood cells and pyrodoxale-5-phosphate effect) have revealed significant vitamin B6 deficiency in 81.1% of the patients. Vitamin B6 deficiency was intensified in the course of the dietotherapy. Correction of vitamin B6 deficiency with a therapeutic dose of pyridoxine (20 mg/day) during 20-22 days, in the presence of the diet, has promoted optimization of providing with vitamin B6: normalization of pyrodoxale-5-phosphate effect. The hypotensive effect and decrease of excessive body mass in patients who received dietotherapy and pyridoxine (20 mg/day) were more pronounced than in those who received the same diet and the multivitamin "Undevitum".     

The vitamin allowance and vitamin requirements of the operators of a chemical plant in the city of Rustavi

Excretion of thiamine, riboflavin, N1-methyl nicotinamide and ascorbic acid with urine, TDP-effect, ascorbic acid and vitamin A content in the blood have shown higher vitamin requirements in the operators, as compared to subjects of the control group, this was caused by unfavourable effects of the chemical factors of the production environment. The levels of the biochemical parameters characterizing normal providing of the operators with vitamins could be achieved by additional vitamins administered to the workers (2 dragees of "Hexavitum").     

Red palm oil supplementation: a feasible diet-based approach to improve the vitamin A status of pregnant women and their infants

This double-blinded, randomized, controlled study was designed to study the effect of dietary supplementation with red palm oil during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal vitamin A status. A total of 170 women were recruited at 16 to 24 weeks of gestation and randomly assigned to an experimental group that received red palm oil to supply approximately one recommended dietary amount (RDA) (2,400 micrograms) of beta-carotene or to a control group that received an equivalent volume of groundnut oil. The women received the oils for a period of 8 weeks, starting at 26 to 28 weeks of gestation and extending to 34 to 36 weeks of gestation. The mean postintervention (34 to 36 weeks) levels of serum retinol were 1.20 +/- 0.22 (SD) mumol/L (95% CI, 1.15-1.25) in women receiving red palm oil and 0.73 +/- 0.15 mumol/L (95% CI, 0.69-0.77) in their infants; these levels were significantly higher than those in women receiving groundnut oil (1.07 +/- 0.26 mumol/L; 95% CI, 1.01-1.13; p < .01) and their infants (0.62 +/- 0.17 mumol/L; 95% CI, 0.57-0.67; p < .001). A significantly lower proportion of women in the red palm oil group than in the control group had vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol levels < 0.7 mumol/L) after intervention (1.5% vs. 9.7%). The proportion of women having anemia was significantly lower (p < .01) in the red palm oil-supplemented group (80.6%) than in the control group (96.7%). The mean birthweight and gestational age of the infants did not differ significantly between the two groups. An increased risk of low birth-weight (p = .003) and preterm delivery (p = .000) was observed with decreasing serum retinol levels in the third trimester of pregnancy. These results show that red palm oil supplementation significantly improved maternal and neonatal vitamin A status and reduced the prevalence of maternal anemia. Maternal vitamin A status in the later part of pregnancy is significantly associated with fetal growth and maturation. Hence red palm oil, a rich source of bioavailable vitamin A, could be used as a diet-based approach for improving vitamin A status in pregnancy.     

Hematological, metabolic, and endocrine effects of feeding vitamin A and lactoferrin in neonatal calves

There are reports of important interactions among vitamin A, lactoferrin (Lf), and components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Newborn calves are deficient in vitamin A and have a low Lf status. Colostrum contains vitamin A, Lf, and members of the IGF system, including IGF binding proteins (IGFBP), and these compounds may exert mutual interactions in neonatal calves. Effects of feeding different amounts of vitamin A and Lf on hematological, metabolic, and endocrine traits during the first 5 d of life were studied in neonatal calves. Calves were fed a milk-based formula without (F) or with added vitamin A [F(A); 351, 402, 490, and 490 micromol/kg dry matter (DM) on d 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively], Lf (F(L); 3850, 1990, 660, and 660 mg/kg DM on d 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively), or vitamin A + Lf (F(AL)) and colostrum (C). Blood samples were taken preprandially on d 1 to 5 and postprandially on d 1, 2, and 4 for the study of hematological, metabolic, and endocrine traits. As intestinal absorption of Lf in formula-fed calves was obviously lower than in colostrum-fed calves, Lf supplementation did not influence the metabolic and endocrine status. Plasma vitamin A concentrations increased from d 1 to 5 in F(A), F(AL), and C, but remained low in F and F(L). Addition of vitamin A to F affected concentrations of vitamin A from d 2 to 5; hemoglobin and triglycerides on d 3; and tended to influence IGFBP-3 levels on d 5. On d 1, preprandial insulin concentrations in F and F(L) were higher than those in F(A) and F(AL) and growth hormone concentrations on d 3 in F(A) were higher than in F(AL). In C, plasma Lf concentrations increased on d 1 and then decreased until d 5, whereas plasma urea and IGF-I concentrations remained stable. Compared with F-fed calves, C-fed calves had higher plasma concentrations of Lf from d 1 to 4, higher concentrations of vitamin A on d 5, higher concentrations of total protein from d 2 to 5, higher concentrations of triglycerides on d 3 and 4, and higher concentrations of IGF-I on d 4 and 5, but lower urea concentrations on d 4 and 5 and lower basal growth hormone concentrations than in F, F(L), and F(A). In conclusion, metabolite and hormone concentrations were influenced by differences in feeding. Addition of vitamin A influenced concentrations of vitamin A, hemoglobin, and triglycerides and tended to affect IGFBP-3 levels. Lactoferrin and vitamin A did not interact with respect to the IGF-I and IGFBP-3 status.     

Correlation of the actual vitamin B1, B2 and B6 consumption with the biochemical indices of their body allowance

Correlation of actual consumption of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 with biochemical parameters of their utilization has been studied in two groups of workers (one group was engaged in the synthetic leather industry, the second one in the diamond treatment industry). It is shown that the actual utilization of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 correlated well with the stimulation coefficients (SC) of the basal activity of the corresponding erythrocytic enzymes. This correlation can be expressed in an equation of linear regression with a preset SC. Solution of this equation gives the values that can be used in the diagnosis of changes in the vitamins B1, B2 and B6 requirement in certain population groups. The results of the study evidence that vitamin B1 and B6 are especially necessary for workers whose activity is associated with manifest nervous-emotional stress, while the workers engaged in the synthetic leather industry being exposed to dimethyl formamide are in need of vitamin B2.     

基于GC-TOF-MS解析不同甜型广东客家黄酒代谢组分

为深入探究半干黄酒、半甜黄酒、甜黄酒3种广东客家黄酒间微量代谢风味组分差异,以L-2-氯苯丙氨酸作为内标物,采用非靶向代谢组学结合气相色谱-飞行时间-质谱（GC-TOF-MS）分析市售3种不同黄酒中的代谢组分。结果表明,3种黄酒中共鉴定出133种代谢组分,包括39种有机酸、15种氨基酸及其衍生物、48种糖类及衍生物、11种醇类及20种其他类。半干黄酒、半甜黄酒、甜黄酒分别共检测出122种、122种、98种代谢组分,共有组分76种,其中乙醇酸（74.447～95.446 mg/mL）、乳酸（17.146～21.958 mg/mL）、琥珀酸（13.392～23.749 mg/mL）、硬脂酸（8.955～18.605 mg/mL）、核糖醇（102.887～204.943 mg/mL）、麦芽糖（37.407～75.639 mg/mL）、蜜二糖（15.922～31.938 mg/mL）等组分含量较高;花生四烯酸、亚油酸、白皮杉醇、4-羟基-3-甲氧基肉桂醛、花旗松素等具有重要的生理活性。半干黄酒有机酸及氨基酸含量较高,甜黄酒糖含量较高,半甜黄酒糖类及其衍生物含量较高,表明不同广东客家黄酒代谢组分有差异。     

不同类型大豆萌发期维生素E组分及含量的比较

为了探究大豆萌发期维生素E的变化规律,本实验以8种栽培大豆为实验材料,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定大豆萌发期维生素E组分及含量,并统计萌发期大豆的发芽率、发芽势以及胚根长。结果表明:HPLC法测定的结果重现性和精密度良好,可以准确定量大豆维生素E组分的含量。3个黄皮黄仁大豆、2个黑皮黄仁大豆和1个绿皮黄仁大豆均表现为γ-生育酚含量大于α-和δ-生育酚含量,且萌发期间变化趋势大致相同;仅绿皮绿仁大豆和黑皮绿仁大豆各组分含量表现为α-生育酚γ-生育酚δ-生育酚。差异显著性分析表明,黄仁大豆在第7天的α-生育酚含量最高,绿仁大豆在第1天含量最高。大豆萌发期间黑皮绿仁大豆SZ910的α-生育酚含量显著高于其他材料,进一步分析表明萌发期绿仁大豆中α-生育酚含量显著高于黄仁大豆,表明萌发期绿仁大豆较黄仁大豆具有更高的营养保健作用。     

Contents of creatine, creatinine and carnosine in porcine muscles of different metabolic types

Creatine, creatinine and carnosine have been analyzed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) in seven different pork muscles of different metabolic type (Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris, Gluteus maximus, Longissimus dorsi, Gluteus medius, Trapezius and Masseter). As reported in previous literature, carnosine contents are related with the type of metabolism, being higher in those muscles with glycolytic metabolism. Creatine and creatinine also showed significantly higher concentrations in glycolytic muscles such as Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris, Gluteus maximus and Longissimus dorsi. Masseter, a red oxidative muscle, was characterized by the lowest contents of creatine, creatinine and carnosine and, finally, Gluteus medius and Trapezius, both intermediate muscles, had also intermediate contents of these studied compounds. Finally, a correlation between initial content of creatine and creatinine formation after cooking has been verified using pure standards and two different metabolic type muscles, Longissimus dorsi and Masseter, obtaining slightly higher creatinine amounts in Longissimus dorsi, probably due to its higher initial creatine content and its lower pH.     

Fat assimilation and indicators of lipid metabolism in the blood of premature infants fed milk mixtures with different fat composition

The efficacy and adequacy of fat component depending on the feeding type (breast milk, Malyutka, Malyutka with a new fatty composition and Similak mixtures) were defined in the course of feeding 90 premature infants aged 33 to 37 weeks on the basis of clinical observations, determination of fat assimilation and the main indicators of lipid metabolism. All the mixtures were shown to be tolerated well. No significant differences were revealed in the mean daily weight gain and in the monthly body length gain. The children fed breast milk showed a higher assimilation of fats and an increase in the cholesterol level in the blood serum. The indicators of fat retention in children fed Similak and Malyutka with a new fatty composition mixtures were similar to those in children on natural feeding. The milk mixtures under consideration are found to be effective enough and thus can be used for feeding premature children born to mothers with hypo- and agalactia.