Experimental Investigation of the Properties of an Acoustic Wave Induced by Laser Ablation of a Solid Target in Water-Confined Plasma Propulsion

Acoustic waves generated in nanosecond pulsed-laser ablation of a solid target in both air and water-confined environments were measured experimentally. It was found that the amplitude of the acoustic wave tended to decrease with an increase in water thickness. The waves were analyzed by means of fast Fourier transform. It was shown that there are several frequency components in the acoustic waves with the dominant frequency shifting from high frequency to low frequency as the thickness of the water layer increases. Furthermore, strong acoustic pressure led to enhancement of the coupling of the laser energy to the target in laser plasma propulsion.     

Re-Heating Effect on the Enhancement of Plasma Emission Generated from Fe Under Femtosecond Double-Pulse Laser Irradiation

In this paper, we present a study on the effect of inter-pulse delay using femtosecond double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in a collinear geometry. The temporal evolution of spectral intensity is performed for the lines of Fe I 423.60 nm, Fe I 425.08 nm and Fe I 427.18 nm. It is found that, by selecting appropriate inter-pulse delay, the signal enhancement can be significantly increased compared with the single-pulse case. A three-fold enhancement in the current experiment is obtained. The plasma temperature and electron density are also investigated based on the theory of Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening. We attribute the main mechanism for emission enhancement to the plasma re-heating effect.     

Characterization of Carbon Plasma Evolution Using Laser Ablation TOF Mass Spectrometry

In this work, a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer has been used to investigate the distribution of intermediate species and formation process of carbon clusters. The graphite sample was ablated by Nd:YAG laser (532 nm and 1064 nm). The results indicate that the maximum size distribution shifted towards small cluster ions as the laser fluence increased, which happened because of the fragmentation of larger clusters in the hot plume. The temporal evolution of ions was measured by varying the delay time of the ion extraction pulse with respect to the laser irradiation, which was used to provide distribution information of the species in the ablated plasma plume. When the laser fluence decreased, the yield of all of the clusters obviously dropped.     

紫外激光烧蚀Cu诱导发光羽外观特征动力学研究

通过测定脉冲紫外激光在氦气中烧蚀金属Cu诱导发光羽的发射光谱及其强度随时间的分布,拍摄了发光羽的照片。实验结果表明：在低压下,发光羽的中心区与中间层均为混合色,外围层为黄绿色;中压下,发光羽的中心区和中间层均为白色,外围层为淡绿色;高压下,发光羽的中心区和中间层均为白色,外围层为微绿色。发光羽区域随着环境气压的增大而减小,其颜色随环境气压的增大而变淡。结合实验结果,对发光羽的发光机理进行了探讨。中压及低压下以电子与原子、离子的碰撞传能激发以及原子与原子、离子的碰撞传能激发为主要机理;高压下以电子韧致辐射及电子与离子的复合激发为主要机理。并用此机理定性地解释了所观察到的实验现象。     

Experimental Investigation of Glass-Layer Confined Ablation in Laser Plasma Propulsion

Laser plasma propulsion in glass-layer confined ablation was experimentally investigated. The results showed that compared to that of direct ablation, the coupling coefficient was enhanced over ten times. By observing the plasma expansion and calculating the ablation pressure, it was found that a higher ablation pressure and larger glass mass resulted in a higher coupling coefficient in the confined laser ablation.     

Electron Acceleration by a Focused Gaussian Laser Pulse in Vacuum

By numerically solving the relativistic equations of motion of a single electron in laser fields modeled by a Gaussian laser beam, we get the trajectory and energy of the electron. When the drifting distance is comparable to or even longer than the corresponding Rayleigh length, the evolution of the beam waist cannot be neglected. The asymmetry of intensity in acceleration and deceleration leads to the conclusion that the electron can be accelerated effectively and extracted by the longitudinM ponderomotive force. For intensities above 10^19 Wμm^2/cm^2, an electron‘s energy gain about MeV can be realized, and the energetic electron is parallel with the propagation axis.     

Ablation characteristics of carbon-doped glycerol irradiated by a 1064 nm nanosecond pulse laser

The ablation characteristics of carbon-doped glycerol were investigated in laser plasma propulsion using a pulse laser with 10 ns pulse width and 1064 nm wavelength.The results showed that with the incident laser intensity increasing,the target momentum decreased.Results still indicated that the strong plasma shielded the consumption loss and resulted in a low coupling coefficient.Furthermore,the carbon-doping gave rise to variations in the laser focal position and laser intensity,which in turn reduced the glycerol splashing.Based on the glycerol viscosity and the carbon doping,a high specific impulse is anticipated.     

Study of Plume Characteristics of a Stationary Plasma Thruster

Electron density and temperature of the plume are measured by a double Langmuir probe in an experimental chamber. A numerical model based on both particle-in-cell scheme and direct simulation Monte Carlo hybrid method is developed to simulate the flow field of plume. The equation for plasma potential is solved by alternative direction implicit technique. The simulation is verified by comparing the computational results with the measured data. The study indicates that the electron temperature of flow field is about 2 eV and the electron density is about 2.5 ×10^16 - 5×10^15 m^-3 at the central line with a distance of 0.3 - 1.0 m downstream of the thruster exit. The model can well predict the flow field parameters of the steady plume. The efforts of this paper are referable for further investigation.     

8-羟基喹啉铝/酞菁/聚苯乙烯平面靶的激光烧蚀特性

新型高效靶丸结构设计中,内爆靶表面引入某些有机双层薄膜结构可使部分能量沿薄膜的平面传输,使其对称压缩靶丸,实现高效的内爆。文章在PS平面靶表面蒸镀双层功能薄膜,薄膜为8-羟基喹啉铝(Alq₃)/酞菁(H₂Pc)或苯并咪唑苝(PV)/H₂Pc。并对其进行了荧光光谱分析和激光烧蚀实验。研究表明：双层薄膜Alq₃/H₂Pc和PV/H₂Pc产生很强的荧光淬灭;由于该结构横向传输载流子的光电特性,Alq₃/H₂Pc和PV/H₂Pc在很大程度上减弱了PS薄膜的烧蚀,且烧蚀面积分别为无涂层PS薄膜烧蚀面积的8倍和3倍。为新型高效惯性约束聚变靶的设计开发提供了一种新颖的靶丸结构。     

Spectroscopic Studies of the Laser Produced Lead Plasma

Spectroscopic emission of lead plasma, generated by the fundamental (1064 nm) and second harmonics (532 nm) of a Q-switched pulsed Nd: YAG laser, is studied. The spectral lines of neutral atoms and singly ionized lead ions were shown predominantly. The profiles of neutral lead lines observed were used to extract the excitation temperature using Boltzmann plots, whereas electron number density was determined from the profile of Stark broadened line. The variations of excitation temperature and electron number density upon laser irradiance were studied.     

超短脉冲激光自生磁场同位素分离实验研究

通过超短脉冲激光与固体氮化硼（BN）靶相互作用过程中产生的自生磁场实现了对同位素硼的分离,采用二次离子质谱法（SIMS）对同位素分离效果进行了测量。研究表明,一级浓缩比达50.8%。     

The Spectral Emission Characteristics of Laser Induced Plasma on Tea Samples

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) provides a useful technique for food security as well as determining nutrition contents.In this paper,optical emission studies of laser induced plasma on commercial tea samples were carried out.The spectral intensities of Mg,Mn,Ca,Al,C and CN vibration bands varying with laser energy and the detection delay time of an intensified charge coupled device were studied.In addition,the relative concentrations of six microelements,i.e.,Mg,Mn,Ca,Al,Na and K,were analyzed semi-quantitatively as well as H,for four kinds of tea samples.Moreover,the plasma parameters were explored,including electron temperature and electron number density.The electron temperature and electron number density were around 11000 K and 10~(17) cm~(-3),respectively.The results show that it is reasonable to consider the LIBS technique as a new method for analyzing the compositions of tea leaf samples.     

Micro-impulse and plasma plume produced by irradiating aluminum target with nanosecond laser pulses in double-pulse scheme

The micro-impulse generated by ablating an aluminum target in double-pulse laser bursts with different interpulse delays was investigated using a torsion pendulum. The plasma plume was simultaneously visualized using high-speed photography to analyze the coupling mechanism of the ablation impulse. The experiment was carried out using a pulsed laser with a pulse width of 8 ns and a wavelength of 1064 nm. The experimental results show that an impulse with an interpulse delay of 60 ns is roughly 60% higher than that with no delay between the two pulses, when the energy of both laser pulses is 50 mJ. Therefore, double-pulse schemes could enhance the ablation impulse under certain conditions. This is because the ablation of the first laser pulse changes the optical properties of the aluminum target surface, increasing the absorptivity. However, the ablation impulse is reduced with a time delay of 20 ns when the energy of both laser pulses is 100 mJ or 150 mJ. It can be concluded that the plasma produced by ablating the aluminum with the first pulse shields the second laser pulse. To summarize, the experimental results show that different delay times in a double-pulse scheme have a significant effect on the ablation impulse. The study provides a reference for the optimization of the parameters when laser ablation propulsion with a double-pulse scheme is applied in the fields of space debris removal, laser ablation thrusters, and so on.     

Elucidation of Metallic Plume and Spatter Characteristics Based on SVM During High-Power Disk Laser Welding

During deep penetration laser welding,there exist plume(weak plasma) and spatters,which are the results of weld material ejection due to strong laser heating.The characteristics of plume and spatters are related to welding stability and quality.Characteristics of metallic plume and spatters were investigated during high-power disk laser bead-on-plate welding of Type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates at a continuous wave laser power of 10 kW.An ultraviolet and visible sensitive high-speed camera was used to capture the metallic plume and spatter images.Plume area,laser beam path through the plume,swing angle,distance between laser beam focus and plume image centroid,abscissa of plume centroid and spatter numbers are defined as eigenvalues,and the weld bead width was used as a characteristic parameter that reflected welding stability.Welding status was distinguished by SVM(support vector machine) after data normalization and characteristic analysis.Also,PCA(principal components analysis) feature extraction was used to reduce the dimensions of feature space,and PSO(particle swarm optimization) was used to optimize the parameters of SVM.Finally a classification model based on SVM was established to estimate the weld bead width and welding stability.Experimental results show that the established algorithm based on SVM could effectively distinguish the variation of weld bead width,thus providing an experimental example of monitoring high-power disk laser welding quality.     

The Electron Trajectory in a Relativistic Femtosecond Laser Pulse

In this report, we start from Lagrange equation and analyze theoretically the electron dynamics in electromagnetic field. By solving the relativistic government equations of electron, the trajectories of an electron in plane laser pulse, focused laser pulse have been given for different initial conditions. The electron trajectory is determined by its initial momentum, the amplitude, spot size and polarization of the laser pulse. The optimum initial momentum of the electron for LSS （laser synchrotron source） is obtained. Linear polarized laser is more advantaged than circular polarized laser for generating harmonic radiation.     

Diagnostic Study of an Fe-Ni Alloy Plasma Generated by the Fundamental (1064 nm) and Second (532 nm) Harmonics of an Nd: YAG Laser

We studied the spatial evolution of the Fe-Ni plasma generated by the fundamental (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) harmonics of a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser. The experimentally observed line profiles of the neutral iron (Fe I) have been used to extract the plasma temperature (T e ) using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density (N e ) has been deter- mined from the Stark broadening. In addition, we studied the spatial behavior of T e and N e with the variation of laser energy for iron plasma by placing the target material (iron-nickel alloy) in air at atmospheric pressure for both modes of the Nd: YAG laser.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铀氧化物中微量碱金属元素

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定铀氧化物中Li、Na、K、Cs等碱金属元素的含量。用CL-TBP萃淋树脂为固定相、3 mol/L硝酸溶液为流动相,定量地分离基体铀与杂质元素,溶液中的杂质含量用光谱仪测定。对仪器工作参数的优化条件进行了介绍,确定了元素的分析波长,进行了标准曲线与工作曲线无显著性差异的一致性评价,采用峰高积分法降低了Cs元素的电离干扰。用方法比对和加标回收两种方式验证了实验方法的准确性与有效性。结果表明:Li、Na、K、Cs的相对标准偏差优于15%(n=6),分析方法回收率为90%～110%,在Li质量分数为21.2μg/g时,测量结果的相对扩展不确定度U_rel(Li)=7.2%(K=2)。     

Characteristics of Droplets Ejected from Liquid Propellants Ablated by Laser Pulses in Laser Plasma Propulsion

The angular distribution and pressure force of droplets ejected from liquid water and glycerol ablated by nanosecond laser pulses are investigated under different viscosities in laser plasma propulsion. It is shown that with increasing viscosity, the distribution angles present a decrease tendency for two liquids, and the angular distribution of glycerol is smaller than that of water. A smaller distribution leads to a higher pressure force generation. The results indicate that ablation can be controlled by varying the viscosity of liquid propellant in laser plasma propulsion.     

Near-Resonant Effects on Propagation of Frequency-Swept Laser Pulse in Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation

The propagation characteristics of frequency-swept laser pulse in near-resonant medium were studied by the numerical calculation and the experiment. The characteristics of the frequency-swept laser pulse has been largely modified in comparison with the frequency-fixed laser pulse. These modifications were demonstrated also experimentally for Sm vapor. The results agreed well with the numerically calculated.