基于改进三维形变模型的三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐方法

针对现在广泛使用的三维形变模型表达能力不够,导致重建出的三维人脸模型泛化性能不佳的问题,提出了一种在姿态、表情和光照未知的条件下的基于单张人脸图片的三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐的新方法。首先,通过卷积神经网络对现有的三维形变模型进行改进,以提高三维人脸模型的表达能力;然后,基于人脸光滑性和图像相似性,在特征点和像素层面提出新的损失函数,并使用弱监督学习训练卷积神经网络模型;最后,通过训练出的网络模型进行三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐。实验结果表明,对于三维人脸重建任务,所提模型在AFLW2000-3D上实现了2.25的归一化平均误差;对于密集人脸对齐任务,所提模型在AFLW2000-3D和AFLW-LFPA上分别实现了3.80和3.34的归一化平均误差。与原始使用三维形变模型的方法相比,所提模型在三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐上的归一化平均误差分别降低了7.4%和7.8%。针对不同光照环境以及角度的人脸图片,该网络模型的重建准确,鲁棒性好,且具有较高的三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐质量。     

基于改进三维形变模型的三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐方法

针对现在广泛使用的三维形变模型表达能力不够，导致重建出的三维人脸模型泛化性能不佳的问题，提出了一种在姿态、表情和光照未知的条件下的基于单张人脸图片的三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐的新方法。首先，通过卷积神经网络对现有的三维形变模型进行改进，以提高三维人脸模型的表达能力；然后，基于人脸光滑性和图像相似性，在特征点和像素层面提出新的损失函数，并使用弱监督学习训练卷积神经网络模型；最后，通过训练出的网络模型进行三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐。实验结果表明，对于三维人脸重建任务，所提模型在AFLW2000-3D上实现了2.25的归一化平均误差；对于密集人脸对齐任务，所提模型在AFLW2000-3D和AFLW-LFPA上分别实现了3.80和3.34的归一化平均误差。与原始使用三维形变模型的方法相比，所提模型在三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐上的归一化平均误差分别降低了7.4%和7.8%。针对不同光照环境以及角度的人脸图片，该网络模型的重建准确，鲁棒性好，且具有较高的三维人脸重建和密集人脸对齐质量。     

Reconstructing 3D Shape,Albedo and Illumination from a Single Face Image

The morphable model has been employed to efficiently describe 3D face shape and the associated albedo with a reduced set of basis vectors. The spherical harmonics (SH) model provides a compact basis to well approximate the image appearance of a Lambertian object under different illumination conditions. Recently, the SH and morphable models have been integrated for 3D face shape reconstruction. However, the reconstructed 3D shape is either inconsistent with the SH bases or obtained just from landmarks only. In this work, we propose a geometrically consistent algorithm to reconstruct the 3D face shape and the associated albedo from a single face image iteratively by combining the morphable model and the SH model. The reconstructed 3D face geometry can uniquely determine the SH bases, therefore the optimal 3D face model can be obtained by minimizing the error between the input face image and a linear combination of the associated SH bases. In this way, we are able to preserve the consistency between the 3D geometry and the SH model, thus refining the 3D shape reconstruction recursively. Furthermore, we present a novel approach to recover the illumination condition from the estimated weighting vector for the SH bases in a constrained optimization formulation independent of the 3D geometry. Experimental results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed face reconstruction and illumination estimation algorithm under different face poses and multiple‐light‐source illumination conditions.     

2D face fitting-assisted 3D face reconstruction for pose-robust face recognition

Recent face recognition algorithm can achieve high accuracy when the tested face samples are frontal. However, when the face pose changes largely, the performance of existing methods drop drastically. Efforts on pose-robust face recognition are highly desirable, especially when each face class has only one frontal training sample. In this study, we propose a 2D face fitting-assisted 3D face reconstruction algorithm that aims at recognizing faces of different poses when each face class has only one frontal training sample. For each frontal training sample, a 3D face is reconstructed by optimizing the parameters of 3D morphable model (3DMM). By rotating the reconstructed 3D face to different views, pose virtual face images are generated to enlarge the training set of face recognition. Different from the conventional 3D face reconstruction methods, the proposed algorithm utilizes automatic 2D face fitting to assist 3D face reconstruction. We automatically locate 88 sparse points of the frontal face by 2D face-fitting algorithm. Such 2D face-fitting algorithm is so-called Random Forest Embedded Active Shape Model, which embeds random forest learning into the framework of Active Shape Model. Results of 2D face fitting are added to the 3D face reconstruction objective function as shape constraints. The optimization objective energy function takes not only image intensity, but also 2D fitting results into account. Shape and texture parameters of 3DMM are thus estimated by fitting the 3DMM to the 2D frontal face sample, which is a non-linear optimization problem. We experiment the proposed method on the publicly available CMUPIE database, which includes faces viewed from 11 different poses, and the results show that the proposed method is effective and the face recognition results toward pose variants are promising.     

基于弱监督学习的三维人脸形状与纹理重建

三维人脸相较于二维人脸包含了更多特征信息, 可应用于如人脸识别、影视娱乐、医疗美容等更多实际应用场景, 因此三维人脸重建技术一直是计算机视觉领域的研究热点. 由于真实三维人脸数据较难获取, 很多基于深度学习的重建算法首先利用传统重建方法为大量二维人脸图像构建三维标签, 作为训练数据, 这些数据可能并不精准, 从而导致算法的重建精度受到影响. 为此, 本文提出一种基于multi-level损失函数的弱监督学习模型, 结合传统三维人脸形变模型3DMM与深度学习方法, 直接从大量无三维标签的二维人脸图像中学习三维人脸特征信息, 从而实现基于单张二维人脸图像的三维人脸重建算法. 此外, 为解决二维人脸图像中常存在遮挡或大姿态情况而影响人脸纹理重建的问题, 本文使用基于CelebAMask-HQ数据集的人脸解析分割算法对图像进行预处理去除遮挡区域. 实验结果表明, 基于本文方法的三维人脸重建质量与重建精度均实现了一定的提升.     

面向非受控场景的人脸图像正面化重建

目的 人脸正面化重建是当前视觉领域的热点问题。现有方法对于模型的训练数据具有较高的需求,如精确的输入输出图像配准、完备的人脸先验信息等。但该类数据采集成本较高,可应用的数据集规模较小,直接将现有方法应用于真实的非受控场景中往往难以取得理想表现。针对上述问题,提出了一种无图像配准和先验信息依赖的任意视角人脸图像正面化重建方法。方法 首先提出了一种具有双输入路径的人脸编码网络,分别用于学习输入人脸的视觉表征信息以及人脸的语义表征信息,两者联合构造出更加完备的人脸表征模型。随后建立了一种多类别表征融合的解码网络,通过以视觉表征为基础、以语义表征为引导的方式对两种表征信息进行融合,融合后的信息经过图像解码即可得到最终的正面化人脸图像重建结果。结果 首先在Multi-PIE(multi-pose, illumination and expression)数据集上与8种较先进方法进行了性能评估。定量和定性的实验结果表明,所提方法在客观指标以及视觉质量方面均优于对比方法。此外,相较于当前性能先进的基于光流的特征翘曲模型(flow-based feature warping model, FFWM)方...     

Face recognition based on fitting a 3D morphable model

This paper presents a method for face recognition across variations in pose, ranging from frontal to profile views, and across a wide range of illuminations, including cast shadows and specular reflections. To account for these variations, the algorithm simulates the process of image formation in 3D space, using computer graphics, and it estimates 3D shape and texture of faces from single images. The estimate is achieved by fitting a statistical, morphable model of 3D faces to images. The model is learned from a set of textured 3D scans of heads. We describe the construction of the morphable model, an algorithm to fit the model to images, and a framework for face identification. In this framework, faces are represented by model parameters for 3D shape and texture. We present results obtained with 4,488 images from the publicly available CMU-PIE database and 1,940 images from the FERET database.     

基于压缩感知理论的3维人脸快速重建

形变模型是当前人脸重建研究中的一种主要方法。针对形变模型方法中模型构建的缺陷,提出一种基于压缩感知理论的快速三维人脸重建方法。首先,利用压缩感知理论估计三维原型人脸与目标人脸的形状相似性,根据相似性对原型样本进行筛选并构建相应的形变模型,提高建模精度和效率;然后,利用特征点信息进行稀疏模型匹配,并结合径向基函数插值重建生成特定的三维人脸,提高重建表面的平滑性。在BJUT三维数据库和CAS_PEAL二维数据库上的实验结果表明,与经典方法相比,本文方法能够有效地提高重建精度和速度,重建人脸具有较强真实感。     

基于改进的自适应主元提取算法的人脸识别

论文提出了一种基于改进的自适应主元提取算法的人脸识别方法。采用改进的自适应主元提取算法将人脸图像由高维观测空间投影到低维特征空间,通过改进前馈网络权值更新方程,降低算法的复杂度和计算量。基于三维人脸形变模型,采用区域填充和曲面消隐算法根据一幅人脸图像生成多个虚拟样本,克服人脸识别中的小样本问题。在ORL和UMIST数据库上的实验结果表明,该文提出的算法在识别性能上明显高于传统的Eigenface和Fisherface方法。     

基于特征分块的三维人脸重建和识别

针对传统三维人脸重建算法效率低且难以满足实际应用的缺陷,提出一种基于特征分块的三维人脸重建算法,并将此算法应用到三维人脸识别中,实现了基于特征分块的加权三维人脸识别。首先,利用基于平面模板的非均匀重采样法对原始数据进行归一化;其次,采用主动形状模型(ASM)算法对三维人脸和二维人脸图像进行特征定位和特征分块;然后,利用基于分块主元分析(PCA)的稀疏形变模型算法实现每个人脸分块的三维重建;最后,实现了此算法在三维人脸识别中的应用。实验表明,此重建算法具有较高的精度和重建效率,还可以达到全局最优,并且可以提高三维人脸的识别率。     

Real-time 3D face tracking based on active appearance model constrained by depth data

Active Appearance Model (AAM) is an algorithm for fitting a generative model of object shape and appearance to an input image. AAM allows accurate, real-time tracking of human faces in 2D and can be extended to track faces in 3D by constraining its fitting with a linear 3D morphable model. Unfortunately, this AAM-based 3D tracking does not provide adequate accuracy and robustness, as we show in this paper. We introduce a new constraint into AAM fitting that uses depth data from a commodity RGBD camera (Kinect). This addition significantly reduces 3D tracking errors. We also describe how to initialize the 3D morphable face model used in our tracking algorithm by computing its face shape parameters of the user from a batch of tracked frames. The described face tracking algorithm is used in Microsoft's Kinect system.     

基于形变模型的多角度三维人脸实时重建

摘 要：采用人脸特征点调整三维形变模型的方法应用于面部三维重建,但模型形变的计 算往往会产生误差,且耗时较长。因此运用人脸二维特征点对通用三维形变模型的拟合方法进 行改进,提出了一种视频流的多角度实时三维人脸重建方法。首先利用带有三层卷积网络的 CLNF 算法识别二维特征点,并跟踪特征点位置;然后由五官特征点位置估计头部姿态,更新 模型的表情系数,其结果再作用于 PCA 形状系数,促使当前三维模型发生形变;最后采用 ISOMAP 算法提取网格纹理信息,进行纹理融合形成特定人脸模型。实验结果表明,该方法在 人脸重建过程中具有更好的实时性能,且精确度有所提高。     

Morphable model space based face super-resolution reconstruction and recognition

Super-resolution image reconstruction is the process of producing a high-resolution image from a set of low-resolution images of the same scene. For the applications of performing face evaluation and/or recognition from low-resolution video surveillance, in the past, super-resolution image reconstruction was mainly used as a separate preprocessing step to obtain a high-resolution image in the pixel domain that is later passed to a face feature extraction and recognition algorithm. Such three-stage approach suffers a high degree of computational complexity. A low-dimensional morphable model space based face super-resolution reconstruction and recognition algorithm is proposed in this paper. The approach tries to construct the high-resolution information both required by reconstruction and recognition directly in the low dimensional feature space. We show that comparing with generic pixel domain algorithms, the proposed approach is more robust and more computationally efficient.     

Deep neural network and 3D model for face recognition with multiple disturbing environments

This paper presents the proposed bird search-based shuffled shepherd optimization algorithm (BSSSO) for face recognition. Initially, the input image undergoes a noise removal phase to eliminate noise in order to make them suitable for subsequent processing. The noise removal is performed using the type II fuzzy system and cuckoo search optimization algorithm (T2FCS), which detects noisy pixels from the image for improved processing. After the noise removal phase, the feature extraction is carried out using the convolution neural network (CNN) model and landmark enabled 3D morphable model (L3DMM). The obtained features are subjected to deep CNN for face recognition. The training of deep CNN is performed using the bird search-based shuffled shepherd optimization algorithm (BSSSO). Here, the proposed BSSSO is designed by combining the shuffled shepherd optimization algorithm (SSOA) and bird swarm algorithm (BSA) for inheriting the merits of both optimizations towards effective training of deep CNN. The proposed method obtained higher accuracy of 0.8935 and minimum FAR and FRR of 0.2190 and 0.2021 using LFW database with respect to training data.

     

结合形变模型与图像修复的人脸姿态矫正

目的 人脸姿态偏转是影响人脸识别准确率的一个重要因素,本文利用3维人脸重建中常用的3维形变模型以及深度卷积神经网络,提出一种用于多姿态人脸识别的人脸姿态矫正算法,在一定程度上提高了大姿态下人脸识别的准确率。方法 对传统的3维形变模型拟合方法进行改进,利用人脸形状参数和表情参数对3维形变模型进行建模,针对面部不同区域的关键点赋予不同的权值,加权拟合3维形变模型,使得具有不同姿态和面部表情的人脸图像拟合效果更好。然后,对3维人脸模型进行姿态矫正并利用深度学习对人脸图像进行修复,修复不规则的人脸空洞区域,并使用最新的局部卷积技术同时在新的数据集上重新训练卷积神经网络,使得网络参数达到最优。结果 在LFW（labeled faces in the wild）人脸数据库和StirlingESRC（Economic Social Research Council）3维人脸数据库上,将本文算法与其他方法进行比较,实验结果表明,本文算法的人脸识别精度有一定程度的提高。在LFW数据库上,通过对具有任意姿态的人脸图像进行姿态矫正和修复后,本文方法达到了96.57%的人脸识别精确度。在StirlingESRC数据库上,本文方法在人脸姿态为±22°的情况下,人脸识别准确率分别提高5.195%和2.265%;在人脸姿态为±45°情况下,人脸识别准确率分别提高5.875%和11.095%;平均人脸识别率分别提高5.53%和7.13%。对比实验结果表明,本文提出的人脸姿态矫正算法有效提高了人脸识别的准确率。结论 本文提出的人脸姿态矫正算法,综合了3维形变模型和深度学习模型的优点,在各个人脸姿态角度下,均能使人脸识别准确率在一定程度上有所提高。     

结合特征适配与拉普拉斯形变的3维人脸重建

目的 数字娱乐产业的发展要求3维人脸重建技术能重建高分辨率3维人脸,并具有较高计算效率和重建准确性。针对这一情况,提出一种基于单幅图像的高分辨率3维人脸重建方法。方法 该方法包含特征适配与拉普拉斯形变两部分。预先用1组3维人脸样本上的3维特征构造可变形模型。给定图像时,从其上自动提取2维特征点,并根据获得问题最优解的必要条件进行特征适配以重建个性化3维特征;然后基于拉普拉斯方法,用该3维特征对一般人脸模型进行变形以获得特定高分辨率3维人脸;最后通过纹理合成获得真实感人脸。结果 用本文方法和已有方法分别进行可变形模型适配和模型变形,本文的特征适配方法具有更快的收敛速度和更高的准确性,拉普拉斯方法具有更小的重建误差。纹理映射后的3维人脸具有很好的视觉效果。结论 本文方法将特征适配与拉普拉斯形变结合起来进行高分辨率3维人脸重建。实验结果表明所提出的方法具有较高的计算效率和准确性,能实现较为理想的高分辨率3维人脸重建。     

Face recognition from a single training image under arbitrary unknown lighting using spherical harmonics

In this paper, we propose two novel methods for face recognition under arbitrary unknown lighting by using spherical harmonics illumination representation, which require only one training image per subject and no 3D shape information. Our methods are based on the result which demonstrated that the set of images of a convex Lambertian object obtained under a wide variety of lighting conditions can be approximated accurately by a low-dimensional linear subspace. We provide two methods to estimate the spherical harmonic basis images spanning this space from just one image. Our first method builds the statistical model based on a collection of 2D basis images. We demonstrate that, by using the learned statistics, we can estimate the spherical harmonic basis images from just one image taken under arbitrary illumination conditions if there is no pose variation. Compared to the first method, the second method builds the statistical models directly in 3D spaces by combining the spherical harmonic illumination representation and a 3D morphable model of human faces to recover basis images from images across both poses and illuminations. After estimating the basis images, we use the same recognition scheme for both methods: we recognize the face for which there exists a weighted combination of basis images that is the closest to the test face image. We provide a series of experiments that achieve high recognition rates, under a wide range of illumination conditions, including multiple sources of illumination. Our methods achieve comparable levels of accuracy with methods that have much more onerous training data requirements. Comparison of the two methods is also provided.     

从多张非标定图像重建三维人脸

为了在人脸动画中方便地重建真实感强的三维人脸模型,提出一种从多角度、非标定图像重建三维人脸的方法.首先利用一种基于规则网格变形的模型归一化方法建立人脸形变模型;然后分别在5幅人脸图像上手动标注不超过14个关键点,通过拟合图像上的关键点重建个性化的人脸几何形状;最后从每个角度渲染出一幅形状无关纹理,并将5幅形状无关纹理融合成一幅平滑的纹理图像.重建结果显示,该方法能在较少的手动交互的情况下重建出具有真实感的个性化人脸模型.     

基于单张人脸图片和一般模型的三维重建方法

提出一种使用单幅人脸照片进行特征提取、标准模型变形的全自动三维人脸重建方法。使用改进ASM方法自动精确提取人脸特征点,通过使稀疏形变模型匹配平面特征点来获取照片人脸的深度信息,再将一般人脸模型变形到特定人脸。基于肤色模型优化的ASM提取人脸特征,使得一定角度的侧面照片也可以有很好的重建效果。同时,使用基于肤色模型的纹理融合技术使侧面信息缺失的问题得到很好解决。实验证明,该方法快速简便,只用单幅照片全自动化完成重建,无须用户交互,生成的三维模型有较好的真实感。     

面向大姿态人脸识别的正面化形变场学习

目的 人脸识别已经得到了广泛应用,但大姿态人脸识别问题仍未完美解决。已有方法或提取姿态鲁棒特征,或进行人脸姿态的正面化。其中主流的人脸正面化方法包括2D回归生成和3D模型形变建模,前者能够生成相对自然真实的人脸,但会引入额外的噪声导致图像信息的扭曲;后者能够保持原始的人脸结构信息,但生成过程是基于物理模型的,不够自然灵活。为此,结合2D和3D方法的优势,本文提出了基于由粗到细形变场的人脸正面化方法。方法 该形变场由深度网络以2D回归方式学得,反映的是不同视角人脸图像像素之间的语义级对应关系,可以类3D的方式实现非正面人脸图像的正面化,因此该方法兼具了2D正面化方法的灵活性与3D正面化方法的保真性,且借鉴分步渐进的思路,本文提出了由粗到细的形变场学习框架,以获得更加准确鲁棒的形变场。结果 本文采用大姿态人脸识别实验来验证本文方法的有效性,在MultiPIE(multi pose, illumination, expressions)、LFW(labeled faces in the wild)、CFP(celebrities in frontal-profile in the wild)...