大型风机主导机械动态的智能灰箱建模及其线性状态空间表征

随着风电发展逐渐从量的扩张过渡为质的提高阶段,风机精细化控制日益受到重视,而风机动态的合理建模是其重要基础.本文研究了风机主导机械动态建模并建立其完整的状态空间表征.首先,分析了风机子系统特性,针对气动特性建立气动转矩的分段仿射模型,用于表征气动系统的静态特性.然后,系统地制定了智能灰箱参数辨识步骤,对于多入多出的传动系统设立加权优化目标进行辨识,以获取其蕴含物理意义的状态空间模型,与气动模型合并得到联合状态空间模型.最后,依托FAST的5 MW风机模型进行仿真,验证了建模策略的有效性,仿真结果展现了构建的联合模型对实际动态特性较好的拟合效果.     

新翼型风力机叶片综合性能的实验研究

以自制新翼型风力机风轮为研究对象,在B1/K2直流式低速风洞完成自制新翼型风力机的功率特性测试实验,采用丹麦B＆K公司结构动态测试系统完成风轮结构动态特性实验,并与国内某公司同型号传统翼型的风力机进行气动特性、结构动态特性的对比分析,为下一步系统研究新翼型的气动特性和设计综合性能较优的风轮奠定了理论和实验基础.     

Dynamic analysis of a vertical axis wind turbine using a new windload estimation technique

A new aerodynamic model for obtaining the performance characteristics of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) developed by the authors has been used to obtain estimates of aerodynamic loading, which are subsequently used for the dynamic analysis of a VAWT. The model incorporates gyroscopic effects, structural damping and also power generation through an induction or synchronoustype generator. A computer code written in MS-DOS FORTRAN has been developed for the dynamic analysis of a vertical axis wind turbine, and has been implemented on an IBM compatible 386 AT, for studying the dynamic characteristics of a VAWT. The results obtained from this analysis compare fairly well with other published theoretical and experimental data, and demonstrate that the incorporation of the new wind loading estimation model leads to a definite qualitative improvement in the theoretical predictions of the dynamic characteristics of vertical axis wind turbines.     

Topology optimization of an offshore jacket structure considering aerodynamic,hydrodynamic and structural forces

The present work focused on the optimization of offshore wind turbine structure which can sustain different environmental conditions and is of the least cost. Size and topology optimization is carried out for the jacket structure from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [used in the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation (OC4) project] by using teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). The optimization process is carried out in Matlab along with the time-dependent dynamic wind turbine simulation with the aerodynamic, hydrodynamic and structural forces in the fatigue, aerodynamics, structures, and turbulence code (FAST) from NREL. This is an innovative process which can be used to substitute the time-consuming construction of a wind turbine for its analysis. In this work, both static and dynamic analyses are carried out for simultaneous size and topology optimization. The forces applied to the structure are realistic in nature and fatigue analysis is carried out to ensure that the structure does not fail during its design life. This ensures that the simulation is more accurate and realistic as compared with other analysis. The results showed that the TLBO algorithm is effective compared to GA in terms of size and topology optimization. Further, the other state-of-the art algorithms from the Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) such as differential evolution, LSHADE, multi-operator EA-II, effective butterfly optimizer, and unified differential evolution are also implemented and the comparative results of all the algorithms are presented.

     

Multi-disciplinary constrained optimization of wind turbines

We describe procedures for the multi-disciplinary design optimization of wind turbines, where design parameters are optimized by maximizing a merit function, subjected to constraints that translate all relevant design requirements. Evaluation of merit function and constraints is performed by running simulations with a parametric high-fidelity aero-servo-elastic model; a detailed cross-sectional structural model is used for the minimum weight constrained sizing of the rotor blade. To reduce the computational cost, the multi-disciplinary optimization is performed by a multi-stage process that first alternates between an aerodynamic shape optimization step and a structural blade optimization one, and then combines the two to yield the final optimum solution. A complete design loop can be performed using the proposed algorithm using standard desktop computing hardware in one-two days. The design procedures are implemented in a computer program and demonstrated on the optimization of multi-MW horizontal axis wind turbines and on the design of an aero-elastically scaled wind tunnel model.     

大型海上风力发电高塔系统一体化分析建模研究

大型海上风力发电高塔系统的精细化建模与整体可靠性设计对保障风能资源开发的安全性与经济性日益重要.本文结合柔体动力学与有限元建模,考虑气动耦合效应、桩土相互作用、塔体前后运动控制和非线性转矩控制,建立了大型海上风力发电高塔系统一体化分析模型(Sto DRAOWT模型).与国际上通用的风机分析软件分析结果对比表明,本文建立的Sto DRAOWT模型分析结果可信,建模更为全面合理,计算效率更高.在此基础上,实现了风浪联合作用下海上风力发电高塔整体系统的动力响应分析,为大型海上风力发电高塔系统的随机响应分析与可靠性设计奠定了基础.     

Reliability-based design optimization of wind turbine drivetrain with integrated multibody gear dynamics simulation considering wind load uncertainty

This study aims to develop an integrated computational framework for the reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) of wind turbine drivetrains to assure the target reliability under wind load and gear manufacturing uncertainties. Gears in wind turbine drivetrains are subjected to severe cyclic loading due to highly variable wind loads that are stochastic in nature. Thus, the failure rate of drivetrain systems is reported to be higher than the other wind turbine components, and improving drivetrain reliability is critically important in reducing downtime caused by gear failures. In the numerical procedure developed in this study, a wide spatiotemporal variability for wind loads is considered using 249 sets of wind data to evaluate probabilistic contact fatigue life in the sampling-based RBDO. To account for wind load uncertainty in evaluation of the tooth contact fatigue, multiple drivetrain dynamics simulations need to be run under various wind load scenarios in the RBDO process. For this reason, a numerical procedure based on the multivariable tabular contact search algorithm is applied to the modeling of wind turbine drivetrains to reduce the overall computational time while retaining the precise contact geometry required for considering the gear tooth profile optimization. An integrated computational framework for the wind turbine drivetrain RBDO is then developed by incorporating the wind load uncertainty, the rotor blade aerodynamics model, the drivetrain dynamics model, and the probabilistic contact fatigue failure model. It is demonstrated that the RBDO optimum for a 750 kW wind turbine drivetrain obtained using the procedure developed in this study can achieve the target 97.725% reliability (2 sigma quality level) with only a 1.4% increase in the total weight from the baseline design, which had a reliability of 8.3%. Furthermore, it is shown that the tooth profile optimization, tip relief introduced as a design variable, prevents a large increase of the face width that would result in a large increase in the weight (cost) of the drivetrain in order to satisfy the target reliability against the tooth contact fatigue failure.     

基于VB的风力机叶片外形优化设计

为了实现风力发电机风轮叶片外形的优化设计,以风场风速分布为基础提出了综合优化目标;以片条理论为基础提出了以展弦比为关键参数的修形约束条件的气动优化目标,建立了叶片外形优化设计的数学模型。采用枚举法和循环结构,选用Access数据库,应用Visual Basic编制程序实现叶片外形的优化设计。针对内蒙古某地区设计了1.5MW风力机叶片,与国外同功率某通用叶片进行了对比分析。结果表明,两种叶片外形基本吻合,而且文中设计的叶片在性能上有明显优势,同时也验证了文中提出数学模型的可靠性和程序的实用性。     

面向分级设计优化的飞行器参数化建模方法

针对飞行器气动隐身外形综合设计优化问题,提出合适的面向分级设计优化流程,建立适应该流程的渐进分层参数化建模方法;用基于敏度分析的参数影响程度分析方法筛选复杂设计变量;采用多学科设计优化（Multidisplinary Design Optimization,MDO）理论和差分进化算法进行飞行器气动隐身外形的综合设计优化.将该方法用于某飞行器外形设计优化,结果表明：该方法合理可行,可为飞行器外形多学科设计优化提供一定参考.     

Wind turbine integrated structural and LPV control design for improved closed-loop performance

An iterative redesign algorithm is proposed to integrate the design of the structural parameters and a linear parameter-varying (LPV) controller for a three-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine. The LPV controller is designed for an eighth-order lumped model of the wind turbine consisting of blades, drive-train and the tower. The lumped model response is matched with detailed open-loop numerical simulations using the Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures and Turbulence (FAST) code. The controller is scheduled in real-time based on the mean wind speed to account for the varying system dynamics. The objective is to track the operating trajectory meanwhile minimise the H _∞ performance index from the wind turbulence to the controlled output vector consisting of pitch angle, blade tip deflection, and the generator speed and torque. Sensitivity analysis of the closed-loop performance index with respect to the structural parameters of the system is examined. The integrated design problem is formulated as an iterative sequential controller/structure redesign to obtain the structural parameters and controller matrices corresponding to a local optimal performance index. Each step of the iterative procedure is formulated as a linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimisation problem that can be solved efficiently using available LMI solvers. The evolution of the structural parameters and performance index through the integrated design is illustrated. The FAST closed-loop simulations for two selected designs with the smallest values of the performance index demonstrate the improved performance of the overall system through the integrated structure/control redesign in both minimising the effect of the wind disturbance on the generator output power, and reducing the structural loads on the wind turbine.     

Development of a structural optimization strategy for the design of next generation large thermoplastic wind turbine blades

This paper presents the development of a structural optimization process for the design of future large thermoplastic wind turbine blades. The optimization process proposed in this paper consists of three optimization steps. The first step is a topology optimization of a short untwisted and non tapered section of the blade, with the inner volume used as the design domain. The second step is again a topology optimization, but on the first half of a blade to study the effect of non symmetry of the structure due to blade twist and taper. Results of this optimization step are then interpreted to build a shell model of the complete blade structure to perform composite size optimization based on a minimum mass objective subjected to constraints on deflection, composite strength and structural stability. Different blade models using ribs are then optimized and compared against conventional blade structure (box spar structure without ribs and single web structure without ribs). The use of ribs in wind turbine blade structures, which is more adapted to thermoplastic composite manufacturing than for thermoset composites, leads to slightly lighter blades than conventional blade structures.     

On addressing noise constraints in the design of wind turbine blades

Power production from wind energy has been increasing over the past decades, with more areas being used as wind farms and larger wind turbines (WTs) being built. With this development, awareness of the impact of wind energy on the environment and on human health has also raised. There has been a large interest in developing fast turnaround WT blade design frameworks, capable of predicting both aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance to handle ever stricter noise criteria constraints dictated by site or local authorities. In this work, a blade element momentum theory model is used to predict the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine, coupled to an empirical aeroacoustic noise model and boundary layer corrections. The aeroacoustic prediction code developed was validated against measurement data of the AOC 15/50 WT and included in an optimization framework using a genetic algorithm. The blade shape was parametrized using NURBS curves for the cross sectional airfoil shapes and Bézier curves for the twist and chord distributions, totaling up to 62 design variables. Two multi-objective optimization cases, both single- and multi-operating point, were performed. Optimal solutions selected from the Pareto fronts are discussed in detail. These solutions ranged from an increase in annual energy production of 15 % to a reduction in noise levels of 9.8 %. It was demonstrated that substantial noise reduction could be obtained at an expense of a minor aerodynamic penalty.     

On the implementation and effectiveness of morphological close-open and open-close filters for topology optimization

The design of physical (plant) and control aspects of a dynamic system have traditionally been treated as two separate problems, often solved in sequence. Optimizing plant and control design disciplines separately results in sub-optimal system designs that do not capitalize on the synergistic coupling between these disciplines. This coupling is inherent in most actively controlled dynamic systems, including wind turbines. In this case structural and control design both affect energy production and loads on the turbine. This article presents an integrated approach to achieve system-optimal wind turbine designs using co-design, a design methodology that accounts directly for the synergistic coupling between physical and control system design. A case study, based on multidisciplinary simulation, is presented here that demonstrates a promising increase (up to 8%) in annualized wind turbine energy production compared to the results of a conventional sequential design strategy. The case study also revealed specific synergistic mechanisms that enable performance improvements, which are accessible via co-design but not sequential design.     

基于直流电动机的风力机特性模拟

首先分析了风力机吸收风能原理.以此建立了风力机运行特性的数学模型,给出了风力机运行的功率特性和转矩特性,并利用Matlab/Simulink实现仿真.采用直流电动机模拟风力机特性以满足实验室风力发电研究的需要,通过风力机与直流电动机的模型,对比研究了风力机与直流电动机运行特性的异同,制定了实现简单、特性优良的转矩模拟方案,通过控制直流电动机电枢绕组电流来实现风力机转矩特性的模拟.以此为基础在Matlab环境中组建了风力机特性的模拟系统.对风速变化及机组转速变化两种典型运行条件下的风力机运行特性进行了模拟,模拟结果与理论数据达到了高度的吻合.基于转矩模拟算法的风力机特性模拟方案,可方便地应用于实验室条件下风力发电技术的研究.     

Control co-design of 13 MW downwind two-bladed rotors to achieve 25% reduction in levelized cost of wind energy

Wind energy is recognized worldwide as cost-effective and environmentally friendly and is among the fastest-growing sources of electrical energy. To further decrease the cost of wind energy, wind turbines are being designed at ever larger scales, which is challenging due to greater structural loads and deflections. Large-scale systems such as modern wind turbines increasingly require a control co-design approach, whereby the system design and control design are performed in a more integrated fashion. We overview a two-bladed downwind morphing rotor concept that is expected to lower the cost of energy at wind turbine sizes beyond 13 megawatts (MW) compared with continued upscaling of traditional three-bladed upwind rotor designs. We describe an aero-structural-control co-design process that we have used in designing such extreme-scale wind turbines, and we discuss how we were able to achieve a 25% reduction in levelized cost of energy for our final turbine design compared to a conventional upwind three-bladed rotor design.     

Using genetic algorithms to improve the thermodynamic efficiency of gas turbines designed by traditional methods

A method for optimizing the thermodynamic efficiency of aeronautical gas turbines designed by classical methods is presented. This method is based in the transformation of the original constrained optimization problem into a new constrained free optimization problem which is solved by a genetic algorithm. Basically, a set of geometric, aerodynamic and acoustic noise constraints must be fulfilled during the optimization process. As a case study, the thermodynamic efficiency of an already optimized by traditional methods real aeronautical low pressure turbine design of 13 rows has been successfully improved, increasing the turbine efficiency by 0.047% and reducing the total number of airfoils by 1.61%. In addition, experimental evidence of a strong correlation between the total number of airfoils and the turbine efficiency has been observed. This result would allow us to use the total number of airfoils as a cheap substitute of the turbine efficiency for a coarse optimization at the first design steps.     

航空结构大规模并行分析与优化应用

针对飞机设计精细化数值分析模型自由度已经达到亿级,对高性能计算的要求也越来越高的问题,围绕大规模并行计算环境下结构分析和优化的若干关键问题,研究满足高性能计算体系特点的区域分解并行算法、超大规模结构变量敏度高效求解和结构非线性振动特性求解等关键技术.对国产CAE软件HAJIF进行并行化改造,初步实现基于最大航程的气动结构综合优化设计和基于精细化模型的复合材料机翼综合优化设计.HAJIF的计算效率和精度得到明显提高.     

Integrated design of an adaptive neurocontroller for a 2-D aeroelastic system

The design of control configured structures has been considered in a number of recent studies. Both active and passive measures for structural vibration control have been examined in this context. The present paper addresses issues related to the use of neural network based control systems in such applications. A simplified 2-D representation of an aeroelastic system, consisting of an airfoil with a trailing-edge flap, comprises the test bed for the present study. With a proper selection of structural spring characteristics, and choice of unsteady aerodynamic forces and moments, the system provides a rudimentary 2-D model of a helicopter rotor blade that includes both structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities. The integrated optimal desisgn of the plant and its control system for optimized response under disturbance loading is the principle objective of the design exercise. The focus of the paper is three-fold — it establishes the justifiction for replacing traditional control systems with neurocontrollers in such problems, examines issues related to an integrated structural-control design strategy, and discusses a detailed implementation of the approach in a linearized 2-D aeroelastic system. The design problem contains multiple relative optima, and the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization procedure is shown to be an effective tool to locate the optimal design. Results from numerical experiments are presented in support of the proposed design approach.     

Aeroelastic tailoring considering uncertainties in material properties

The robustness of aeroelastic design optimization with respect to uncertainties in material and structural properties is studied both numerically and experimentally. The model consists of thin orthotropic composite wings virtually without fuselage. Three different configurations with consistent geometry but varying orientation of the main stiffness axis of the material are investigated. The onset of aeroelastic instability, flutter, is predicted using finite element analysis and the doublet-lattice method for the unsteady aerodynamic forces. The numerical results are experimentally verified in a low-speed wind tunnel. The optimization problem is stated as to increase the critical air speed, above that of the bare wing by massbalancing. It is seen that the design goals are not met in the experiments due to uncertainties in the structural performance of the wings. The uncertainty in structural performance is quantified through numerous dynamic material tests. Once accounting for the uncertainties through a suggested reformulation of the optimization problem, the design goals are met also in practice. The investigation indicates that robust and reliable aeroelastic design optimization is achievable, but careful formulation of the optimization problem is essential.