基于环境应急监测存在的问题及完善对策研究

本文首先介绍建立环境应急监测系统的重要性，分析当前环境应急监测能力建设中所存在的问题，提出了完善环境应急监测建议和对策。     

环境应急监测在气田应急救援工作中的应用

环境监测在处置气田的泄漏和火灾爆炸等事故中尤为重要,为应急决策提供科学依据。环境应急监测应针对气田特点选择监测仪器设备,确定监测内容和监测方案编制依据,做好应急监测准备工作,确保紧急情况下迅速、准确地完成监测任务,满足气田突发性事故应急救援工作的需要。     

浅析环境应急监测要求

本文阐述了应急监测在污染事故中的关键作用,应急处理能力是处理突发污染事故的首要环节,通过说明应急监测的不足与发展,提出了在应急监测和在现场处理中的建议和要求。     

滑坡应急变形监测方法的探讨

以通川区石龙溪滑坡应急变形监测为例,说明在城市中滑坡应急变形监测常用的一些方法。通过对这些方法的综合分析,探索出一种最切合实际的技术方法,以适应城市快速发展中各种地质灾害点的应急监测需要。     

突发性环境污染应急监测质量保证体系研究

突发性环境污染应急监测是环境应急处理的关键环节,在事故处理部门中发挥着决策支持和技术保障的作用。本文围绕突发性环境污染应急监测系统中的组织体系、网络体系、信息体系、质量控制体系和预测体系进行研究,确保应急监测的质量。     

多源空间信息技术在全国水文应急演练中的应用

快速有效地处置突发自然灾害依赖于相关职能机构的应急监测技术能力,多空间多时相的高精技术运用则为应急监测提供了强有力支撑。本文简要介绍了多源空间技术基本原理和作业方法,以长江委水文上游局在2015年全国水文应急演练为例,对木洞河流域高危水文应急现场进行了应急监测及数据处理。演练方案评价表明,基于多源空间技术进行水文应急监测,对监测精度和抢险救灾处置效率有较大提高。     

面向城市岩土工程灾害的智慧应急技术

为了响应城市地下岩土工程应急管理现代化急迫需求,本文对应急管理技术的数字化、智能化、智慧化进行研究,采用资料收集和实例调研的方法,总结了城市岩土工程灾害的事故特点及应急难点：地质勘察存在盲区、安全风险意识淡薄、应急响应机制不健全。在此基础上,提出了智慧应急平台的4个建设目标：安全生产监督管理、地质灾害监测预警、指挥救援与决策、灾后复盘分析。并重点介绍了3种新型技术方法：地质灾害风险等级划分、5G智能应急抢险车、INSAR精细化应急监测,分别为实现“完善风险等级、补全应急资源、拓宽监测来源”提供技术支撑及思路。     

便携式GC-MS在应急监测中的应用

以一起水污染事故为案例,详细阐述了便携式GC-MS在该事故应急监测全过程中的应用,并对便携式GC-MS在应急监测中的应用进行分析和讨论,为同类突发性污染事故应急监测工作提供借鉴和参考。     

基于多源信息融合技术的交通安全应急平台建设

<正>本文从交通应急管理现状出发,分析当前交通安全应急平台中的基础资源利用率低、监测信息利用不充分、应急处置协调不通畅等瓶颈问题,结合多源信息融合、云计算等技术特点及优势,从交通应急监测预警、多信息融合到多部门联动等方面提出依托信息新技术的交通应急解决方案。     

攀枝花市某滑坡监测实施与变形分析

现阶段滑坡监测方法有地表位移监测和深部位移监测,而当滑坡处于加速阶段,主要采用应急地表位移监测.因此,测量机器人就体现出了极大的优势.本文结合攀枝花市某滑坡雨季应急变形监测,在滑坡变形的各个阶段,采取灵活的测量机器人全自动化应急监测方案,获取宝贵的监测数据,以及根据滑坡体区域地形地貌特征和滑坡体类型,做出及时准确的预警...     

Hepatotoxic microcystin diversity in cyanobacterial blooms collected in portuguese freshwaters

Twelve toxic cyanobacterial bloom samples collected in natural lakes, reservoirs and rivers of Portugal were analysed. Toxicity was evaluated by mouse LD₅₀ bioassay of the lyophilised samples. The main bloom species present in the samples were Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis wesenbergii, Anabaena flos-aquae and Nostoc sp. Toxins were extracted, isolated by reverse phase HPLC and characterised by HPLC amino acid analysis and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Two to seven microcystins were purified from each sample, and a total of seven different toxins were isolated and their structure assigned. MCYST-LR was the most common and its proportion in each sample ranged from 45.5% to 99.8% of the total microcystin contents. MCYST-RR, MCYST-YR and [D-Asp³]MCYST-LR were also identified in the samples. Three less common microcystins, MCYST-HilR, [L-MeSer⁷]MCYST-LR and [Dha⁷]MCYST-LR, were found in only one sample. Total MCYST concentration varied from 1.0 to 7.1 μg/mg dry weight of cyanobacteria. Significant relationships between LD₅₀-MCYST-LR-total MCYST content were found. The need for monitoring cyanobacteria and their toxins in eutrophic waters that are used for drinking and recreation purposes is discussed.     

Detection and estimation of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in raw water at the drinking water treatment plant by in vivo fluorescence method

In vivo fluorescence methods have been accepted as a quick, simple, and useful tool for quantification of phytoplankton organisms. In this paper, we present a case study in which fluorescence methods were employed for the selective detection of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in raw water at the drinking water treatment plant. The occurrence of cyanobacteria in the drinking water reservoir and in raw water was monitored by phycocyanin fluorescence measurements and by standard methods for phytoplankton quantification (cell counts, chlorophyll a). A special attention was paid to the most critical parts of the season -- spring recruitment of cyanobacteria from sediment to water column and autumn bloom collapse. All methods showed similar patterns within the season. Phycocyanin fluorescence was found to be a simple and sensitive indicator of cyanobacteria in water and can serve as a tool that can provide an early warning about the presence of potentially toxic cyanobacterial metabolites in water.     

Methods for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria

Episodes of cyanobacterial toxic blooms and fatalities to animals and humans due to cyanobacterial toxins (CBT) are known worldwide. The hepatotoxins and neurotoxins (cyanotoxins) produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria have been the cause of human and animal health hazards and even death. Prevailing concentration of cell bound endotoxin, exotoxin and the toxin variants depend on developmental stages of the bloom and the cyanobacterial (CB) species involved. Toxic and non-toxic strains do not show any predictable morphological difference. The current instrumental, immunological and molecular methods applied for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria are reviewed.     

Cyanobacteria diversity and toxicity in a wastewater treatment plant (Portugal)

Cyanobacteria are common in eutrophic natural waters. Being favoured by warm, stable and nutrient-enriched waters they may constitute an important part of the phytoplankton community in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). The phytoplankton communities of two ponds (facultative and maturation) of the WWTP of Esmoriz (North Portugal) were studied, with particular importance given to cyanobacteria. Mouse bioassays were performed with cyanobacteria samples during some of the blooms and ELISA assays specific for hepatotoxic microcystins were carried out. During the study period (January-July 1999) cyanobacteria were frequently dominant in the ponds ranging from 15.2 to 99.8% of the total phytoplankton density. The main species were Planktothrix mougeotii, Microcystis aeruginosa and Pseudanabaena mucicola. Mouse bioassays were performed during Oscillatoria bloom period but the results were negative, in spite of the high cyanobacteria biomass. ELISA assays were performed for both ponds but only in the maturation pond positive values were found. Microcystin concentrations (as MCYST-LR equivalents) varied from 2.3 to 56.0 micrograms/l on the margin of the pond and between 1.7 and 4.6 micrograms/l in the outflow of this pond. These values indicate that WWTP may be a source of contamination of water bodies with cyanobacteria toxins.     

Occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms for the first time in Lake Karaoun,Lebanon

The increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial bloom in freshwaters worldwide is of great importance because of public health risks. In addition, they are very likely to have negative impact on ecological and economic aspects. In this study, the seasonal succession of phytoplankton population in Lake Karaoun in Lebanon was monitored from May 2009 to June 2011. The physicochemical parameters of lake water were then monitored for 1 year, from June 2010 until June 2011, to correlate the physicochemical parameters with the phytoplankton population in the lake. Our results showed, for the first time in Lebanon, that the eutrophied Lake Karaoun has been under the invasion of toxic cyanobacterial blooms since May 2009. The cyanobacterial bloom was persistent from late spring (May) until late fall (December) for 2 consecutive years. The high water temperature in the summer season is the main factor that has been affecting the growth of the cyanobacteria. The most frequently encountered bloom‐forming species were Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, which were either present individually or coexistent. The obtained results showed that during the period of cyanobacterial bloom, a deterioration of water quality defined by low levels of dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and electric conductivity was reported. During cyanobacterial bloom period, the concentration of the orthophosphate–P (PO4‐P) was very minimal. The measured high value of chlorophyll‐a concentration during cyanobacterial bloom period (48.6 μg/L) was attributed to high photosynthetic activity. Cyanobacterial blooms can cause a variety of water‐quality problems in Lake Karaoun in addition to human health risk.     

紫外光辐照抑制蓝藻生长的研究

为防止发生蓝藻水华，从紫外光的生物效应出发提出了利用紫外光辐照抑藻的思路，并考察了辐照时间、紫外光强度以及在蓝藻不同的生长阶段进行紫外光辐照等对蓝藻生长的抑制效果。结果表明，用强度为0．52mW／cm^2的紫外光辐照3～5min能够很好地抑制蓝藻的生长，是经济、有效的紫外光辐照剂量；紫外光辐照明显破坏了藻细胞的结构，抑制了叶绿素a的合成，从而导致蓝藻的生长被大大抑制。     

Influence of sampling strategies on the monitoring of cyanobacteria in shallow lakes: lessons from a case study in France

Sampling cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems is a crucial aspect of monitoring programs in both basic and applied research. Despite this, few papers have dealt with this aspect, and a high proportion of cyanobacteria monitoring programs are still based on monthly or twice-monthly water sampling, usually performed at a single location. In this study, we conducted high frequency spatial and temporal water sampling in a small eutrophic shallow lake that experiences cyanobacterial blooms every year. We demonstrate that the spatial and temporal aspects of the sampling strategy had a considerable impact on the findings of cyanobacteria monitoring in this lake. In particular, two peaks of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae cell abundances were usually not picked up by the various temporal sampling strategies tested. In contrast, sampling once a month was sufficient to provide a good overall estimation of the population dynamics of Microcystis aeruginosa. The spatial frequency of sampling was also important, and the choice in the location of the sampling points around the lake was very important if only two or three sampling points were used. When four or five sampling points were used, this reduced the impact of the choice of the location of the sampling points, and allowed to obtain fairly similar results than when six sampling points were used. These findings demonstrate the importance of the sampling strategy in cyanobacteria monitoring, and the fact that it is impossible to propose a single universal sampling strategy that is appropriate for all freshwater ecosystems and also for all cyanobacteria.     

The impact of transfers on water quality and the disturbance regime in a reservoir

The effect of water transfers between two reservoirs on the water quality of the receiving reservoir was investigated over a 9-year period (2000-2008). Different management strategies were implemented in term of the magnitude and timing of water transfers, i.e. the amount of transferred volume and the frequency at which transfers occurred. These different operational modes were analysed to determine changes in nutrient and metal concentrations, chlorophyll a, algal genera and biovolume. During high water transfers, chlorophyll a and total algal biovolume increased, with larger diatoms preferentially selected due to the high silica content of the pumped inflow and a significant shift in cyanobacteria genera occurring from Microcystis to nitrogen-fixing genera. The magnitude and timing of water transfers exerted a strong control on phytoplankton competition and disturbed the typical seasonal succession during low pumping years of a spring diatom bloom followed by summer cyanobacteria dominance: intensive and frequent water transfers resulted in dominance by diatoms for the whole year and effectively limited cyanobacteria summer growth. From this analysis, we identified iron concentration and diatom biovolume as the key water quality indicators to be included in any optimal management, able to control the transfer regime from both a water quantity and water quality prospective.