各种高强度钢在海水中的腐蚀疲劳开裂

对 HT80,Hy140,Hy180,Hy240,HP9-4-20,pH13-8Mo 以及18Ni(200)马氏体时效钢测定了在空气中(16.7赫兹)和海水中(0.167赫兹)的疲劳裂纹扩长速率(da/dN)_(air)和(da/dN)_(cor)。采用的应力比 R=0.10和0.50。用(da/dN)_(cor)/(da/dN)_(air)的比率γ_(0.167Hz)作为评定海水对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响程度。所得结果如下:(1)615℃回火的 Hy140钢和 HP9-4-20钢的γ_(0.167Hz)值较低。(2)全部试验用钢在 R=0.10时,⊿K=50～100公斤/毫米3/2γ_(0.167Hz)获得最大值。在⊿K<20～40公斤/毫米~(3/2)和⊿K>250公斤/毫米~(3\2)时,海水对疲劳裂纹扩展速率没有影响。(3)在较低裂纹扩展速率下,γ_(0.167Hz)取决于 K_(max)和⊿K,而在较高裂纹扩展速率下则取决于⊿K。γ_(0.167Hz)的最大值决取于K_(max)。(4)得到18Ni(200)马氏体时效钢的γ_(0.167Hz)和脆性断裂的断口率之间有良好的对应关系。     

30Cr1Mo1V钢汽轮机转子高应力段的疲劳裂纹扩展速率

在某已服役了16 a的30Cr1Mo1V钢汽轮机转子的高应力段取样制作成紧凑拉伸试样,用MTS 810.50试验机进行室温和538℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验。结果表明：该钢疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段的疲劳裂纹扩展速率适用于Paris公式,室温下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率方程为da/dN=2.2101×10-8（ΔK）2.9163,538℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率方程为da/dN=9.8794×10-8（ΔK）2.6844;对于30Cr1Mo1V转子钢,温度升高,疲劳裂纹扩展速率加快;30Cr1Mo1V转子钢在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段存在转折点,将该阶段又细分为两段,经过转折点后疲劳裂纹扩展速率的增速减慢;与原始材料相比,已服役16 a的30Cr1Mo1V钢汽轮机转子高应力段材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率增大。     

温度因素对LY-12CS铝合金△K_(th)及da/aN的影响

本文用中心缺口拉伸试样(CCT试样)在空气介质中测试了LY-12CS铝合金从室温到250℃的疲劳门坎值△K_(th),以及200℃三种载荷比(R=0,0.33,0.67)条件下门坎值以上的裂纹扩展速率da/dN。结果表明: (1)在试验的温度范围内,随着温度的升高,门坎值△K_(th)也随着升高; (2)在250℃以下升高温度并不提高裂纹扩展速率da/dN,而是降低了da/dN。在三种载荷比条件卜,△K从7～12kg/mm~(3/2),室温的da/dN是200℃的1～3倍。     

挤压SiCw／LD2复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展

本文测量了挤压19％(Vol)SiCw/LD2复合材料疲劳裂纹扩展的门槛值ΔK_(th)和扩展速率da/dN。并在扫描电镜下观察了疲劳断口形貌。结果表明,复合材料在门槛值附近和中速扩展区的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力高于基体材料LD2合金。复合材料纵向试样于170℃时效后的疲劳裂纹扩展抗力高于150℃时效,疲劳裂纹扩展扩展过程包括不在一个面内的微裂纹长大和联接这些微裂纹的(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)复合型裂纹的扩展。与裂纹相垂直的晶须有效地阻碍了微裂纹的长大。     

温度对TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

对TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金在150℃,25℃下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN进行了测试,给出了扩展速率和应力强度因子幅值△K之间的关系曲线.用SEM对2种温度下断口形貌进行了观测,实验结果表明,150℃的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试样具有较低的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,25℃的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试样具有较低的门槛值;稳态扩展区解理断裂和条带循环机制共存,150℃的da/dN试样中的疲劳辉间距比25℃试样细;快速扩展区的断口形貌呈韧窝型静载断裂特征,150℃的da/dN试样中的韧窝比25℃试样深.     

钢的屈服强度及平面应变断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展速率之关系的经验表达式

测定了5CrNiMo 及3Cr2W8V 钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率 da/dN。讨论了钢的屈服强度σ_s 及平面应变断裂韧性 K_(1C)和 da/dN 之间的关系,提出了经验表达式:da/dN=A·(△K)~2/E·σ_s·(K_(1C)-K_(max))。根据一种热处理状态下的 da/dN/△K 关系便可计算获得同种钢在其它热处理状态下的 da/dN 值。     

疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为

采用三点弯曲试样研究了疲劳裂纹在奥氏体/铁素体异种钢焊接接头中的扩展行为与显微组织的关系,测得疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢焊接接头中的扩展速率da/dN,并且讨论了疲劳裂纹扩展与显微组织之间的关系。实验结果表明,疲劳裂纹在异种钢焊接接头熔合区中扩展的路径,是接头中韧性最低的热影响区过热区,裂纹在铁素体材料侧,跟随熔合线并平行于熔合线5～25μm扩展,而马氏体层对疲劳裂纹有较大的抗力,疲劳裂纹的扩展路径主要受组织韧性的控制。疲劳裂纹在Cr25Ni13/13CrMo44异种钢接头的扩展速率为：da/dN=7.07×10-13(△K)3.863。     

应用da/dN数学模型进行疲劳裂纹扩展计算机仿真

本文论述了应用文献中提出da/dN 数学模型对疲劳裂纹扩展全过程所进行的计算机仿真。仿真的主要目的是不做材料实验而用计算机仿真的方法来确定⊿Kth、⊿K(I)、⊿K(Ⅱ)和Kc。作者以关于da/dv的W模型为基础建立了仿真系统的数学模型,提出了认可仿真的标准,给出了仿真流程框图,论述了仿真程序设计中的几个问题,用ACOS—300型计算机进行了交互式仿真。仿真的结果是令人满意的,达到了预期的目的。     

LY-12CS铝合金在空气和盐水介质中△K_(th)和da/dN规律的研究

本文用中心缺口拉伸试样(CCT试样)测试了LY-12CS铝合金在室温空气和3.5％NaCl水溶液介质中三种载荷比(R=0,R=0.33,R=0.67)条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展门坎值△K_(th)及da/dN,结果表明: (1)在三种载荷比条件下,盐水介质比空气介质明显地降低了△K_(th)而提高了疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN。在我们试验的三种载荷比△K=7～15kg/mm~(3/2)范围内,盐水介质的da/dN是空气介质的1.6～3.4倍。 (2)在两种介质中,随着载荷比R(或平均应力)的增加,门坎值△K_(th)下降而da/dN增加。     

热处理状态对2.25Cr1Mo钢断裂韧度和裂纹扩展速率的影响

分析了不同热处理状态对2.25Cr1Mo钢断裂韧度(KJIC)和裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)的影响.结果表明,经730℃回火后2.25Cr1Mo钢的断裂韧度有较大的提高,裂纹扩展速率则无明显变化.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.