碳钢浸镀扩散渗铝复合渗硼及其表面性能研究

对Q235、45、GCr15钢在720℃±5℃的条件下进行了热浸渗铝,分别扩散1h、2.5h和5h后再进行950℃×6h高温渗硼。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线等手段研究了Q235、45钢的热浸渗铝和热浸渗铝复合渗硼层的组织结构。探讨了热浸扩散渗铝复合渗硼中的硼化物的形成机理及硼的迁移机制。采用高温氧化试验和耐热腐蚀试验考察了这两种渗层在高温下的氧化机制,并比较了它们的耐高温氧化性能和耐热腐蚀性能,以及它们在干摩擦条件下的耐磨性。试验结果表明,热浸渗铝经扩散处理后,渗层明显,渗层组织由表及里出现了η相(Fe2Al5)、β1相(Fe3Al)和α相固溶体等组织。热浸渗铝复合渗硼所形成渗层具有与单一渗硼相类似的齿状形态。X射线衍射分析表明,渗层主要由Fe2B、Fe2AlB2及Fe2Al5组成。Q235钢热浸镀铝复合渗硼处理在950℃高温下不具有明显的抗氧化的作用。而热浸渗铝的Q235钢950℃氧化后仍然为扩散处理后的灰色外观。而650℃循环氧化中,这两种渗层的抗氧化能力相当。800℃熔盐腐蚀试验中热浸渗铝与热浸渗铝复合渗硼处理均具有较高的耐蚀胜,比未经处理的试样高10倍左右。在干摩擦条件下,热浸渗铝复合渗硼试样比渗铝扩散处理具有更高的耐磨性。     

稀土对渗铝层/基体界面空洞生长和抗高温剥落性能的影响

通过高温氧化实验以及测量空洞平均直径和形核数量随氧化时间的变化,研究稀土对渗铝层抗高温剥落性能和渗铝层/基体界面空洞生长的影响,并与渗纯铝试样进行了比较.结果表明:渗铝层/基体界面空洞的生长可划分为快速生长和稳定生长两个阶段;但当渗稀土铝后,空洞生长速度比渗纯铝试样降低约1/3;稀土可抑制界面空洞的形核和生长,阻止空洞聚集成波浪线状空洞带和线状裂纹,提高渗铝钢的抗高温剥落性能;热浸镀稀土铝后,试样表面自由铝层减薄,从而降低了高温下渗铝层/基体界面铝的浓度梯度,这是稀土抑制空洞形核和生长的主要原因.     

1Cr13不锈钢渗铝工艺及其熔盐腐蚀行为的研究

选用成本相对不是很高且在高温下具有一定抗氧化性能的1Cr13不锈钢为基体,通过热浸渗铝工艺在基体上制备了一层Fe-Al合金渗层。随后在不同扩散温度、不同扩散时间下进行了热扩散实验。最后分别对未经渗铝和经过渗铝的1Cr13不锈钢在由Na_2CO_3、K_2CO_3和Li2_CO_3组成的三元(Na-K-Li)_2CO_3混合碳酸熔盐中的腐蚀行为进行了研究。采用扫描电镜和能谱仪对腐蚀区的形貌和成分进行了分析;采用X射线衍射仪对腐蚀产物进行了物相分析,并测定了表面的腐蚀动力学曲线。结果表明:当热浸镀温度为750℃时,扩散温度为800℃,扩散时间为6 h,得到的Fe-Al合金渗层的综合性能最佳。此外,渗铝1Cr13不锈钢表面形成了具有保护性的由Al_2O_3和LiAlO_2组成的氧化膜,这对1Cr13不锈钢熔融盐耐蚀性的提高有明显作用。     

渗铝管腐蚀性能研究

选取10钢管进行固体粉末渗铝法渗铝,在其表面获得了不同铝含量的渗铝层,对渗 铝钢、未渗铝钢进行高温氧化、硫化氢腐蚀以及环烷酸试验,通过实验数据论证了渗铝钢具有优越的耐高温氧化性能及耐酸腐蚀性能.     

铜表面Ni2Al3涂层高温抗氧化性能与组织转变研究

以铜为基体,采用电镀镍和浆料包渗铝法制备出Ni2Al3渗层.研究了900℃下空气中不同氧化时间,Ni2Al3渗层的高温抗氧化性能与组织转变行为.结果表明:经电镀Ni及随后800℃×12h浆料包渗铝,可在铜表面获得厚度为250μm、物相单一的致密Ni2Al3渗层.900℃氧化实验过程中,氧化时间在100h内,渗层表面X射线衍射分析中,没有Al2O3相衍射峰产生,Ni/Ni2Al3界面的Ni2Al3,相首先转变为NiAl相,并且NiAl相随时间延长而增厚;超过150h后,在渗层中Al2O3相出现衍射峰,同时Ni2 Al3相全部转变成NiAl相.在高温氧化过程中渗层无明显剥落现象,到250h时渗层仍具有良好的抗高温氧化性能,渗层表面由NiAl相和Al2O3相组成.     

熔盐电解法渗铝的研究

在钢铁和高温合金上渗铝,可以大大提高这些材料抗高温氧化和热腐蚀的能力。目前工业上常用的渗铝方法有固体包装法和热浸法。固体包装法是将工件埋在含有铝铁合金粉和氧化铝粉的混合物中,加热到850°至1000℃,保温5至24小时而获得渗铝层。此法不需特殊技术,但要先制备铝铁合金,而装箱、进炉出炉,卸出工件劳动较多,因为连箱加热,渗铝速度慢,因之所需时间很长,为其缺点。热浸法是将工件浸于熔融铝浴中而获得渗铝层,速度较快且操作简便,但铁在铝液中有一定程度的腐蚀溶解,工件渗铝后表面常不均匀,有铝堆集,而且由于金属铝的蒸发和氧化,铝的损耗也较大,此外渗铝层脆性较大.需要进行渗后热处理,这些都是热浸法不足之处。 熔盐电解法渗铝是在坩埚(石墨或金属)中盛金属铝(可用铝屑),上面放1:1(分子比)的NaCl+KCl混合盐,另加少量冰晶石。坩埚和铝接为阳极,工件接为阴极。在惰性气氛保护下加热使盐熔化,然后通电流,铝作为阳极被熔盐腐蚀而生成铝离子,在阴极(工件)上沉积。由于工件不在铝浴中,故不被铝溶解,且受到阴极电流的保护作用,故不被熔盐腐蚀。铝上有熔盐复盖,蒸发和氧化均较小,故铝的损耗亦小。渗铝层较均匀,渗后不必另行热处理.沉积的铝量主要决定于电流密度与时间,服从法拉第定律,与温度无关.电流效率约在82约91％间,平均约85％。沉积的铝在高温下与底金属相互扩散而形成渗铝层,其厚度决定于温度、时间及电流密度。用电子探针分析、X-射线衔射分析及金相检查,得知纯铁上电解渗铝层最外表面有一薄层金属铝,往内为Al_3Fe、Al_5Fe_2、AlFe及AlFe_3。 钢铁经熔盐电解渗铝后,抗高温氧化性能大为提高。高温合金用此法渗铝后,抗热腐蚀性能亦显著改进。     

用耐火粘土做保护层的料浆渗铝工艺研究

实验研究了用耐火粘土做保护层的料浆渗铝工艺，实验结果表明，用此工艺工件无需装箱密封或加保护气氛便可有效地实现钢的渗铝，且对所渗试件表面的光洁度无太高要求，渗层均匀，表面铝含量达３４％左右，探讨了渗层的相结构，通过对比实验，渗铝件的抗高温氧化性和耐酸蚀能力远远高于未渗铝件并与可与锈钢相媲美。     

G115和T92钢表面FeAl渗层制备及其抗高温水蒸汽氧化性能

采用粉末包埋法对G115和T92钢表面进行低温渗铝,测试了两者渗铝前后在高温水蒸汽环境下的氧化行为.结果表明,在660℃水蒸汽环境下,G115钢的抗氧化性能优于T92钢;G115与T92钢表面制备的FeAl渗层具有优秀的抗高温水蒸汽氧化性能.同等实验条件下,渗铝试样的氧化增重比无渗层试样低两个数量级;G115钢中W、Cu等元素有利于渗层在高温水蒸汽中的稳定,可以有效地降低Al的扩散速率.     

高温合金渗铝涂层抗高温氧化性能的研究

采用固体粉末包埋渗铝法，在K438高温合金表面制备渗铝涂层。对渗铝试样做了1000℃、500h高温氧化实验。实验结果表明：在氧化过程中，K438高温合金表面的涂层已转变成连续致密的α—Al2O3氧化膜、富Al的β-NiAl和富Ni的β—NiAl化合物层，氧化膜与基体合金粘附良好，在高温氧化过程中无明显剥落现象。随着氧化时间的增加，β相分解较慢，到500h时涂层仍具有良好的抗高温氧化性能。     

低铝铜合金表面渗铝及内氧化的研究

用催渗和不催渗两种渗剂在相同工艺条件下对Cu-Al合金表面渗铝,用工业N2中的余氧作为内氧化介质对渗铝试样进行内氧化,从而在试样表面得到硬化层。对渗铝层和内氧化层的显微结构以及硬度分布进行观察分析。结果表明:CeCl3对Cu-Al合金渗铝过程具有明显的催渗效果,在同等工艺条件下渗层厚度由未催渗的100μm提高为138μm;经内氧化后催渗试样形成了厚度为200μm左右的硬化层。硬化层内析出有大量弥散分布的Al2O3微粒。     

Spalling failure of a thermal barrier coating associated with aluminum depletion in the bond-coat

A plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating is observed to spall after oxidation at 1121°C from a CoNiCrAlY bond-coated superalloy at the interface between the thermally grown oxide (TGO) and the zirconia thermal barrier coating (TBC). Phase characterization by photostimulated luminescence and X-ray diffraction, as well as microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy, indicates that the spalling is associated with the conversion of the initially formed α-alumina thermally grown oxide to α-chromia and a (Co,Ni)(Cr,Al) spinel. It is proposed that the phase conversion occurs after the alumina TGO has cracked on thermal cycling and the underlying bond-coat alloy is depleted of aluminum with concurrent enrichment of the oxide by Cr, Co and Ni. The observations suggest that monitoring the luminescence intensity as a function of oxidation time might form the basis of a nondestructive tool for detecting the onset of failure based on the disappearance of α-alumina.     

Microstructure and properties of AC-HVAF sprayed Ni60/WC composite coating

A Ni60/WC coating was deposited on 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel substrate by the actived combustion-high velocity air fuel (AC-HVAF) technique. The structure and morphologies of the Ni60/WC coating were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the wear resistance and corrosion resistance were studied. The results showed that the AC-HVAF spraying was seen as the pre-eminent process for the deposition of Ni60/WC coating. Due to low particle heating and high particle velocity in the HVAF process, WC phase remain almost unchanged after spraying. The tribological behaviors were evaluated by using a HT-600 wear test rig. Under the same conditions, the worn volume of 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel was 10.43 times more than that of the coating. The wear mechanism was mainly fatigue wear. A series of the electrochemical tests was carried out in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution in order to examine the corrosion behavior. Mechanisms for corrosion resistance were discussed.     

316L表面制备Ni-Al系金属间化合物层的耐铅铋腐蚀性能

利用激光熔覆技术在316L不锈钢表面熔覆一层Ni60合金粉末,采用热喷涂技术在Ni60合金涂层表面制备纯Al涂层,再通过620 ℃×5 h高温扩散试验,使Ni60合金涂层和纯Al涂层中间生成Ni-Al金属间化合物。最后把制备有Ni60合金和Ni-Al金属间化合物涂层试样置于液态铅铋合金中进行400 ℃×500 h腐蚀试验。采用SEM,XRD对金属间化合物涂层腐蚀前后的表面、截面的形貌、物相组成及元素分布进行测试,分析Ni60合金涂层和金属间化合物涂层在400 ℃液态铅铋合金中的腐蚀情况。试验结果表明,经过高温扩散试验,试样表面生成了一层由Ni3Al,NiAl等组成的Ni-Al系金属间化合物;经过400 ℃液态铅铋合金腐蚀试验,Ni60合金涂层表面腐蚀较为严重,表面大量金属元素被氧化、溶解,在试样表面形成了不连续金属氧化物和腐蚀坑;Ni-Al金属间化合物涂层被氧化成为稳定的金属氧化物涂层,可以有效阻止Pb,Bi,O等元素渗透进入基体,提高316L的耐液态铅铋腐蚀性能。创新点： 利用激光熔覆、热喷涂、高温扩散相结合的方法制备了金属间化合物,并研究了金属间化合物涂层在液态铅铋合金中的腐蚀情况。     

等离子喷涂Al2O3与Cr2O3涂层性能的研究

对等离子喷涂Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３涂层耐蚀性和耐磨性的试验研究表明,在３．５％ＮａＣｌ介质中,Ａｌ２Ｏ３涂层耐蚀性优于Ｃｒ２Ｏ３涂层;在滑动磨损条件下,Ｃｒ２Ｏ３涂层的耐磨性优于Ａｌ２Ｏ３涂层。     

Steam oxidation resistance of two-layered Ni-Cr and Al APS coating for USC boiler applications

Thermal spray of Ni-Cr and Al coatings was attempted on modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, to evaluate their steam oxidation resistance. Atmospheric plasma spray (APS) coatings of 50Ni-50Cr as undercoat and Al topcoat were attempted with the aim that the pores produced by 50Ni-50Cr undercoat can be filled with Al topcoat during the steam oxidation. The steam oxidized samples evinced the Ni and Cr diffusion towards the Al coating structure and changed the topcoat in to the Ni-Al intermetallics. Though the two-layered coating exhibited an excellent performance against the steam oxidation for the base steel substrate till 3000 h of test, the top layers of the coating underwent significant internal oxidation.     

电弧离子镀NiCrAlY涂层900℃的热腐蚀行为

采用电弧离子镀技术在镍基单晶合金上沉积Ni28Cr11Al0.5Y涂层,并研究了镍基单晶合金及有Ni28Cr11Al0.5Y涂层镍基单晶合金在900℃的75%Na2SO4+25%K2SO4熔盐中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明,镍基单晶合金遭受了破坏性的热腐蚀,出现了严重的内硫化和内氧化;而由于Ni28Cr11Al0.5Y涂层在熔盐中生成连续的Al2O3氧化膜,阻止了熔盐对单晶合金的腐蚀,有涂层镍基单晶合金表现出优良的抗热腐蚀性能。     

Formation of a Rhenium-base Diffusion-barrier-coating System on Ni-base Single Crystal Superalloy and its Stability at 1,423 K

A diffusion-barrier-coating system having a duplex structure comprised of an inner Re(W)–Cr–Ni layer and an outer Ni-aluminide layer was formed on a fourth generation, single-crystal Ni-base superalloy by using electroplating of Re(Ni) and Ni(W) films, Al- and Cr- (high-Cr and low-Cr) pack cementations, and a combination of the two treatments. With the ReW-high-Cr coating, fine needle- or plate-like precipitates formed in the alloy substrate below the inner Re(W, Cr, Ni) layer, while there was little of this precipitate with the ReW-low-Cr pack-cementation coating. The inner, Re-base alloy layer in the ReW-high-Cr coating was identified to be a σ-(Re,Cr,W,Ni) phase, while the inner layer of the ReW-low-Cr was a mixture of σ-(Re,Cr,W,Ni) and δ-Re(Cr,W,Ni) phases. After heating the coated alloys at 1,150 °C for 100 h in air, the outer Al reservoir layer became β-NiAl containing (31–33)Al with α-Cr particles and fine precipitates of γ′-Ni₃Al with both the ReW-high-Cr and ReW-low-Cr treatments. In the case of the ReW-high-Cr coating there were numerous light-colored, needle-like precipitates formed deep in the alloy substrate under the inner layer, while in the case of the ReW-low-Cr coating γ′ appeared near the inner layer. It was found that the inner, Re-base alloy layer acted as a diffusion barrier, and that its structure was maintained with little change in composition after 100 h of oxidation at 1,150 °C. K. Z. Thosin is from Indonesian Institute of Sciences, LIPI.     

Ni-16Cr-xAl合金在600℃Na2SO4-NaCl混合盐中的热腐蚀行为（英文）

研究Ni-16Cr-xAl(x=4.5%,6.8%,9.0%)合金在600°CNa2SO4-NaCl混合盐中的热腐蚀行为,分析预氧化及铝含量对合金抗热腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,随着铝含量由4.5%增加到9.0%(质量分数),Ni-16Cr-xAl(x=4.5%,6.8%,9.0%)合金在Na2SO4-NaCl混合盐中的抗热腐蚀性能提高。因为β-NiAl相的存在能修复热腐蚀中被破坏的Al2O3膜,所以Ni-16Cr-9.0Al合金表现出最优异的抗热腐蚀性能。在预氧化后的样品表面形成了一层具有保护性的氧化膜,其抗热腐蚀性能优于原始态样品的。     

溅射TiAlCr涂层对Ti-24Al-14Nb-3V抗氧化性能的影响

研究了溅射Ｔｉ５０Ａｌ１０Ｃｒ及Ｔｉ５０Ａｌ２０Ｃｒ涂层对Ｔｉ２４Ａｌ１４Ｎｂ３Ｖ抗高温氧化性能的影响。结果表明,在８００℃下,Ｔｉ５０Ａｌ１０Ｃｒ及Ｔｉ５０Ａｌ２０Ｃｒ涂层表面由于可形成粘附性良好的Ａｌ２Ｏ３膜,大大改善了Ｔｉ２４Ａｌ１４Ｎｂ３Ｖ的抗高温氧化性能。９００℃时在Ｔｉ５０Ａｌ１０Ｃｒ涂层表面长出大量ＴｉＯ２,导致其氧化增重较大;而在Ｔｉ５０Ａｌ２０Ｃｒ涂层表面生成了连续Ａｌ２Ｏ３,其抗氧化性能良好。然而,由于ＴｉＡｌＣｒ涂层与基体热膨胀系数不同,在循环氧化过程中涂层出现一些裂纹,导致其抗循环氧化性能有所下降。     

Influence of Alloy Composition and Exposure Conditions on the Selective Oxidation Behavior of Ni–Al Alloys

Ni–Al coating alloys, which are commonly used in gas turbine engines operating in marine environments, are highly susceptible to hot corrosion attack. The effect of alloy composition and exposure conditions on the development of a protective alumina scale, which is important for the hot corrosion resistance of the alloy, and how they affect the transition of alumina from the θ to the α polymorph have been evaluated. A series of Ni–Al model alloys with a base composition of Ni–36 at.% Al, and 5 at.% additions of Cr, Pt and Si were exposed in dry air and in air–10%H₂O at 900 °C. The presence of water vapor in the gas led to higher oxidation rates and retarded the θ- to the α-Al₂O₃ transformation. The oxidation behavior of the alloys and the alumina polymorph which formed differed depending on the alloying element considered. Additions of Cr accelerated the θ to α transformation, while Pt and Si retarded it.