三维地下水流随机分析的配点法

提出三维地下水不确定分析的随机配点法,比较了张量积配点法(TPCM)、Smolyak配点法(SmCM)、Stroud-2配点法(StCM)和概率配点法(PCM)等4种配点法的基本原理。其渗透系数场和水头场分别被表示为Karhunen-Loeve展开和多项式展开的形式;初始随机偏微分方程被转化为在相应配点上的确定性方程。进一步建立了基于Modflow-2000的随机模型,讨论了以上不同算法的计算精度及计算成本。分析结果表明,配点法可充分继承现有模拟软件或代码的求解功能,配点的选取方法决定了其计算成本,SmCM具有最高的计算精度,但StCM具有最好的性价比。     

基于多向场指纹法的金属管道裂纹检测

场指纹技术(Field Signature Method,FSM)是一种广泛应用于金属管道缺陷检测的无损检测技术,能够高精度检测腐蚀缺陷,但对于危险系数更高的裂纹缺陷则检测能力不足。提出了一种多向场指纹法(Multi-direction Field Signature Method,MDFSM),通过向被测管道施加3个方向的激励,可以保证更多角度的裂纹缺陷能被有效检测到,比对后选取最强的1组信号求解裂纹深度。仿真和实验结果表明,所提出的MDFSM能够显著提升裂纹深度的检测精度。     

裂隙岩体渗流的光滑多尺度随机配点法

针对非均质裂隙岩体的随机渗流问题,提出光滑多尺度随机配点法。其基本思想是基于稀疏网格随机配点法将随机问题简化为相应配点处的非耦合确定性问题,利用有限全局信息构造多尺度基函数,捕捉材料的非均质性和流体流动的耦合关系,引入梯度光滑技术组装粗网格单元相关矩阵,将小尺度非均质信息体现到大尺度上,由此在粗网格上对问题进行求解。同传统多尺度随机配点法相比,光滑多尺度随机配点法在组装粗网格单元相关矩阵时将研究区域的内积分转化为边界积分,无需求解基函数的连续形式及导数,简化了程序,并且使有限元系统得到一定程度的"软化"。数值算例结果表明:光滑多尺度随机配点法比传统多尺度随机配点法具有更高的精度和效率。     

滑坡模糊可靠性评价的改进响应面法及优化研究

提出过无差点的改进响应面模型，并结合模糊随机理论求解滑坡的可靠性指标。首先，考虑到滑带土力学参数的模糊随机性，非线性程度较高，采用正态模糊隶属函数对参数样本进行模糊—随机处理，并作为优化模型的约束函数；然后，采用过无差点的改进响应面法将功能函数显式化为二阶近似函数，黏聚力和内摩擦角约束函数显式化为线性函数，基于二次规则方法，采用理性运动极限计算方法，寻找合理、有效而稳定的优化策略求解滑坡的目标功能函数；最后，采用一次二阶矩法计算滑坡的可靠性指标。改进的响应面法在迭代过程中通过中心展开点，优化过程可以收敛到精确的局部最优点，同时理性运动把每次寻优的空间缩小，在建立近似显函数展开点或构造点的怜域进行寻优，避免了优化迭代振荡、收敛速度缓慢或不收敛的缺陷，提升了优化速度并保证求解的有效性和准确性。计算方法保证了改进响应面法的精度，求得的可靠性指标考虑了参数模糊不确定性的影响，研究成果为拓展响应法的改进并应用于滑坡工程的可靠性评价领域起到一定的推动作用。     

结构可靠度分析的一种实用方法及其时变预测

一次二阶矩方法是传统的可靠度方法，其精度受到验算点处极限状态方程非线形程度影响，将功能函数泰勒展开至二次项，形成二次二阶矩方法可提高可靠度精度，考虑验算点法在计算时要求进行不断迭代，为此在满足设计精度要求的前提下，提出不需迭代的一次性设计点直接进行可靠度计算，从而大大减少计算工作量，对结构在整个使用期内可靠度风险性随机预测，基于灰色理论，建立GM优化模型，求出结构时变可靠度。     

计及不对称故障和重合闸操作的EEAC法直接暂态稳定分析

本文将EEAC法推广到计及不对称故障和重合闸操作的暂稳分析中。为修正计算转子角轨迹所引起的高阶截断误差，本文提出了多步Taylor展开计算的改进算法，该算法避免了计算现有EEAC法中的修正因子，适用于任意故障过程，并可提高EEAC暂稳分析的精度及可靠性。两个实际系统的仿真计算结果表明本文改进和推广的EEAC法具有良好的精度和实用前景。     

等流量法和等出力法在年调节水电站水能计算中的应用

等流量法和等出力法是水能调节计算的2种方法。等流量法计算简单，计算结果也有一定的精度；等出力法比等流量法烦琐，但精度较高。现以年调节水电站为例，介绍这2种方法所进行的水能调节计算，最后对2种方法的计算结果进行分析和比较。在水电站的水能计算中，采用等流量法所进行的水能计算可减少工作量而且计算结果也可满足精度要求。图1幅，表3个。     

降水入渗补给系数空间变异性分析

分析了降雨不均匀入渗补给的产生机理，应用地质统计学方法研究了次降雨入渗补给系数的空间变异性，建立了协方差函数与方向角的函数关系；对次降雨入渗补给系数进行了Karhunen-Loveve展开，通过求解特征值、特征函数及随机向量模拟次降雨入渗补给系数随机场。分析结果表明，在水平径流微弱、潜水面坡度小的地区，平稳场理论可以有效地描述次降雨入渗补给系数空间分布规律，KL展开法具有优越的收敛速度。     

基于MCMC和ES-MDA方法的地下水数值模型非均 质参数场及开采量的反演研究

马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗方法(MCMC)和多重数据同化集合平滑器方法(ES-MDA)近年来在地下水参数反演得到广泛应用，但对三维多层非均质含水层参数反演精度和计算效率还缺乏对比分析。本文构建了含有基于Karhunen-Loève展开的非均质参数场的潜水和多层承压水含水层案例，并建立了地下水数值模型和基于Kriging方法的替代模型，模拟含水层分层水头变化，探讨了基于替代模型的MCMC、替代模型和数值模型相结合的两阶段MCMC以及ES-MDA方法反演的含水层渗透系数以及开采量。结果表明，针对本文算例，在非均质参数和开采量的反演中，相比而言，两阶段MCMC反演参数精度更高，ES-MDA方法计算效率更高。本研究为地下水数值模型参数反演方法选择提供参考依据。     

点插值法非线性模拟软基固结沉降问题

采用Biot固结理论，对某软基堆载引起的固结和沉降问题进行了点插值无单元法计算。构造出的位移和孔隙水压力的形函数具有δ函数特性，所以本质边界条件很易处理。计算中节点采用随机分布方式，并考虑了土的非线性特性，点插值法中引入邓肯一张模型。最后把计算值与有限元法进行了对比，结果表明点插值法精度较高。     

QUALIFICATION OF UNCERTAINTY FOR SIMULATING SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN THE HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA WITH SPARSE GRID COLLOCATION METHOD

The sparse grid collocation method is discussed to qualify the uncertainty of solute transport. The Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion is employed to decompose the log transformed hydraulic conductivity. The head, velocity and concentration fields are represented by the Lagrange polynomial expansion. A sparse grid collocation method is then used to reduce the original stochastic partial differential equations to a set of deterministic equations which is collocated at selected interpolation (collocation) points. The collocation points are constructed by the Smolyak algorithm. The accuracy, efficiency and convergence property of sparse grid collocation method are investigated by numerical experiments. The analysis shows that stochastic collocation strategy helps to decouple stochastic computations, and all the numerical computation is possible to be implemented by existing deterministic finite element codes. The proposed method provides an efficient way to evaluate the uncertainty of the solute transport in the heterogeneous media.     

KL展开在渗流场随机分析中的初步应用

在水力特性参数空间变异性的影响下,渗流场具有一定程度的不确定性。分析了随机场KL展开的特点,阐述KLME渗流随机分析方法的基本原理,发现利用KL展开的均方收敛性和摄动方法的渐进收敛性,并将随机偏微分方程转化为递推的确定性偏微分方程组求解,提高了计算效率;对非饱和渗流场进行随机数值模拟,考虑了非饱和渗透函数的参数场之间不相关、正相关和负相关3种情形,分析表明参数场之间的互相关性对渗流场的统计特征具有较大影响。     

一种求解对流扩散方程的无条件稳定算法

该文提出了一种求解二维对流扩散方程的无条件稳定算法。该算法将方程的时间项通过加权拉盖尔多项式作为正交基函数进行展开,利用Galerkin原理消除时间变量,导出隐式差分方程,并通过所得到的展开系数重构速度场或温度场等数值结果,从而突破了传统显式差分格式稳定性条件的限制,实现求解过程无条件稳定。为评价该算法的精度与效率,设计了两个数值算例,并将其与传统的显式差分格式和交替方向隐式差分格式进行了对比分析。结果表明:算法的精度与时间步长无关,对求解含有精细结构的对流扩散问题具有明显的效率优势。     

STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF WATER FLOW IN HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA

A stochastic model for saturated-unsaturated flow is developed based on the combination of the KarhunenLoeve expansion of the input random soil properties with a perturbation method. The saturated hydraulic conductivity ks(x) is assumed to be log-normal random functions, expressed by f(x). f(x) is decomposed as infinite series in a set of orthogonal normal random variables by the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion and the pressure head is expand as polynomial chaos with the same set of orthogonal random variables. With these expansions, the stochastic saturated-unsaturated flow equation and the corresponding initial and boundary conditions are represented by a series of deterministic partial differential equations which can be solved subsequently by a suitable numerical method. Some examples are given to show the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method.     

随机波浪力连续场的降维模拟

根据水质点的水平速度和加速度过程的功率谱密度,利用线性化的Morison方程,从平稳随机过程自相关函数的角度推导了随机波浪力的功率谱密度函数。在平稳随机过程的源谱表达基础上,通过将标准正交随机变量集定义为仅含1个基本随机变量的正交函数形式,实现了随机波浪力连续场的降维模拟。同时,结合快速傅里叶变换（FFT）技术,给出了随机波浪力连续场降维模拟的快速算法。应用该方法对某一单个小尺度直立圆柱桩所受的随机波浪力进行模拟,给出了随机波浪力过程的均值、标准差、自相关函数及互相关函数等数值特征,并与Monte Carlo方法的结果进行对比分析。研究表明,降维模拟方法具有较高的模拟精度与效率。     

A Novel Solution for Stochastic Dynamic Game of Water Allocation from a Reservoir Using Collocation Method

In this study, a continuous model of stochastic dynamic game for water allocation from a reservoir system was developed. The continuous random variable of inflow in the state transition function was replaced with a discrete approximant rather than using the mean of the random variable as is done in a continuous model of deterministic dynamic game. As a result, a new solution method was used to solve the stochastic model of game based on collocation method. The collocation method was introduced as an alternative to linear-quadratic (LQ) approximation methods to resolve a dynamic model of game. The collocation method is not limited to the first and second degree approximations, compared to LQ approximation, i.e. Ricatti equations. Furthermore, in spite of LQ related problems, consideration of the stochastic nature of game on the action variables in the collocation method would be possible. The proposed solution method was applied to the real case of reservoir operation, which typically requires considering the effect of uncertainty on decision variables. The results of the solution of the stochastic model of game are compared with the results of a deterministic solution of game, a classical stochastic dynamic programming model (e.g. Bayesian Stochastic Dynamic Programming model, BSDP), and a discrete stochastic dynamic game model (PSDNG). By comparing the results of alternative methods, it is shown that the proposed solution method of stochastic dynamic game is quite capable of providing appropriate reservoir operating policies.     

A Three-Dimensional Desingularized High Order Panel Method Based on Nurbs

A desingularized high order panel method based on Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline （NURBS） was developed to deal with three-dimensional potential flow problems. A NURBS surface was used to precisely represent the body geometry. Velocity potential on the body surface was described by the B-spline after the source density distribution on the body surface had been solved. The collocation approach was employed to satisfy the Neurnann boundary condition and Gaussian quadrature points were chosen as both the collocation points and the source points. The singularity was removed by a combined method, so the process of the numerical computation was non-singular. In order to verify the method proposed, the unbounded flow problems of sphere and ellipsoid, the wave-making problem of a submerged ellipsoid were chosen as computational examples. It is shown that the numerical results are in good agreement with analytical solutions and other numerical results in all cases, and sufficient accuracy of numerical solution can be reached with a small number of panels.     

基于Richards方程切换的土壤水流及溶质运移数值模拟

根据每个节点的土壤水分状态来选择合适的Richards方程形式,并用隐式迭代算法求解,得到一种用于模拟土壤水盐运移过程的通用方程切换方法。该方法能自由切换任意节点的控制方程,从而充分利用水头型和含水量型Richards方程的优势,适用于所有主流的迭代求解算法。成功将该方法应用于非均质土壤饱和-非饱和的溶质运移过程模拟。通过室内及数值试验,证明其在干燥砂土淋盐及干湿交替上边界的土壤积盐等普遍难题中,相比传统数值算法能大幅度提高计算效率和精度。本文方法对大区域饱和-非饱和水流运动及溶质运移数值模拟具有显著优势及应用前景。     

任意流场中稀疏颗粒运动方程的数值解法及其应用

任意流场中稀疏颗粒运动方程是一非线性的微分积分方程，极难获得解析解。本文首先对方程中Ｂａｓｓｅｔ力项构造了适当的计算格式，然后详细研究了颗粒运动方程的数值计算方法并提出称之为Ｐ（ＥＣ）＾ｋ多步法的差分格式，简要分析了该格式的收敛性和代数精度，给出了时域离散长长必满足的条件。