Design of preview controllers for active roll stabilization

This paper presents design methods of H_∞ and sliding mode preview controllers for active roll stabilization. A lateral acceleration of the preceding vehicle is transmitted through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. A preview controller can be designed for active roll stabilization considering the lateral acceleration to be a previewed disturbance. In order to design a preview controller, H_∞ and sliding mode control methodologies are adopted. The designed preview controllers are compared to LQ optimal one through simulation conducted on vehicle simulation package, CarSim.

     

Optimization of control allocation with ESC,AFS, ARS and TVD in integrated chassis control

This paper presents an optimization of control allocation in integrated chassis control with active front steering, active rear steering, electronic stability control and torque-vectoring device under the saturation of lateral tire forces on front wheels. After a control yaw moment is calculated in the upper-level controller, a weighted pseudo-inverse based control allocation is used for yaw moment generation in the lower-level controller. Variable coefficients of the weighted pseudo-inverse based control allocation are used to represent various actuator combinations and are optimized for each actuator combination to enhance control performances using simulation on vehicle simulation package, CarSim. Due to severe cornering on low friction road, the front lateral tire forces can be easily saturated. Under the condition, the active front steering has little effect on control performance and, consequently, the desired control yaw moment cannot be generated. So, the lateral force generated by AFS should be restricted to its maximum, and a constrained weighted pseudoinverse based control allocation with electronic stability control, active rear steering and torque-vectoring device is applied to compensate the loss of the control yaw moment. Variable coefficients of the constrained weighted pseudo-inverse based control allocation with electronic stability control, active rear steering and torque-vectoring device are also optimized using simulated-based tuning. To validate the proposed method, simulation was done on CarSim. From simulation, it was verified which actuator combination is effective for integrated chassis control if the lateral forces on front wheels are saturated.

     

Robust controller for an autonomous vehicle with look-ahead and look-down information

For the lateral control of an autonomous vehicle, this paper proposes a linear-matrix-inequality (LMI)-based H_∞ control algorithm that utilizes the feedback of the lateral offset and target yaw angle at the preview point, which is effective for the fusion of look-ahead and look-down sensors. To verify the performance of this controller, lane change and circular lane tracking simulations are carried out in multi body dynamics. Against the uniformly random noises in position and yaw angle and the constant modeling uncertainties in mass and cornering stiffness, the robustness of the proposed algorithm is compared with the cubic curve method and the heading angle method at the look-ahead target lane.     

基于模糊逻辑的AFS／DYC集成控制策略研究

文中所研究的汽车动态控制系统是基于模糊逻辑控制的主动前轮转向（AFS）和直接横摆力矩控制（DYC）的集成。控制系统采用分层控制。上层使用模糊逻辑控制器（横摆角速度控制器）,输入为横摆角速度偏差及其变化率,其输出为直接横摆力矩控制信号和前轮修正转向角;下层（模糊集成控制器）设计了基于轮胎侧向力工作区的模糊逻辑控制器,通过调整前轮侧向力的方向,激活切换函数来调节模糊逻辑控制器的比例因子。仿真结果表明,使用非线性七自由度车辆模型,与单独的AFS或DYC控制器相比较,使用集成AFS／DYC控制系统,汽车操纵稳定性得到了很大的改善。     

Nonlinear observer and robust controller design for enhancement of vehicle lateral stability

This paper describes the design of a sliding mode controller to control wheel slip. A yaw motion controller (YMC), which uses a PID control method, is also proposed for controlling the brake pressure of the rear and inner wheels to enhance lateral stability. It induces the yaw rate to track the reference yaw rate, and it reduces a slip angle on a slippery road. A nonlinear observer is also developed to estimate the vehicle variables difficult to measure directly. The braking and steering performances of the anti-lock brake system (ABS) and YMC are evaluated for various driving conditions, including straight, J-turn, and sinusoidal maneuvers. The simulation results show that developed ABS reduces the stopping distance and increases the longitudinal stability. The observer estimates velocity, slip angle, and yaw rate very well. The results also reveal that the YMC improves vehicle lateral stability and controllability when various steering inputs are applied. In addition, the YMC enhances the vehicle safety on a split-μ road.     

基于ABS的车辆弯道稳定性控制仿真研究

车辆在低附着弯道路面上制动是一种非常危险的工况.本文从车辆在低附着弯道路面上制动整车受力的角度出发,分析了车辆弯道制动时ABS控制的不足,提出了车辆ABS与横摆力矩控制协调控制的制动力控制策略.利用模糊控制原理设计了横摆力矩控制器,在制动车辆ABS的基础上,通过对车辆的横摆力矩控制和车轮滑移率的调节,实现了制动过程中对附加横摆力矩的动态调整,从而可以在不增加硬件成本的条件下实现车辆在低附着弯道路面上制动的稳定控制.最后进行仿真试验验证了该控制方法的有效性.     

Improvement of vehicle directional stability in cornering based on yaw moment control

In this research any abnormal motion of a vehicle is detected by utilizing the difference between the reference and actual yaw velocities as sell as the information on vehicle slip angle and slip angular velocity. This information is then used as a criterion for execution of the yaw moment control. A yaw moment control algorithm based on the brake control is proposed for improving the directional stability of the vehicle. The controller executes brake controls to provide each wheel with adequate brake pressures, which generate the needed yaw moment. It is shown that the proposed yaw moment control logic can provide excellent cornering capabilities even on low friction roads. This active control scheme can prevent a vehicle from behaving abnormally, and can assist normal drivers in coping with dangerous situations as well as experienced drivers.     

Drive control algorithm for an independent 8 in-wheel motor drive vehicle

This paper describes a drive control algorithm based on optimal coordination of drive torque for an independent 8 in-wheel motor drive vehicle. The drive controller improves lateral stability and maneuverability. The drive controller consists of upper level controller and lower level controller. The upper level controller determines front, middle steering angle, additional net yaw moment and longitudinal net force according to the reference velocity and steering commands. The lower level controller coordinates additional tractive and braking forces to guarantee desired longitudinal net force and yaw moment. This controller is based on optimal control theory and takes into consideration the friction circle related to the vertical tire force and friction coefficient acting on the road and tire. Distributed tractive and braking forces are determined as proportional to the size of the friction circle according to the changes at driving conditions. The response of the 8 in-wheel drive vehicle implemented with this drive controller has been evaluated via computer simulations conducted using Matlab/Simulink dynamic model. Computer simulations of an open-loop J-turn maneuver and a closed-loop driver model subjected to double lane change have been conducted to demonstrate improved performance and stability of the proposed drive controller.     

双电机后驱车辆操纵稳定性分层混杂模型预测控制

为改善车辆在复杂工况下的操纵稳定性,解决低附着路面易失稳的问题,针对后驱双电机轮边驱动电动汽车提出一种结合直接横摆控制与主动转向控制的操纵稳定性控制策略。控制策略采用分层控制结构：上层控制器采用多输入多输出系统的模型预测控制,对目标附加横摆力矩与前轮主动转向角进行求解;下层转矩分配控制器采用混杂模型预测控制（hMPC）,将轮胎纵向力的非线性特征简化为分段的混杂系统,在分配驱动转矩时考虑车轮在不同工况下的滑转情况。搭建了基于dSPACE实时仿真系统的仿真平台,在高附着、低附着路面下进行半实物仿真试验。仿真结果表明,与二次规划（QP）转矩分配算法相比,高附着路面工况下平均相对误差减小了17.64%,方均根误差减小了42.86%,最大偏离误差相对减少了7.64%;低附着路面工况下可以有效防止车辆失稳,改善操纵稳定性。     

基于状态反馈的分布式驱动电动汽车操纵性改善控制方法

研究分布式驱动电动汽车直接横摆力矩控制问题。提出基于状态反馈的操纵性改善控制策略：利用横摆角速度反馈改善车辆的横摆角速度瞬态响应,利用转向角前馈提高车辆的稳态横摆角速度增益。根据反馈系数对车辆瞬态响应特性的影响建立优化函数,获取不同车速下最优反馈系数。基于转向助力需求设计前轴差动转矩约束,再结合后轴的电动机外特性约束,获取不同车速下最大前馈系数。设计四轮转矩分配策略,在实现直接横摆力矩控制的同时满足驾驶员的加速需求。多工况下仿真验证表明,算法在改善横摆角速度的瞬态响应和稳态增益的同时可以减少转向盘力矩,降低驾驶员操作负荷;直接横摆力矩的引入有效地抑制了加速过程中的不足转向,平衡了前后轴的侧向附着利用率,提高了车辆的侧向稳定裕度。     

Lateral control of autonomous vehicle by yaw rate feedback

In the autonomous vehicle, the reference lane is continually detected by machine vision system. And then the vehicle is steered to follow the reference yaw rates which are generated by the deviations of lateral distance and the yaw angle between a vehicle and the reference lane. To cope with the steering delay and the side-slip of vehicle, PI controller is introduced by yaw rate feedback and tuned from the simulation where the vehicle is modeled as 2 DOF and 79 DOF and verified by the results of an actual vehicle test. The lateral control algorithm by yaw rate feedback has good performances of lane tracking and passenger comfort.     

Direct yaw moment control for distributed drive electric vehicle handling performance improvement

For a distributed drive electric vehicle (DDEV) driven by four in-wheel motors, advanced vehicle dynamic control methods can be realized easily because motors can be controlled independently, quickly and precisely. And direct yaw-moment control (DYC) has been widely studied and applied to vehicle stability control. Good vehicle handling performance: quick yaw rate transient response, small overshoot, high steady yaw rate gain, etc, is required by drivers under normal conditions, which is less concerned, however. Based on the hierarchical control methodology, a novel control system using direct yaw moment control for improving handling performance of a distributed drive electric vehicle especially under normal driving conditions has been proposed. The upper-loop control system consists of two parts: a state feedback controller, which aims to realize the ideal transient response of yaw rate, with a vehicle sideslip angle observer; and a steering wheel angle feedforward controller designed to achieve a desired yaw rate steady gain. Under the restriction of the effect of poles and zeros in the closed-loop transfer function on the system response and the capacity of in-wheel motors, the integrated time and absolute error (ITAE) function is utilized as the cost function in the optimal control to calculate the ideal eigen frequency and damper coefficient of the system and obtain optimal feedback matrix and feedforward matrix. Simulations and experiments with a DDEV under multiple maneuvers are carried out and show the effectiveness of the proposed method: yaw rate rising time is reduced, steady yaw rate gain is increased, vehicle steering characteristic is close to neutral steer and drivers burdens are also reduced. The control system improves vehicle handling performance under normal conditions in both transient and steady response. State feedback control instead of model following control is introduced in the control system so that the sense of control intervention to drivers is relieved.     

基于遗传优化的车辆稳定性模糊控制器设计

为了保证车辆在极限危险工况下的行驶稳定性,提出了利用后轮主动转向与差动制动联合产生校正横摆力矩的稳定性控制策略,并进行了相应的车辆稳定性模糊控制器设计;为了改进所设计模糊控制器的控制品质,克服在控制器设计中隶属函数划分与控制参数确定的主观性,利用遗传算法对所设计模糊控制器的隶属函数分布及比例、量化因子进行了优化研究.     

线控转向系统的前轮转角跟踪策略研究

研究通过对线控转向系统进行主动控制,可靠并准确地得到期望的前轮转角。基于建立的线控转向系统数学模型,使用非线性自回归模型确定其系统参数,设计内模控制器跟踪车辆的期望运动状态。通过开环和闭环试验,对控制器在典型的驾驶工况下的有效性进行了验证。通过与PID控制器的结果对比,证明所设计的内模控制器能提供更好的控制性能。为减少驾驶员的操纵负担并确保车辆在不同行驶条件下的稳定性,根据不同工况下的测试结果提出基于增益不变的变角传动比控制策略,并设计了滑模控制器跟踪期望横摆角以实现主动转向。通过对内模和滑模控制器的联合仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器可实现期望横摆角度的精确跟踪,显著提高车辆的操纵灵活性和稳定性。     

A novel pre-control method of vehicle dynamics stability based on critical stable velocity during transient steering maneuvering

The current research of direct yaw moment control(DYC) system focus on the design of target yaw moment and the distribution of wheel brake force. The differential braking intervention can effectively improve the lateral stability of the vehicle, however, the effect of DYC can be improved a step further by applying the control of vehicle longitudinal velocity. In this paper, the relationship between the vehicle longitudinal velocity and lateral stability is studied, and the simulation results show that a decrease of 5 km/h of longitudinal velocity at a particular situation can bring 100° increasing of stable steering upper limit. A critical stable velocity considering the effect of steering and yaw rate measurement is defined to evaluate the risk of losing steer-ability or stability. A novel velocity pre-control method is proposed by using a hierarchical pre-control logic and is integrated with the traditional DYC system. The control algorithm is verified through a hardware in-the-loop simulation system. Double lane change(DLC) test results on both high friction coefficient(μ) and low μ roads show that by using the pre-control method, the steering effort in DLC test can be reduced by 38% and 51% and the peak value of brake pressure control can be reduced by 20% and 12% respectively on high μ and low μ roads, the lateral stability is also improved. This research proposes a novel DYC system with lighter control effort and better control effect.     

分布式电驱动汽车稳定性控制策略设计与试验

研究分布式驱动电动汽车操纵稳定性控制问题。基于模型跟踪控制的思想,采用分层控制结构设计控制器。控制器包含参考模型、运动跟踪控制器、控制分配器、参数估计模块。采用带质心侧偏角约束的2自由度车辆模型作为参考模型,设计非线性滑模变结构运动跟踪控制器;针对过驱动系统引入控制分配理论,采用二次规划法设计控制分配器,利用有效集方法进行求解;设计相关动力学参量的估计模块。利用实车平台对稳定性策略进行实车验证,双移线试验与蛇形绕桩试验结果表明：滑模变结构控制器具有较好的收敛性,控制分配模块可以实现四轮纵向力的优化分配,车辆横摆角速度能够较好地跟踪参考横摆角速度。相比无控制车辆,提高平均通过车速,提高平均峰值横摆角速度响应,增加车辆在极限工况下的稳定性。     

Development and comparison of integrated dynamics control systems with fuzzy logic control and sliding mode control

In this study, four integrated dynamics control (IDC) systems abbreviated as IDCB, IDCS, IDCF, and IDCR are developed, evaluated and compared. IDC systems were integrated with brake and steer control systems to enhance lateral stability and handling performance. To construct the IDC systems, a vehicle model with fourteen degrees of freedom, a fuzzy logic controller, and a sliding mode ABS controller were used. They were tested with various steering inputs when excessive full brake pressure or no brake pressure was applied on dry asphalt, wet asphalt, a snow-covered paved road, and a split-μ road. The results showed that an IDC-equipped vehicle improved lateral stability and controllability in every driving condition compared to an ABS-equipped vehicle. Under all road conditions, IDC controllers enabled the yaw rate to follow the reference yaw rate almost perfectly and reduced the body slip angle. On a split-road, IDCB, IDCS, IDCF, and IDCR vehicles drove straight ahead with only very small deviations.     

考虑操纵稳定性的适时四驱扭矩分配策略

以某款全新开发的电控适时四驱SUV为研究对象,为同时发挥四轮驱动(4WD)与直接横摆力矩控制(DYC)的优势,建立适应于动力性及操纵稳定性的汽车动力学系统模型,提出基于轮胎最小滑移率同时保持横摆角速度跟随的适时四驱智能扭矩分配策略,采用PID算法计算出保持车辆最小滑移率及横摆角速度跟随所需的四驱控制器控制电流并加以控制。然后将该算法移植到单片机中进行低附试验,全油门加速工况、蛇形工况及定圆加速工况试验结果表明:制定的智能扭矩分配策略在迅速抑制车轮打滑的同时能有效提升车辆在低附路面的操纵稳定性,进一步提高了车辆的主动安全性,具有较强的工程实用性。     

轮毂电机驱动汽车侧向稳定性底盘协同控制

轮毂电机驱动汽车可以通过差动驱动抑制车辆横摆和侧倾运动,从而提高车辆侧向稳定性,但受轮毂电机力矩和地面附着力约束的限制,作用效果薄弱。为提升车辆侧向稳定性控制效果,提出综合差动驱动、主动转向和主动悬架的车身横摆与侧倾稳定性底盘协同控制方法。根据轮毂电机驱动汽车特点,对其侧向失稳机理进行分析,基于模型预测控制设计前轮主动转向控制器;利用所提出的变系数指数趋近率求解期望横摆控制力矩,基于最优控制算法计算侧倾控制力矩;最后,构建集成差动驱动、主动转向和主动悬架的侧向稳定性控制器并完成整车侧向稳定性协同控制仿真验证。研究表明,所提出的底盘协同侧向稳定性控制方法可以有效控制车辆的横摆和侧倾运动,使其收敛于理想控制域,为轮毂电机驱动车辆的主动安全性控制提供了理论支持。     

H ∞ control design for a seeker scan loop system

TwoH _∞ Controllers are presented for a seeker scan loop system which has model uncertainty and is subject to external disturbance. The controllers are designed using a newH _∞ control framework formulated by combining the mixed sensitivity and model matching approaches for one-and two-degree-of-freedom control structures. The proposed control methods are able to reflect not only frequency domain specifications but also time domain ones such as transient response characteristics and multivariable interaction between output channels, contrary to the mixed sensitivity problem. It is shown that the two-degree-of-freedomH _∞ controller offers better performance and robustness than one-degree-of-freedomH _∞ controller, but both controllers are very effective for the seeker scan loop system.