醋酸酐水解影响因素的研究

对醋酸酐的水解条件以及水解热效应进行了研究。对醋酸酐常温水解、加热水解、催化水解进行比较,结果表明,硫酸催化水解法最快,加热水解法次之,常温下水解较慢。     

硫酸催化黄姜提取液中薯蓣皂苷水解

研究了硫酸催化黄姜提取液中薯蓣皂苷水解的优化。通过正交试验研究了硫酸浓度、水解温度、水解时间等因素对薯蓣皂苷水解的影响。水解温度对薯蓣皂苷元收率的影响最为显著,其次为水解时间和硫酸浓度;黄姜提取液的最佳水解条件为:水解温度为90℃,水解时间为3 h,硫酸浓度为1.0 mol/L。     

二甲基二氯硅烷水解工艺研究进展

综述了二甲基二氯硅烷水解工艺的研究进展,包括恒沸酸水解工艺、饱和酸水解工艺和浓酸水解工艺.着重介绍了各种水解工艺在氯化氢回收利用上的改进,通过对各水解工艺优缺点的探讨,展望了二甲基二氯硅烷水解工艺的发展方向.     

不同类型抗水解剂应用于PET材料的抗水解效果评价

碳化二亚胺抗水解剂能有效抑制聚酯材料水解老化,提高PET等聚酯材料的使用性能,延长使用寿命。本文选用4种含有不同类型抗水解剂的PET材料,从抗水解PET制品的颜色、力学性能、特性黏度、热稳定性、抗光老化性能、抗水解效果等方面进行评价。结果表明,应用于PET材料中,单体型碳化二亚胺抗水解剂抗水解效果最优;均聚合型碳化二亚胺抗水解剂抗水解效果优于共聚合型碳化二亚胺抗水解剂;液体型碳化二亚胺抗水解剂抗水解效果较差。     

水解条件对改性腈纶染色性能的影响

探讨了水解温度、氢氧化钠浓度和水解时间对改性腈纶的染色性能的影响。纤维水解后结构发生了变化,用阳离子染料上染水解纤维时,染料的平衡上染量有较大的提高。提高水解温度、增加氢氧化钠浓度和延长水解时间,均能提高改性腈纶的染色性能。考虑到纤维的力学性能,较为适宜的水解条件为氢氧化钠质量分数12％～15％,水解温度低于90℃,水解时间为12～15 min。     

水解工艺对废催化剂酸浸液制备偏钛酸水解率的影响

在脱硝废催化剂中钛含量远远高于常用的钛精矿,本文以废催化剂经过钠化焙烧后的低 浓度钛液为水解原料,采用常压自生晶种热水稀释水解工艺获得纳米 TiO2前驱体偏钛酸,重点考察了水解温度、钛液质量浓度、钛液 F值和水解时间对钛液水解率的影响。通过对这 4个关键因素采用四因素四水平正交设计,比较各水平的极差,确定了各因素影响水解率的主次关系：水解温度 >钛液 F值 >钛液质量浓度 >水解时间。然后采用单因素控制法,研究了水解温度、钛液 F值、钛液质量浓度和水解时间对钛水解率的最优条件,研究表明：升高水解温度、降低钛液 F值和钛液质量浓度、延长水解时间均可起到提高水解率的作用。最优水解条件为：水解温度 95 ℃,钛液质量浓度 190 g/L,钛液 F值为 1. 8,水解时间为 2h,在此工艺下钛的水解率可达 97%。     

磁性固定化胃蛋白酶水解牛奶的研究

将磁性固定化胃蛋白酶应用于牛奶的水解.结果表明,其对牛奶水解有一定的催化作用,最佳水解条件为:磁性固定化胃蛋白酶添加量1.50 g、pH值4.0、水解温度60℃、水解时间2 h,此时牛奶水解度可达40%以上.     

杨木屑硫酸水解的研究

对杨木屑分别进行浓硫酸和稀硫酸水解,稀硫酸水解时水解温度为200℃,硫酸质量分数为2.5%时,得糖率最高为64.5%;浓硫酸水解时水解温度为60℃,硫酸质量分数为70%,得糖率可达到96.4%。采用低酸固比硫酸水解杨木屑,考察水解温度、时间及二次水解时间对得糖率的影响,结果表明:较好的条件是水解温度95℃,时间0.5h,二次水解时间2h,得糖率可达到61.9%。此方法与浓硫酸、稀硫酸水解相比较,耗酸量少,反应条件较温和,能取得较好的水解效果。     

玉米秸秆稀硫酸预处理条件的初步研究

初步探讨了利用稀硫酸对玉米秸秆进行水解的影响因素。硫酸浓度、水解温度、水解时间、秸秆粉粒度、灰分含量和固形物含量等对秸秆水解效率有一定影响。在硫酸浓度为1.0%,水解温度120℃,水解时间2 h,秸秆粉粒度20～40目,固形物含量10%的水解条件下,秸秆的水解率为19.2%,还原糖组成主要为木糖和葡萄糖。     

超高分子量聚丙烯酰胺水解干燥条件的研究

分析了聚丙烯酰胺水解、干燥过程中影响分子量及溶解性的主要因素。通过实验,对影响聚丙烯酰胺分子量的水解剂、水解温度、水解时间、水解浓度、胶体粒度、水解加热方法以及干燥时间、干燥温度等因素进行了优化选择,确定了聚丙烯酰胺后水解的工艺参数。并以此工艺参数为基础,确定了适合工业化生产的超高分子量聚丙烯酰胺水解及干燥条件。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。