An enhanced millimeter-wave foliage propagation model

In this paper, the behavior of wave propagation through coniferous forest stands at millimeter-wave frequencies is characterized both theoretically and experimentally. A coherent wave propagation model is used to simulate the propagation through foliage. The coherent model is composed of two components: a forest stand generator that makes use of a stochastic fractal model, and an electromagnetic model that makes use of Foldy's approximation and single scattering. An outdoor measurement system is designed and used for characterizing the channel behavior for a pine tree stand at Ka-band (35 GHz). In this experiment, 84 independent spatial samples of transmitted signal through the pine stand were collected to obtain the path-loss statistics. The comparison between measurement and simulation results showed that single scattering theory overestimates the wave attenuation through foliage. To improve the accuracy of the coherent model, partial multiple scattering occurred among the needles of highly dense leaf clusters must be included for the estimation of the coherent attenuation. Distorted Born approximation is used to macromodel the scattering pattern from needle clusters. This technique has comparable accuracy and requires much less computational resources than a full-wave solution, such as method of moment. By including multiple scattering effects of needle clusters in the simulation model, much better agreement is obtained for both mean and standard deviation of the path-loss.     

Velocity Modulation of Electromagnetic Waves

This paper deals with electromagnetic wave propagation through dielectric media whose propagation constants vary as a function of time. If the parameters of the medium cannot respond to changes in the electric and magnetic fields of the propagating wave, the fields within such media will be linear. Maxwell's equations are solved for cases in which the scalar permittivity and permeability vary independently with time. When the impedance is constant, an exact solution is obtained. When the impedance varies, a closed form approximation is found since an exact solution is not always possible. The field energy and electromagnetic momentum are derived for a velocity transient and it is seen that, in general, the energy changes and the momentum remains constant. The frequency deviation that results when a monochromatic wave is passed through a section of dielectric with nonconstant velocity of propagation is discussed in detail. An approximate solution is obtained for the case in which the electrical length of such a section is small; it is found that essentially linear phase modulation occurs. The general solution is found for the case in wtilch the electrical length of section is long and the permittivity of the medium sinusoidally modulated. The optimum length found to give the greatest frequency deviation is shown to be generally impracticable. It appears that ferroelectric or ferrimagnetic velocity-modulated dielectrics are feasible, at least for low-power modulators.     

Horizontal propagation through periodic vegetation canopies

Experimental data suggest that a semideterministic technique is needed to model certain man-made vegetation canopies such as orchards, plantations, and row crops. A two-dimensional model has been developed to explain wave propagation through such canopies. The model is intended for media containing vertical cylinders, representing the stalks, and randomly oriented disks, representing the leaves. The formulation treats the canopy as a one-dimensional array of parallel rows, with each row comprising an array of parallel stalks and a random distribution of leaves. The quasi-static approximation used for computing scattering by the leaves is valid only when the dimensions of the leaves are smaller than the wavelength. The model is a field approach accounting for all coherent, multiple interactions occurring in the canopy. The experimental component of this study includes measurements of the attenuation and phase shift patterns for horizontally and vertically polarized waves transmitted through a fully grown canopy of corn plants observed at 1.5 GHz. The model has good agreement with the experimental results     

随机介质中波场的双频双点互相干函数的窄带近似解

随机介质中波传播的前向多重散射理论的关键是矩方程的求解，本文从矩方程的叠代解法出发，在窄带近似情况下得到了双频双点互相关函数的解，并讨论了平面波入射和单色波入射情况下的特例。     

Propagation in random media--Cumulative effect of weak inhomogeneities

The effect of weak, random inhomogeneities on wave propagation is studied. Of particular concern is the case of long distance propagation where the nature of the wave is significanfly affected by the inhomogeneities. Conventional perturbation techniques such as geometrical optics and the Born and Rytov approximations cannot be applied in this realm. The approximation technique employed is basically a selective summation technique of the type utilized in other areas of physics such as quantum electrodynamics and the theory of many-body interactions. Results are obtained for the average value and two-point correlation function of an arbitrary, initial wave. A physical interpretation of the results in terms of coherent and incoherent scattering and the classical theory of dielectrics is given. Wave statistics and the application of the results to the problem of determining the effect of the atmosphere on coherent optical communication are discussed.     

色散媒质覆盖导电体的瞬时散射

本文提出了修正的时域有限差分法（ＦＤＴＤ）来分析计算色散媒质中瞬变场问题，并采用普郎尼近似法使时域卷积可转化为违推计算，是充分利用现代计算机技术解决时域和宽带电磁场问题的一种有效手段。同时运用此方法对色散媒质中及色散媒质覆盖的导体目标瞬时域散射场进行了计算和分析，直观可靠地反映了其特性，并与传统的（非色散）ＦＤＴＤ方法计算的结果进行了比较，差别是显而易见的，为此必须重视色散媒质对瞬变场分析的影响。     

A spectral domain method for multiple scattering in discrete randommedia

In an earlier paper (see ibid., vol.36, p.1114-28, 1988) a spectral-domain method was developed for analyzing multiply scattered scalar wavefields propagating in continuous random media. This method is extended to accommodate vector wavefields propagating in discrete random media. The two-dimensional Fourier spectra of vector wavefields propagating in the forward and backward directions are characterized by a pair of coupled first-order differential equations. Dyadic scattering functions characterize the local interaction of the wavefields with the random medium. The results are restricted to sparse distributions whereby the dyadic scattering functions are easily computed. The first- and second-order moments of the vector wavefields can be computed by invoking an assumption essentially equivalent to the Markov approximation as it is applied to scalar wavefields propagating in continuous random media. A complete solution for the coherent wavefield is derived and compared to known results. The results are essentially equivalent to those obtained by using the effective field approximation     

Experimental study of the surface waves on a dielectric cylindervia terahertz impulse radar ranging

Employing an ultrafast optoelectronic terahertz impulse radar range with subpicosecond resolution, we have characterized the electric-field time-domain response from an impulsively excited dielectric cylinder. The bandwidth of the measurement extends from 200 GHz to 1.4 THz and late time response is observed at times exceeding that to traverse 40 target radii at c. A physical optics (PO) model is employed to identify the different mechanisms of scattering for the temporally isolated signals. Through analysis of the first and second surface-wave signals it is determined that the surface wave has a propagation velocity of 0.91c and an effective index of refraction of n=1.10+0.073i. The first measurement of the coupling efficiency of this surface wave through the cylinder via an interior chord at the critical angle is performed along with the determination of the π/2 phase shift associated with the single axis caustic of this interior chord in the PO model     

Analytical Solution to the n -nth Moment Equation of Wave Propagation in Continuous Random Media

Higher order symmetrical moments play an important role in wave propagation and scattering in random media, however it remains to be solved under strong fluctuations. In this paper, a modified Gaussian solution method is proposed for analytically solving the n-nth moment. After propagating through a random medium in the fully saturated regime, the higher order symmetrical moment of the received wave is the sum of products of the second moments, i.e., the Gaussian solution. In strong scattering regimes, the higher order symmetrical moment can be considered as a sum of the Gaussian solution and a non-Gaussian correction term, where the key issue is how to solve the derived equation of the correction term. Two methods are proposed, i.e., Green's function method and the Rytov approximation approach. Green's function method leads to a rigorous solution form, but it is complicated due to an integral equation. The approach using the Rytov approximation is found to be reasonable, as the correction is relatively small     

Theory and application of wave propagation and scattering in random media

This paper presents a review of basic theories and recent advances in the studies of wave propagation and scattering in random media. Examples of the random media include the atmosphere, the ocean, and biological media whose characteristics are randomly varying in time and space. The study of electromagnetic, optical, and acoustic waves in such media has become increasingly important in recent years in the areas of communication, detection, and remote-sensing. Topics covered in this paper are divided into "waves in randomly distributed scatterers," "waves in random continua," and "remote-sensing of random media." Transport theory with various approximate solutions and multiple scattering theories are discussed and their relationships are clarified. Included in the analyses are propagation characteristics of intensities, wave fluctuations, pulse propagation and scattering, coherence bandwidth, and coherence time of communication channels through random media. Remote-sensing techniques include recent advances in the use of inversion techniques to deal with ill-posed problems.     

树冠中电波传播路径损耗的研究及模型的建立

运用随机介质中波的传播和散射理论,解出了电波经过树叶和树枝时散射场的表达式,然后利用平均场的近似方法,计算出电波经过树冠时传播常数的表达式,建立了树冠中电波传播路径损耗的数学模型.通过实验测量了常见树种的相关参数,并代入该模型进行了计算,计算结果与文献提供的测量值吻合较好.     

背景各向异性不均匀的随机起伏电离层中高频电波散射的几何光学近似

本文讨论了背景为各向异性、不均匀的随机起伏电离层中高频电波的传播和散射问题。在几何光学近似下，给出了电子浓度不均匀体散射引起的高频电波的相位与振幅的起伏，并在此基础上，讨论了起伏的统计特性。结果表明，由各向异性引起的侧向偏移与极化效应对高频电波波场的起伏有显著的影响，往往不能忽略。     

激光在复杂大气环境下传输特性的仿真

随着激光技术的发展,激光复杂大气环境下的传输特性一直是激光领域的研究热点.综合激光大气传输的Lam-bert-Beer定律,结合瑞利散射、米散射等经典理论,设计出一套仿真系统,可以模拟激光在复杂大气环境中的传输过程.同时,为了得到经过湍流之后的最终光场,采用基于傅里叶变换的多层相位屏模拟湍流产生的随机扰动,仿真出光斑随...     

粗糙金属和介质目标的太赫兹散射特性分析

太赫兹频段金属和介质粗糙目标的散射特性是研究太赫兹雷达目标特性的重要基础。当目标表面的主曲率半径远远大于入射波长,且粗糙表面高度起伏与斜率起伏远小于入射波长时,根据稳定相位法和标量近似法,可获得粗糙金属和介质目标的相干散射截面和非相干散射截面。基于稳定相位法,任意目标的相干散射截面可退化为粗糙导体、光滑介质和粗糙介质目标的相干散射。该文分析了电大尺寸光滑金属铝和介质白漆球的散射截面,与Mie理论计算的介质球的散射特性吻合,散射截面误差小于0.1 dBm2。采用朗伯定理,验证了粗糙介质球的太赫兹非相干散射精确解,当目标表面剖分精度越高,非相干散射的计算精度越高。该文数值计算了粗糙介质球的太赫兹相干和非相干散射特性,分析了表面粗糙度和表面材料对散射特性的影响,为电大尺寸空间目标太赫兹散射特性分析提供了理论基础。      

Propagation in statistically irregular waveguides--Part I: Average field

The Green's function technique is employed to investigate the influence of the boundary condition perturbations in a number of wave propagation problems. The method permits treatment of multiple scattering on random irregularities of a boundary surface which is of particular importance for waveguide applications. For an average Green's function the Dyson type equation has been obtained whose solution represents the coherent part of a point source field in a rough waveguide. The eigenfunction spectrum has also been calculated for such waveguides. By means of mutual wave transformation due to the scattering, the waveguide modes acquire additional (lossless) damping and altered phase velocities. Detailed calculations have been carried through for plane acoustical waveguides with statistically rough walls under the Dirichlet and Neumann conditions. The average field's damping has also been considered for some cases of more complex geometry. In the electromagnetic case the electrical and magnetic solutions are similarly influenced by the wall roughness. Owing to the scattering they acquire longitudinal components ofEorHthus becoming guasi-electrical or quasi-magnetic. For these normal waves the damping coefficients (attenuation rates) have been derived. A particular attention is paid to cutoff frequencies in the presence of effective wave conversion to the resonant mode.     

Experimental characterization of the effective propagation constantof dense random media

A new technique for measuring the effective propagation constant of dense random media is presented. This technique involves two major steps: (1) measurement of the mean bistatic scattered field of a cluster of the random medium confined in a spherical boundary and (2) characterization of the complex permittivity for a homogeneous dielectric sphere having identical radius and bistatic scattered field as those of the spherical cluster of the random medium. Using this measurement technique, not only the effective propagation constant of complex dense random media for which an analytical solution does not exist can be characterized, but it can also be used to establish the validity region of the existing models. The sensitivity analyses of the proposed algorithm show that the imaginary part of the effective propagation constant can be measured very accurately. It is also shown that the effective complex permittivity of media with very low dielectric contrast or volume fractions can be characterized accurately. Measurements of the effective propagation constant of different dense random media comprised of homogeneous spherical particles of different packing densities are reported and compared with the existing analytical models     

在具有相关性的离散随机介质中波场的二阶矩

利用建立在多次散射基础上的Ｄｙｓｏｎ方程和Ｂｅｔｈｅ－Ｓａｌｐｅｔｅｒ方程，讨论了在考虑随机分布的散射间的对相关而忽略高阶相关的情况下标量波声波场的传播问题。认为在波传播方向散射体的相关性具有马尔科夫近似，同时运用前向散射近似，得到了在相关性离散随机介质中的等效传播常数，吸收截面和互相干函数的解析解。     

Nonlinear analysis of microwave superconductor devices usingfull-wave electromagnetic model

This paper presents a full electromagnetic wave analysis for modeling the nonlinearity in high temperature superconductor (HTS) microwave and millimeter-wave devices. The HTS nonlinear model is based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory. The electromagnetic fields associated with the currents on the superconducting structure are obtained using a three-dimensional full wave solution of Maxwell's equations. A three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain algorithm simultaneously solves the resulting equations. The entire solution is performed in time domain, which is a must for this type of nonlinearity analysis. The macroscopic parameters of the HTS, the super fluid penetration depth and the normal fluid conductivity, are calculated as functions of the applied magnetic field. The nonlinear propagation characteristics for HTS transmission line, including the effective dielectric constant and the attenuation constant, are calculated, As the power on the transmission line increases, the phase velocity decreases and the line losses increase. The nonlinearity effects on the current distributions inside the HTS, the electromagnetic field distributions, and the frequency spectrum are also analyzed     

太赫兹波段信号在雾中的传输特性研究

太赫兹（THz）波提供的通信带宽和容量远大于毫米波。与可见光和红外光相比,THz脉冲的波长较长,在随机介质中传播时,不但会发生时域和空域的形变,介质中的粒子还会对入射波发生散射,这些都会使得脉冲信号发生衰减。根据Mie理论与随机离散分布粒子的波传播与散射理论,计算了THz波信号入射下雾滴粒子的消光系数,分析了不同THz波波长下,雾滴粒子消光系数随粒子尺寸的变化。结合雾滴粒子谱分布,考虑粒子群的平均体系散射特性,得到了不同波长下的平均反照率与相函数。最后分析了THz波段信号在不同能见度雾中的传输特性。结果表明:大气环境中,雾对THz波产生的吸收和衰减不容忽视,不同THz信号的水的折射率虚部的变化严重影响了THz信号在雾中的传输。     

1.064 μm脉冲激光在雾中传输的蒙特卡洛模拟

在大气无线光通信中,大气中的雾滴会导致激光信号严重衰减,从而使得脉冲信号的时间展宽和能量衰减。应用蒙特卡洛多次散射模型对1.064μm激光脉冲在雾中的传输特性进行了数值模拟。在模拟中,基于米氏散射理论,计算出了光在不同雾能见度下的散射相函数值,并通过随机抽样方法得到了随机数与散射角的对应关系。与采用H-G相函数近似表示粒子对光的米氏散射特性的方法相比,这种方法更精确。在此基础上,模拟了不同雾环境和接收视场角下激光信号的脉冲响应特性。