二甲醚-甲醇-水三元体系汽液平衡的测定与计算

利用自吸式搅拌静态平衡釜,测定了333.15、353.15、373.15、393.15 K下二甲醚-甲醇-水三元体系的等温汽液平衡数据.二甲醚在气液相中的含量随压力的提高而增大,随温度的升高而减小.采用状态方程-活度因子法,由PR方程计算气相各组分的逸度因子, NRTL方程计算液相活度因子,进行了二甲醚-甲醇-水三元体系汽液平衡数据的热力学计算.模型计算值与实验值吻合良好.     

二氯甲烷-甲醇-丙酮-水体系汽液平衡测定和关联

二氯甲烷-甲醇-丙酮-水四元体系常见于化工、医药等行业生产的废液中,该体系分离回收的前提是进行汽液平衡数据的测定。现利用单级循环汽液平衡釜测定了二氯甲烷、甲醇、丙酮、水混合液中的6组二元体系在常压下的汽液平衡数据,同时对其进行了点对点法热力学一致性校验。实验中采用SP-6800型气相色谱仪分析汽液相组成,并运用Matlab中的非线性最小二乘法分别关联6组二元体系的汽液相组成,从而得到6对Wilson模型参数,并计算出相应的汽相组成。此外,还测定了二氯甲烷-甲醇-丙酮-水四元体系在100 kPa下的汽液平衡数据,并用关联出的6对模型参数计算该四元体系的汽液平衡数据。将计算结果与实验结果进行对比,实验值与计算值间的绝对偏差均小于0.05。实验结果表明Wilson模型的拟合精度高,适合于关联二氯甲烷、甲醇、丙酮、水体系。实验和计算结果为萃取精馏分离二氯甲烷、甲醇、丙酮、水混合液提供了一定的基础数据。     

碳酸二甲酯-碳酸二乙酯-甲醇三元体系相平衡数据的推算

采用双循环汽液平衡釜测定了常压下碳酸二甲酯-碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯-甲醇、碳酸二乙酯-甲醇三组二元体系的汽液平衡数据,实验数据经Herington面积积分法检验符合热力学一致性。用Wilson模型分别对实验数据进行了关联,利用关联出的模型参数计算相应的汽相组成,并与实验值比较,二者符合良好。利用二元体系的汽液平衡数据,由Wilson方程推算了碳酸二甲酯-碳酸二乙酯-甲醇三元体系的汽液平衡数据。为建立碳酸二乙酯和碳酸二甲酯、甲醇的精馏分离数学模型提供了基础数据。     

二甲醚检测方法的改进及其应用

现行二甲醚组分检测的方法有HG/T 3934-2007《二甲醚》、CJ/T 259-2007《城镇燃气用二甲醚》。在气雾剂类产品运用这些检测方法时,容易把产品配方中的甲醇误认作二甲醚,从而导致结果严重超标。作者通过改良色谱柱填充物,采取增加聚乙二醇600油酸酯固定液得到的色谱柱进行检测,并对气相色谱操作条件进行合理的优化调整,结果甲醇与二甲醚在流过色谱柱后分离效果理想,完全可以将甲醇与二甲醚分开。     

聚甲氧基二甲醚的精制及汽液平衡研究进展

重点介绍了聚甲氧基二甲醚的精制现状:加碱除醛及装置反应精馏为目前主要的精致手段。综述了聚甲氧基二甲醚体系汽液平衡的相关研究,指出目前其相应体系汽液平衡数据甚少,数据缺乏尤其是高压体系的汽液平衡数据缺乏为分离工作造成困难。开发完整的集合成、精制与分离一体的工艺流程装置也可作为今后的研究方向。     

聚甲氧基二甲醚的精制及汽液平衡研究进展

重点介绍了聚甲氧基二甲醚的精制现状:加碱除醛及装置反应精馏为目前主要的精致手段。综述了聚甲氧基二甲醚体系汽液平衡的相关研究,指出目前其相应体系汽液平衡数据甚少,数据缺乏尤其是高压体系的汽液平衡数据缺乏为分离工作造成困难。开发完整的集合成、精制与分离一体的工艺流程装置也可作为今后的研究方向。     

碳酸二甲酯-甲醇-乙二醇等压汽液平衡的测定与关联

为验证乙二醇作为萃取精馏分离碳酸二甲酯+甲醇共沸体系萃取剂的可行性,在100 k Pa下,采用改进的Othmer釜测定了(碳酸二甲酯-甲醇-乙二醇)3组分物系的等压汽液平衡数据。实验结果表明,乙二醇萃取剂的加入,碳酸二甲酯对甲醇的相对挥发度增加,体系的汽液平衡温度升高。碳酸二甲酯+甲醇二组分物系的汽液平衡线发生偏离;乙二醇摩尔分数越大,偏离程度越大。用NRTL模型对汽液平衡的实验数据进行了关联,碳酸二甲酯-甲醇-乙二醇三组分物系温度实验值与计算值的标准偏差为0.82 K。     

丙烯──甲醇──水三元体系汽液相平衡测定

用静态平衡釜法测定了丙烯-水-甲醇三元物系在30～60℃温度,0.3～0.9MPa压力下,其中甲醇-水比例为9:1、8:2、7:3时的汽液平衡数据,用UNIQUAC-RK模型方程对汽液平衡数据进行了关联,求得各模型参数,所得结果令人满意。     

发酵酒精中微量杂质的三元减压汽液平衡数据的测定和关联

<正>1 引言 发酵酒精中以甲醇、正丙醇、异丁醇为代表的杂醇含量是酒精质量的重要标志,为有效地去除这些杂质,以得到高纯食用酒精.本文应用目前国内开发和设计的较新颖的节能型酒精蒸馏流程——差压精馏流程,测定了减压汽液平衡数据,并进行了基础研究. 有关甲醇-乙醇-水、正丙醇-乙醇-水、异丁醇-乙醇-水的三元汽液平衡关系文献早有报道’‘’,他们测定了常压下有大量水时各醇类对乙醇的相对挥发度.本文结合实际生产情况,测定减压下低浓度甲醇、正丙醇、异丁醇和全浓度范围的乙醇-水的3组三元汽液平衡数据,经热力学关联和计算,以期获得Wilson、NRTL、UNIQUAC交互作用参数值.2 实验2.1 试剂 甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丁醇均为分析纯试剂,水为二次蒸馏水.2.2 实验装置’“ 采用改进的汽液双循环型Rose平衡釜及自制的二级真空稳压系统,其精度为0.skPa,测温用1/10分度的实验室H级标准水银温度计,并考虑了露点校正”‘.2·3 组成分析 用配有C-R3A色谱数据处理机的GC-gA岛津气相色谱仪分析汽、液相组成,色谱柱为装有天津试剂二厂生产的GDX-102担体的玻璃柱.分别以氢焰和热导为检测手段,用修正百分率法处理数据.3 数据处理和实验结果3.二 热力学一致性校验 为证实实验装置的可靠性,首先对常压下乙醇-水和53.32kPa     

碳酸二甲酯-甲醇-氯苯体系汽液平衡数据推算

利用二元体系的汽液平衡数据,选用Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ方程推算了三元体系碳酸二甲酯－甲醇－氯苯的汽液平衡数据,为建立萃取精馏分离碳酸二甲酯和甲醇的数学模型提供了基础数据。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.