明渠紊流与床面形态相互作用研究进展

结合国内外最新研究动态,从明渠紊流与床面形态相互作用的研究方法、明渠紊流特点、紊流对沙波形态的影响、床面形态对紊流的反作用等方面对明渠紊流与床面形态相互作用进行了综述。当前明渠紊流特性、二维沙波床面水沙运动特性等方面的研究已经取得丰富成果,但尚不能很好地解释天然河流中的水沙输移机理;由于试验测量方法的限制,复杂床面条件下的水沙相互作用研究在相当长时间内没有取得突破性的成果,亟需探索和引入无干扰、高精度的三维瞬态全场测量技术;床面几何形态、沙波发展演变方面的研究相对成熟,但床面的稳定机理尚存在分歧,理论模型和数学模型均不够完善,尤其沙波内部渗流与明渠紊流综合作用下的床面稳定性和泥沙运动特性研究还比较少,是今后进一步探索的方向,其成果可为揭示三维沙波床面紊流与泥沙相互作用机理提供必要的前提。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELING OF SECONDARY FLOWS IN A WIDE CURVED CHANNEL

Most natural rivers are curved channels, where the turbulent flows have a complex helical pattern, as has been extensively studied both numerically and experimentally. The helical flow structure in curved channels has an important bearing on sediment transport, riverbed evolution, and pollutant transport study. In this article, different turbulence closure schemes i.e., the mixing-length model and the k – ? model with different pressure solution techniques i. e., hydrostatic assumptions and dynamic pressure treatments are applied to study the helical secondary flows in an experiment curved channel. The agreements of vertically-averaged velocities between the simulated results obtained by using different turbulence models with different pressure solution techniques and the measured data are satisfactory. Their discrepancies with respect to surface elevations, superelevations and secondary flow patterns are discussed.     

湍黏系数对浅滩海域三维风暴潮的影响

利用WRF大气模式和基于有限体积法的三维海洋数值模型FVCOM,建立了连云港及其附近浅滩海域的三维风暴潮流数学模型。运用k-ε和MY-2.5两种不同的湍流模型,对"韦帕"台风作用下的三维风暴潮流进行了数值模拟,并对计算得到的三维风暴潮流流场结果和垂向湍流黏性系数结果进行了对比分析。计算分析结果表明,两种不同湍流模型计算所得的风暴潮增水差别很小,可以忽略;但在风生流较强的时间段内,MY-2.5湍流模型计算所得的水平流速流向沿垂向分布并不一致,而k-ε湍流模型的计算结果较好,与实测分层潮流资料更为符合。研究结果表明,垂向湍流黏性系数沿水深的垂向分布对浅滩海域风暴潮流水平流速的垂向结构至关重要,建议选用k-ε湍流模型计算垂向湍流黏性系数和湍流扩散系数。     

基于k-ε紊流模型的后台阶流流动特性研究

后台阶流是几何结构简单而流态复杂的流动现象.采用二维k-ε紊流模型对后台阶水流流动进行数值模拟,并结合PIV系统测得的雷诺数,对Re=500~50 000范围的台阶后定常流动流场数据进行对比分析研究.结果表明流场结构存在稳定的回流区,回流区长度随着Re的增大先急速上升,然后又急速下降,最后缓慢回升直至稳定.断面速度受回流区影响较大,峰值随断面的往下游推移逐渐减小,随Re的增加,断面速度也缓慢减小.压力、紊动能的分布也受到回流区的影响,其中紊动能在低雷诺数情况下受回流区的影响较小.     

Numerical and experimental turbulence studies on shallow open channel flows

The standard shallow water equations (SWEs) model has been proven to be insufficient to consider the flow turbulence due to its simplified Reynolds-averaged form. In this study, the k-ε model was used to improve the ability of the SWEs model to capture the flow turbulence. In terms of the numerical source terms modelling, the combined SWEs k-ε model was improved by a recently proposed surface gradient upwind method (SGUM) to facilitate the extra turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) source terms in the simulation. The laboratory experiments on both the smooth and rough bed flows were also conducted under the uniform and non-uniform flow conditions for the validation of the proposed numerical model. The numerical simulations were compared with the measured data in the flow velocity, TKE and power spectrum. In the power spectrum comparisons, a well-studied Kolmogorov's rule was also employed to complement both the numerical and experimental results and to demonstrate that the energy cascade trend was well-held in the investigated flows.     

常曲率U型弯道水流紊动特性试验研究

采用三维声学多普勒流速仪,对水流三维流速进行了采集,对弯道水流的脉动进行了统计分析,研究了典型断面的紊动强度、紊动切应力、紊动能的分布。试验结果能够很好的揭示弯道水流的三维特性及分布规律。研究成果为进一步研究水流的紊动结构及泥沙的运动机理提供了参考资料。     

湍流模型在浮力回流中的应用与其发展

通过湍浮力回流的数值模拟计算，提出了扩展的Ｋ－ε湍流模型、双流体湍流模型及简化的湍流应力代数模型，这些模型的计算结果与实测值符合较好，其中双流体模型在模拟温跃层温度突变现象中实际情况较为一致。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE ENERGY DISSIPATION CHARACTERISTICS IN STILLING BASIN OF MULTI-HORIZONTAL SUBMERGED JETS

3-D numerical simulation was carried out for the water flow in a stilling basin with multi-horizontal submerged jets by using two different turbulence models, namely, the VOF RNG k - ? and Mixture RNG k - ? turbulence models. The calculated water depth, velocity profile and pressure distribution are in good agreement with the data obtained in experiments. It indicates that the numerical simulation can effectively be used to study the water flow movement and the energy dissipation mechanism. The numerical simulation results show that the turbulent kinetic energy distribution obtained by using the Mixture turbulence model covers a region about 18% larger than that calculated by using the VOF turbulence model, and is in better agreement with the actual situation. Furthermore, the Mixture turbulence model is better than the VOF turbulence model in calculating the air entrainment.     

人工加糙对明渠紊动特性影响的试验研究

利用激光测速仪,对光滑壁面及人工加糙的明渠紊流进行了试验,测量了光滑壁面、水力过渡面、水力粗糙面不同水深情况下明渠紊流的纵向时均流速及脉动流速。通过实测资料分析了人工加糙对明渠紊流紊动强度的影响,得到了光滑面、过渡面及粗糙面紊动强度的发展变化规律。     

ADV在波浪边界层流动特性研究中的应用

本文介绍新声学多普勒流速仪（Acoustic-Doppler Velocimeter）技术在波浪流动特性研究中的应用。通过波浪水槽试验,利用ADV测量椭圆余弦波作用下不同底床情况,垂线上各点的瞬时流速。将瞬时流速进行相位平均,计算了各点的紊动强度。试验结果显示：在平底床面,水平流速u沿水深变化曲线体现了椭圆余弦波流速的不对称性;分析紊动强度沿水深分布,两种床面上水平流速u的紊动强度明显大于另外两个方向,沙纹床面上由于受到分离涡的影响,紊动强度沿水深分布和平坦床面上的特性有较大不同。     

不同进流浓度梭锥管水沙两相流场三维数值模拟

为了获得全面详细的梭锥管内部流动特性,本文探讨进流浓度对梭锥管内水沙分离效果的影响,据此来揭示梭锥管水力分离水沙的机理。本文采用重整化RNG(renormalization group)紊流模型与简化的多相流Mixture模型在泥沙浓度为5和15 kg/m3时对梭锥管内水沙两相流场进行了三维的数值模拟计算。并将计算结果与PIV测量结果进行对比,计算结果与PIV测试结果一致。结果表明:在进流量相同时随着进流浓度的增加,在上锥管边壁清水上升通道内速度增加,水流挟沙力增强,随水流溢出的泥沙量增多,并且随着进流浓度的增加梭锥管各个断面泥沙体积浓度及紊动强度值也随之增加,上锥管得到的清水面积也随之减小,不利于梭锥管内水沙分离。     

二维自由剪切湍流的实验结果及其与理论计算的比较

本文用热线风速仪和数据采样技术,对二维湍流混合层、湍尾流和湍射流自模拟区内的平均速度、湍流强度、雷诺应力和脉动速度的高阶关联进行了测量,所得结果与不可压缩流体剪切湍流理论的计算结果进行了比较,两者吻合得较好。     

圆端形桥墩侧向紊流宽度的试验研究

在水槽中进行概化试验,采用三维声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)测量圆端形桥墩周围三维流场及紊动强度分布.分析有桥墩时的紊流强度垂向分布及有、无桥墩时紊流强度比值的横向分布变化,分析结果表明,垂线上紊流强度最大位置在0～0.2 h与0.8h～1.0h两个区间,桥墩对紊流强度的变化影响存在极值,极值大小和出现位置与流速有关,流速越大,极值越大,且极值位置与桥墩的距离也越大.根据极值出现位置离桥墩距离确定紊流宽度,给出了桥墩紊流宽度与弗汝德数的关系.     

考虑逆压梯度和旋转影响时离心叶轮湍流边界层计算及应用

本文通过计算分析了旋转湍流边界层。提出了一种考虑逆压梯度和旋转影响的双方程湍流模式。通过数值试验,找出了Rocr与Re的关系,并由此建立了逆转捩准则。     

Assessment of the predictive capability of RANS models in simulating meandering open channel flows

The predictive capability of Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation(RANS) models is investigated by simulating the flow in meandering open channel flumes and comparing the obtained results with the measured data. The flow structures of the two experiments are much different in order to get better insights. Two eddy viscosity turbulence models and different wall treatment methods are tested. Comparisons show that no essential difference exists among the predictions. The difference of turbulence models has a limited effect, and the near wall refinement improves the predictions slightly. Results show that, while the longitudinal velocities are generally well predicted, the predictive capability of the secondary flow is largely determined by the complexity of the flow structure. In Case 1 of a simple flow structure, the secondary flow velocity is reasonably predicted. In Case 2, consisting of sharp curved consecutive reverse bends, the flow structure becomes complex after the first bend, and the complex flow structure leads to the poor prediction of the secondary flow. The analysis shows that the high level of turbulence anisotropy is related with the boundary layer separation, but not with the flow structure complexity in the central area which definitely causes the poor prediction of RANS models. The turbulence model modifications and the wall treatment methods barely improve the predictive capability of RANS models in simulating complex flow structures.     

倒虹吸管身段压强数值模拟研究

通过采用标准k~ε模型模拟湍流,对小洼槽大型倒虹吸管身段在不同流量下进行三维流场数值模拟,并将Q=12.00m3/s和Q=14.00m3/s两种情况的倒虹吸管身段压强值与原型观测数据进行对比分析,结果表明数值模拟和模型试验资料基本吻合,为小洼槽倒虹吸运行管理提供理论依据。     

无坎宽顶堰水噪声产生机理物理模型试验研究

为降低城市水利景观设施给人们生活带来的水噪声影响,利用物理模型试实验,研究了无坎宽顶堰在不同上游流量、不同下游水深、不同堰高的条件下水噪声的产生机理。对下泄水流产生的水噪声及堰趾产生的水压力进行测量,分析了水噪声和水压力的产生规律及二者之间的关系。结果表明：噪声值与压力值均会随上游流量和堰高的增加而增加,随下游水深的增加而减少。通过对试验数据进行分析,推测城市水利景观设施的水噪声主要是由两部分组成：一部分为下泄水流对堰趾冲击作用产生的水噪声;另一部分为水流自身紊动产生的水噪声。今后将分别对冲击水噪声及紊动水噪声展开研究,找出针对无坎宽顶堰的水噪声主动降噪措施。     

基于紊流模型的一个悬移质挟沙力公式

基于紊流模型，建立悬移质消耗的紊动动能与水流功率之间的相关关系，提出了一个新的悬移质挟沙力公式。公式经过实验资料与野外资料的验证，并与几个同类公式的比较，结果表明本文公式能更好的反应悬移质挟沙力随水流功率的变化。     

Turbulence characteristics in free-surface flow over two-dimensional dunes

The turbulent structure of open-channel flows over two-dimensional dunes is investigated numerically using large-eddy simulation (LES), in order to improve our understanding of the interaction between the dune-generated turbulence and the free surface dynamics. The filtered Navier–Stokes equations in the LES model have been discretised using the finite volume method, with a dynamic sub-grid model being employed for the unresolved scales of turbulence. The partial cell treatment has been implemented in a Cartesian grid form to deal with the dune topography. Both the volume of fluid method and rigid lid approach have been employed in the numerical framework to investigate the effects of the free surface treatment on the flow characteristics. The numerical model predicted mean flow velocities, turbulence intensities and Reynolds stresses have been compared with experimental measurements published in the literature, with a detailed analysis being undertaken to assess the accuracy of the model results and the effects of the free surface treatment on the velocity and turbulence predictions. The instantaneous flow structure has been investigated, with emphasis being focused on the free surface dynamics and coherent structures.