三元氟橡胶非金属补偿器的研制

简介大型/特大型整体复合型三元氟橡胶非金属补偿器的研制。采用三元氟橡胶胶料和无碱膨体纱玻璃纤维织物,以特制双U形压型模具、压角模具和接头模具,制成脱硫设备和锅炉烟风系统用大型/特大型整体复合型非金属补偿器。实际使用时产品密封性能和耐腐蚀性能好,补偿量大,完全满足用户要求,性能达到或超过FSA-DSJ-402-09标准。     

л形补偿器的设计和应用实例

工业生产中绝大多数管道由于工作温度与安装温度不同普遍存在热胀冷缩问题,尤其是长距离热力管道的热伸长量更加明显。为使管道在热状态下稳定和安全,减少管道热胀冷缩时产生的应力,管道受热时的伸长量应考虑补偿。本文根据工程实例介绍了热补偿的相关计算,探讨了л形补偿器的选用设置原则。     

球形补偿器在热网管道上的应用

<正> 一、前言热网管道输送热介质流体(如蒸汽、过热水等)时管路受热膨胀,故应考虑管路的热伸长量的补偿问题。从现在普遍使用的补偿方法,有“(?)”形、“Ω”形、波形填函式等几种,但都不同程度地存在着局限性。我厂在热电联产外供蒸汽管网上应用了球形补偿器新产品,从八二年六月投产以来运行已有三年,情况基本正常。球形补偿器具有补偿能力大、流体阻力小、占地少、消耗钢材少,安装方便以及节约能源等优点,所以受到了人们的重视和应用。     

波纹补偿器在工程设计中的应用

阐述了不同波纹补偿器的特点、热补偿量的计算及应力验算,介绍了波纹补偿器在制作和安装中应注意的问题。     

旋转式补偿器在热力管道中的应用

旋转式补偿器是热力管道热膨胀补偿方面的一种新型补偿器，主要用于架空敷设的蒸汽和热水管道。它具有密封性好、补偿量大、易安装、压降小，经济等优点，是非常好的热力管道补偿器。     

间接加热连续脱硅管道化加热器蒸汽进口的改造设计

从管道的热膨胀理论出发,通过对各种热补偿方法结构特点、适用范围的对比分析,并结合氧化铝厂的生产实践,分析了膨胀节爆裂的原因,认为原设计采用波形膨胀节补偿热变形是不适宜的。改造设计中为了改善蒸汽进口处的应力状况,对原有管道化加热器的结构进行了调整,在蒸汽进口位置设立了固定点;采用了综合补偿能力较强的S形补偿器,并对S型补偿器的补偿能力进行了验算。     

薄壁波纹补偿器及其柔性段的设计

薄壁波纹补偿器是近年发展起来的一种新型的补偿器,它凭着体积小、重量轻、耐腐蚀、抗疲劳、补偿量大、安装方便等优势,取代了波形膨胀节、橡胶补偿接管和古老的“Ω”型弯管补偿器,参见图1,在现代化管系中,已广泛地被采用。在我国,这门技术发展的很慢,据了解:到去年底为止,还没有一家专业生产厂或一整套专业生产线生产比较齐全的系列产品。只有根据国内的具体情况,借签国外的成功经验,建立自己的系统理论。才能促进我国薄壁波纹补偿器技术的发展。研究薄壁波纹补偿器,主要是研究其柔性段,所谓柔性段就是指薄壁波纹管(以下简称波纹管)。过去,我们曾对它的纵向刚度、抗弯刚度、临界载荷、最     

复合材料U形梁成型模具设计

以复合材料U形梁为研究对象,综合考虑模具材料与复合材料热膨胀系数的差异、模具的结构形式、回弹角补偿以及构件脱模等因素,采用CATIA三维软件对复合材料热压罐成型模具进行数字化设计。模具为框架式阳模结构,采用Q235钢焊接制造,对模具成型曲面进行补偿修正从而减小或消除热压罐成型过程中构件的变形,对两侧缘条各设置1°回弹补偿角以保证U形梁的尺寸精度和脱模要求。该模具结构合理,成本低,可加工性好,型面公差符合要求,具有良好的刚度和气密性。经工艺验证,采用该模具生产制造的复合材料构件型面公差符合要求,U形梁变形角度控制在技术要求范围以内,满足产品技术条件和后续装配要求。     

复合应力补偿装置在大冶制酸转化高温段的应用

介绍了大冶有色冶炼厂硫酸转化高温段烟管复合补偿的应用研究与运行情况,采用"四连杆补偿器+万向铰链型+弹簧吊架"复合应力补偿装置,有效解决了转化最复杂、大口径烟气管道应力补偿稳定性差且易导致补偿器形变的问题,为系统的安全环保稳定运行打下坚实基础。     

动力管道热补偿器的使用

工业生产中动力管道多种多样,部分管道实际生产运行中会出现热胀冷缩,该现象会使管道承受巨大的应力,不合理的管道布置严重情况下容易导致管道变形、破裂,甚至发生安全事故。满足设计规范要求、合理的管道热补偿能避免事故的发生。管道热补偿形式可分为:自然补偿器、方形补偿器、波纹管补偿器等,补偿器的选用原则应依据现场条件、介质参数、经济合理性等综合考虑,补偿器的安装应符合规范及使用要求。     

长输管道∏形补偿器的应力场分析

∏形补偿器是石油天然气长输管道建设中结构较为特殊的组成部分,补偿器能够吸收由于管道形变而产生的应力,因此,对长输管道的安全运行起着重要的作用。但管道补偿器在发生弹性形变时的应力场变化较为明显,对其结构本身安全性造成一定影响。通过建立∏形补偿器的有限元力学模型,研究当管道受到轴向应力变化时,管道补偿器应力场的变化规律。分析了采用不同形状参数的补偿器,当受到相同轴向形变影响时,补偿器应力场的变化情况。通过研究发现,补偿器弯管的曲率半径和外伸臂长度对补偿器的应力场影响均存在一定的规律性,根据研究结果,可在实际的施工建设当中对∏形补偿器的结构参数进行优化分析。     

万能型和铰链型波纹补偿器在热力管网中应用的研究

近年来，随着热力管网的不断发展，波纹补偿器的应用也越来越广泛。本文介绍了常用的几种补偿器的特点，着重论述了万能型和铰链型波纹补偿器在不同管段中的应用，并对两者进行了比较。     

Choosing functional additives for optimizing the properties of periclase-spinel components

The engineering center at Borovichi Refractory Corporation has researched the optimization of composition for periclase-spinel components for lining the sintering zone in a rotating oven for firing cement clinker. The best composition and the best ratios between the additives have been established for the addition to the finely ground material, and the composition has been determined together with the best amount of temperature compensator, which is needed to improve the thermomechanical properties of the components and give preset working-life characteristics. __________ Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 3, pp. 134–137, March, 2007.     

硫酸厂转化工序管道热补偿设计

介绍了转化工序管道热补偿设计中有关的计算，不锈钢波纹补偿器的特点，新型的长拉杆－复式补偿器组合结构以及补偿器预变形安装和管道支撑的支座形式。     

管道热补偿实例

在化工管道的设计安装过程中常会遇到高温管道的热补偿问题,解决管道热补偿问题对保证系统正常运行、对保护设备及对避免安全事故的发生等方面都至关重要。下面以某化工厂管道设计安装工程为例,通过对管道热膨胀计算分析、补偿器选型及设置固定支架等方面介绍如何对管道进行热补偿以及介绍横向小拉杆波纹补偿器的应用,为类似工程提供参考。     

Field emission of polycrystalline diamond films grown by microwave-plasma chemical vapor deposition. I. Effects of surface morphology of diamond

The effects of surface morphology on the field emission of non-doped polycrystalline diamond films with thicknesses ranging from 5 to 55 μm were studied. Diamond films grown by a microwave-plasma chemical vapor deposition technique had both the diamond and non-diamond components with pyramidal and angular crystalline structures. Although the average crystallite size increased with increasing the film thickness (d), the volume fraction of the non-diamond components in the films was insensitive to the film thickness. However, the turn-on electric field, F_T, (defined as the low-end electric field to emit electrons) showed a U-shape dependence on the film thickness. This U-shape dependence was explained by a model in which the emission current was controlled by Fowler–Norheim tunneling of electrons at surface of the pyramids when d was thinner than 20 μm and by carrier transport in the polycrystalline diamond film when d was thicker than 20 μm. The lowest field of 4 V/μm was obtained in the film with 20 μm thick.     

Simplified design of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller to give a time domain specification for high order processes

An efficient simplified method is proposed for the time domain design of industrial proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers and lead-lag compensators for high order single input single output (SISO) systems. The proposed analytical method requires no trial error steps for a lead-lag compensator design in the time domain by using the root-locus method. A practical PID controller design method was obtained based on the corresponding lead-lag compensator to give a required time-domain specification. Simulation studies were carried out to illustrate the control performance of the controllers by the proposed method. The proposed PID controller and lead-lag compensator directly satisfied time domain control specifications such as damping ratio, maximum overshoot, settling time and steady sate error without trial and error steps. The suggested algorithm can easily be integrated with a toolbox in commercial software such as Matlab.     

COMPENSATOR FOR CONSTANT RELATIVE STABILITY IN PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS

Process control systems are designed for a closed-loop peak magnitude of 2 dB, which corresponds to a damping coefficient (ζ) of 0.5 approximately. With this specified constraint, the designer should choose and/or design the loop components to maintain a constant relative stability. However, the manipulative variable in almost all chemical processes will be the flow rate of a process stream. Since the gains and the time constants of the process will be functions of the manipulative variable, a constant relative stability cannot be maintained. Up to now, this problem has been overcome either by selecting proper control valve flow characteristics or by gain scheduling of controller parameters. Nevertheless, if a wrong control valve selection is made then one has to account for huge loss in controllability or eventually it may lead to an unstable control system. To overcome these problems, a compensator device that can bring back the relative stability of the control system was proposed. This compensator is similar to a dynamic nonlinear controller that has both online and offline information on several factors related to the control system. The design and analysis of the proposed compensator is discussed in this article. Finally, the performance of the compensator is validated by applying it to a two-tank blending process. It has been observed that by using a compensator in the process control system, the relative stability could be brought back to a great extent despite the effects of changes in manipulative flow rate.     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的非线性补偿器

针对工业过程中普遍存在的非线性被控对象,通过最小二乘支持向量机对系统的模型偏差建模,并在此基础上构造非线性补偿器.首先,采用具有RBF核函数的LS-SVM离线建立系统偏差模型,并在系统运行时不断对偏差模型进行在线修正;然后基于此模型在DMC预测控制的基础之上构建补偿器;最后成功应用于智能工厂实验室的多变量液位控制实验装置.