超精密加工中表面波纹度与主轴系统不平衡关系

针对超精密加工工件表面出现的表面波纹度问题,研究超精密机床液压主轴系统不平衡问题与表面波纹度之间的关系。加工工件的面形检测结果首先利用选出的最优小波变换进行各个尺度的分解及重构,接着利用功率谱密度分析小波分解后各个尺度上的信号谱能量得到相关频率信息,结合主轴系统部件的模态及旋转频率信息,对检测结果中主要误差特征进行提取。主轴系统频率信息由两种方法进行计算,从面形波纹度中提取出来的典型误差特征包含机床主轴固有频率和旋转频率及其高倍频,电源基频50 Hz及其整数倍频和次谐波信号,这些频率特征正好与主轴系统不平衡频率以及电动机工频噪声干扰频谱特征对应,这说明主轴系统不平衡是导致加工工件波纹度出现的主要原因,这种辨识方法为超精密机床加工精度的提高提供了辨识依据。     

车削精度主动控制系统与动态模型的研究

本文分析了以压电陶瓷作为驱动元件的振动切削刀具的振动特性和实现刀具谐振切削的电路匹配,分析了主轴误差补偿方法的特点,提出以振动切削和误差补偿为基础的提高车削加工精度的主动控制系统,并建立了该系统的动态模型,推导其频率响应函数,实验证实了该方法能全面地提高工件的加工质量。     

主动磁悬浮电主轴最佳切削速度区间研究

为研究主动磁悬浮电主轴在不同速度区间内的振型和振幅对工件加工精度的影响过程和机理,基于转子动力学、电磁学和金属切削理论,采用有限元法对"磁悬浮轴承-主轴"系统在切削过程中的一系列物理现象进行理论分析和定量解释。结果表明:系统振型是影响系统运行品质及加工质量的重要因素;主轴的最佳切削速度由主轴的振型、工件形位精度及系统在负载激励下的动态响应共同决定;工件的实际形位精度由系统在负载激励下的最大单向振动响应幅值决定。     

精密摇摆主轴的振动测试分析

在精密铣削加工过程中,经常会出现由于摇摆主轴的振动而导致的加工精度降低,同时会对工件表面产生振纹,对精密摇摆主轴进行振动测试分析,根据结果进行设计优化可以有效地提高精密级加工的精度.搭建了精密摇摆主轴振动测试平台,测试系统采用DASP大容量数据采集和分析系统.针对不同工况下精密摇摆主轴的振动测试数据,进行振源及影响分析.测试试验找到了精密摇摆主轴的最大振动位移位置,通过分析找到产生振动位移的原因,并提出了设计优化方案,对此类结构主轴的设计以及使用具有积极的作用.     

主轴热误差的数值建模分析

数控机床逐渐向高精度、高速度、精密化、智能化方向发展。机床的精度直接影响了工件的加工精度。以测量加工中心主轴系统的温度场和热误差数据为基础,采用五点法测量了加工中心主轴系统的温度场和热误差数据,用偏最小二乘回归方法建立了两者的多元线性回归模型,并对各个测温点的温度变化与主轴热误差之间的量化关系进行了定性研究。经研究分析,该模型具有较强的预测能力和较为理想的精度,可以满足加工中心热误差实时补偿的需要,也可作为机床设计和制造的参考依据。     

高速加工刀具系统动平衡

刀具系统在高速旋转下,系统的不平衡会产生很大的离心力,引起机床主轴和刀具系统的振动,影响被加工工件的精度和机床的磨损.因此研究高速加工刀具系统的动平衡技术是推广应用高速切削加工技术的重要内容.目前,许多国家都对高速加工工具系统进行研究,包括动平衡标准、动平衡方法、动平衡仪器等.刀具系统的动平衡与多种因数有关.研究表明未经过动平衡的刀具在转速较高时,离心力会引起刀具系统的变形,影响刀具和主轴寿命,同时对加工质量也会产生严重的后果.所以使用高速刀具必须经过动平衡.     

探析五轴高精密加工设备校验和在线检测研究

五轴设备加工难度高一直困扰和制约着制造业的发展,在加工高速精密复杂零部件中,设备多轴移动性能和数据反馈成为影响产品质量的关键因素,通过对设备多轴联动误差补偿和在线加工数据反馈,对提高工件加工精度具有重要意义。从影响精度的五轴设备校验方法入手,对工作台旋转中心、主轴旋转中心、直线移动误差、主轴零位误差和加工在线检测反馈对精度的影响进行详细研究。     

高速主轴动平衡及其在线控制技术研究

正装备制造行业正朝着高速、高精度方向发展,这需要精准的数字装备予以支撑。高档数控机床是数字装备最高技术水平的载体之一,而高速主轴系统是高档数控机床的核心功能部件。由于装配工艺、变工况以及磨损等因素,主轴通常处于不平衡状态。机床主轴工作速度较高,不平衡引起的主轴振动尤为明显,这会直接影响加工质量,甚至导致主轴组件损坏。因此,如何控制主轴不平衡振动是一个非常关键的问题。针对主轴振动信号测试与特征提取问题,论文分析了主轴回转误差分离原理,研究了三点法误差分离技术中谐波抑制补偿及优化方法,提高了回转误差分离精度;其次,分析了不同圆度轮廓截面对全息谱的影响,提出一种基于误差分离技术     

提高 M2110型内圆磨床精度的改装

内圆磨床是轴承行业磨加工设备中一个薄弱环节,由于其结构上的特点,大部分的内圆磨床存在着刚性低、振动大、加工精度低的缺陷。经分析,认为影响机床精度的因素主要是:(1)内圆磨具刚度不足。(2)液压系统的振动。(3)液压系统的泄漏造成工作台低速时稳定性差。(4)工件主轴的回转精度差,反映到工件圆度上的误差较大。针对上述四个主要影响精度的因素,对机床作了针对性的改装,分述如下:     

卧式加工中心动平衡试验研究

由主轴不平衡引起周期性波动的简谐力学模型分析得知,主轴不平衡引起的振动属于受迫振动,振动最大幅值与主轴转速有关。试验研究发现,不平衡主轴转动时会激发机床固有频率引起共振。加工表面振纹频率与工件的结构固有频率相符,切削时主轴的旋转不平衡会激发工件固有频率,引起颤振。动平衡可明显改善主轴系统的运行性能,平衡后的主轴可用转速得到大幅度的提高。最后,依据ISO等标准将机床主轴分为2个组别4个等级,为该型卧式加工中心的动平衡建立测试规范。     

工件质量和位置对单面立式平衡机测量误差的影响

针对永久标定式单面立式动平衡机对不同质量、不同高度的工件存在较大测量误差的问题,提出了一种用摆架扭摆效应分析误差来源的方法。将摆架系统处理成二自由度振动系统,根据力学原理建立了振动系统的运动方程;推导了系统振动中心的变化规律公式,分析了转速、工件位置和质量对振动中心的影响;推导了簧板绕振动中心的扭转刚度公式,同时分析了扭转刚度与振动中心位置间的关系。通过实验验证了扭转效应随工件质量、位置的变化规律,证明了簧板扭转刚度公式的正确性,分析了永久标定产生的误差,最大误差率为34.41%,说明了永久标定算法的不合理性,为优化测量算法提供了参考。     

Modeling and simulation of grinding surface topography considering wheel vibration

Grinding is an important means of realizing precision and ultra-precision machining. Vibration caused by an unbalanced grinding wheel in grinding process has a significant impact on the quality of workpiece surface. However, the effect of wheel surface topography and/or the relative vibration between grinding wheel and workpiece are not considered in most researches. Taking the relative vibration between grinding wheel and workpiece into account, alongside the abrasive grain trajectory equation, a new analysis and simulation model for surface topography of the grinding process is established. The model for the topography of the grinding wheel surface is first studied, and subsequently, a new simulation model for surface topography of the grinding process is proposed. Case studies are performed at the end, and the influence of grinding wheel vibration amplitude, wheel grit number, as well as grinding parameters on the surface waviness and roughness is discussed. The simulation results could be used to optimize the actual grinding process to improve the ground surface quality or predict the surface topography by given grinding parameters.     

基于动态轮廓采样法的轴向超声振动辅助磨削工件表面形貌预测与试验验证

提出了一种基于动态轮廓采样法的轴向超声振动辅助磨削的工件表面形貌预测方法。假设磨粒直径服从正态分布,磨粒位置服从随机分布,生成砂轮表面形貌的模型,从运动学角度建立了轴向超声振动辅助磨削过程中任意磨粒的轨迹方程,针对磨粒运动轨迹的特点,提出了动态轮廓采样方法。通过建立磨削沟槽变宽模型,引入了磨削弹性变形模型和塑性堆积模型,对动态轮廓采样方法进行了修正,最终得出工件表面形貌的预测结果。对预测结果进行了试验验证,对比分析了工件表面形貌的预测结果和实测结果,两者特征相似,且比较工件表面粗糙度的预测值和实测值平均误差为5.3%,从而验证了该预测方法的准确性。     

Chatter classification by entropy functions and morphological processing in cylindrical traverse grinding

During cylindrical traverse grinding processes, two types of regenerative chatter—workpiece and grinding wheel—may degrade the accuracy of the surface finish. To maintain productivity and quality, a closed-loop vibration control system should be provided for the grinding system. An algorithm for automated classification by type is essential in developing such a system. In cylindrical traverse grinding, the chatter vibration signals display unstable dynamic characteristics, which makes the task of chatter classification especially difficult. This paper introduces an approach that combines entropy techniques with morphological preprocessing to classify traverse grinding regenerative chatter by type based on the vibration spectrum. Experimental data analysis is used to demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively distinguish workpiece regenerative chatter from wheel regenerative chatter. Because both the entropy function and morphological processing are computationally easy, this method is not only readily understood, but also conveniently adaptable to system expansion and real-time applications.     

一维斜向超声振动辅助磨削滚动轴承钢工艺及试验研究

针对目前只有一维轴向、一维切向等振动方向不变的一维超声振动辅助磨削的情况,首次提出了一维斜向超声振动辅助磨削工艺方法。利用MATLAB对一维斜向超声振动辅助磨削磨粒的运动轨迹进行了模拟分析。建立了超声振动试验系统的动力学模型。通过对超声振动工作台的模态分析,研制了一维斜向超声振动辅助磨削试验系统,对不同角度下超声振动辅助磨削滚动轴承钢的磨削力及表面粗糙度值进行了研究,探究了磨削力及表面粗糙度值随超声振动方向的变化规律。多次试验结果表明,超声振动角度为67.5°附近的表面粗糙度值明显优于其他角度的表面粗糙度值,磨削力也有减小。对正交试验结果的极差分析得出：当超声振动角度为67.5°、砂轮速度为20m/s、工件速度为0.5m/min以及磨削深度为4μm时,加工后的工件表面粗糙度达到最低值,其中工件速度是影响表面粗糙度的最重要工艺参数。     

An experimental study of ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding of polysilicon using two-dimensional vertical workpiece vibration

An experimental study of polysilicon grinding with ultrasonic vibration assistance was presented. The two-dimensional (2D) vertical vibration was applied on the workpiece directly and vibrated perpendicular to both the workpiece and grinding wheel. The grinding forces were measured using a three-component dynamometer, and the surface conditions were examined using a surface profilometer and a laser microscope. The experimental results showed that the grinding force and surface roughness with ultrasonication were much less than those in conventional grinding. In the case of ultrasonication, the wheel speed and worktable feed rate would have a more positive effect on the grinding force decrement/increment, especially for the tangential force while the wheel depth of cut had a negative effect. The surface condition of the ground polysilicon surface was improved with the assistance of ultrasonication. This research indicated that the 2D ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding technique can be an effective method for the high-efficiency machining of hard brittle polysilicon material.     

基于动态电磁力的主动式动平衡测量方法的研究

动平衡机在测量大质偏类工件时,由于不平衡量较大,振动信号往往会超出测量系统的线性范围而造成测量误差偏大。为了提高动平衡测量精度,提出了一种采用电磁力产生的同频振动抵消大部分初始振动,从而减小簧板振动量,保证系统线性度的动平衡测量方法。讨论了该方法的基本工作原理,建立了电磁力装置的磁路模型;采用有限元建模对电磁力的可控性进行了研究,并分析了气隙、温度等因素对电磁力的影响;最后介绍了测量控制系统和控制策略。动平衡测量实验表明,该测量方法能够有效地提高大不平衡量工件的动平衡测量精度。     

Influences of dressing lead on surface roughness of ultrasonic-assisted grinding

Although the surface characteristics of the grinding wheel as well as its correlation with the grinding performance are largely influenced by dressing lead in conventional grinding (CG), little focus is placed on dressing lead in ultrasonic-assisted grinding (UAG). In this research, the effects of dressing lead and ultrasonic vibration on ultrasonic-assisted grinding are studied. Longitudinal vibration at ultrasonic frequency range is applied to the workpiece. The surface roughness and the characteristics of the three-dimensional ground surface morphology are compared between CG and UAG at several dressing leads and vibration amplitudes. The kinematics of the peak of the grinding wheel is employed for the theoretical analysis. The results show that the surface roughness has been improved for all UAG experiments and that the vibration amplitudes have exerted different influences on the surface roughness at different dressing leads. The dressing lead is an optimum one when it is four times the amplitude, at which minimal surface roughness is produced.     

对角修形斜齿轮设计与数控磨齿研究

为了减小齿面振动,降低磨削误差,提出对角修形斜齿轮数控磨齿加工方法：通过设计对角修形曲线,经过3次B样条拟合为对角修形曲面;根据齿条展成渐开线齿面原理,建立平面砂轮磨削斜齿轮6轴联动Free-Form型数控磨齿模型,通过齿条与砂轮位矢等效转换,推导各轴运动关系;建立基于CNC机床各轴运动敏感性分析的齿面修正模型,各轴运动用6阶多项式表示,通过判断砂轮与齿面的接触状态,确定磨削齿面的误差,并分析各系数扰动对齿面误差的影响;以齿面误差平方和最小为目标函数,通过粒子群优化方法,得到机床各轴运动参数,该方法计算结果稳定且精度较高。通过算例表明：沿齿向方向压力角、螺旋角、展成角的微调可分别实现一定的对角修形加工;微调6轴联动机床各轴运动参数,可有效减小对角修形斜齿轮的磨削误差,通过机床运动敏感性分析验证理论和算法的正确性。     

An Integrated Model of a Fixture-Workpiece System for Surface Quality Prediction

Surface quality is a major factor affecting the performance of a component. The machined surface quality is strongly influenced by the external loads during the fixturing and machining processes. In machining process development, it is highly desirable to predict the quality of a machined surface. For this purpose, an integrated finite element analysis (FEA) model of the entire fixture–workpiece system is developed to investigate the influence of clamping preload and machining force on the surface quality of the machined workpiece. The effects of fixture and machine table compliance (from experimental data), and the workpiece and its locators/clamps contact interaction, and forced vibration, on the machined surface quality are taken into account. This simulation model provides a better understanding of the causes of surface error and a more realistic prediction of the machined surface quality. The deck face of a V-type engine block subjected to fixture clamping and a face milling operation is given as an example. A comparison between the simulation result and experimental data shows a reasonable agreement.