转向架副构架焊接接头残余应力无损测量及变形研究

采用有限元焊接仿真分析软件(SYSWELD)对某型号的转向架副构架焊接接头进行了仿真变形分析,并采用X射线衍射法(XRD)对该型号焊接态副构架振动处理前后焊接接头进行焊接残余应力无损测量,对焊接工艺和振动消除应力措施进行了验证,为转向架副构架接头焊缝质量安全性评估提供了依据.研究结果表明,有限元变形仿真结果和XRD应力...     

基于BIM-Tekla的钢结构框架梁柱焊接接头残余应力有限元分析

为提升钢结构框架梁柱焊接接头残余应力有限元分析的全面性,提出基于BIM-Tekla的钢结构框架梁柱焊接接头残余应力有限元分析。该方法首先对钢结构框架梁柱有限元建模时的热应力、生热率及屈服强度等参数进行计算;基于BIM-Tekla平台,完成钢结构框架梁柱焊接接头有限元模型的建立;根据建立的有限元模型,确定梁柱焊接接头残余应力值与不同温度、位置、角度、路径、材料参数之间的关系,获取钢结构框架梁柱不同焊接接头残余应力值分布,从而实现对钢结构框架梁柱焊接接头残余应力的有限元分析。试验结果表明,梁柱的焊接接头残余应力值随着板材梁翼缘厚度增大而不断缩减,而钢结构框架梁的焊接接头残余应力值则随着板材梁翼缘厚度增大而不断增大;当焊接接头坡口角度为60°～210°时,残余应力值分布较为均匀,无明显波动变化,而在210°～360°时,接头的残余应力波动幅度较大;焊接接头的残余应力受框架直径比值影响较大。     

转向架构架补焊残余应力数值模拟

转向架作为车辆走行部的主要构件,常采用局部补焊的手段进行修复,这势必影响接头残余应力。利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,分别对焊态、不同补焊参数和补焊次数后的残余应力进行了数值模拟。模拟计算结果表明:补焊后焊缝的纵向应力大大增加,横向应力减小;但随着补焊次数的增加,纵向应力变化不大,横向应力有所增加;随深度增加,纵向应力涨幅不大,横向应力有所增加;随补焊宽度增加,焊缝区的横向应力有所增加,纵向应力略有增加但幅度不大。开展对转向架焊接构架对接焊缝补焊残余应力分析,对于指导焊接转向架生产、降低焊接接头残余应力具有重要的意义。     

焊接顺序对T形接头残余应力和变形的影响

采用有限元热弹塑性分析方法对T形接头不同焊接顺序的残余应力和变形进行模拟.有限元模型中选用三维实体单元,分析了材料物性参数随温度的变化和对流、辐射散热的影响.运用单元生死技术模拟T形接头多道焊接过程,获得了不同焊接顺序T形接头焊接温度场和残余应力、变形场,并对计算结果进行了分析.结果表明,焊接顺序对T形接头的残余应力和...     

不锈钢地铁车顶典型焊接接头有限元分析

针对不锈钢地铁车顶结构中的四种类型MAG焊典型焊接接头进行试验和有限元模拟分析。基于热-力完全耦合理论和热弹塑性有限元方法,利用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS求解焊接过程中和焊后的温度及应力,模拟研究不锈钢地铁车顶典型焊接接头的温度场、应力场的演化行为以及残余应力的分布规律,并进行相应的焊接试验。结果表明:熔池计算结果与试验结果吻合良好;平板对接形式的应力分布是不锈钢车顶各类典型接头应力分布的本质形式;对于T型接头和卷边接头形式,竖板的应力分布不同。该有限元分析为不锈钢地铁车顶焊接制造提供了参考。     

T型接头焊趾TIG重熔区残余应力的数值模拟

利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,分别对焊态下和焊趾TIG重熔后的T型接头残余应力场进行了数值模拟,并用盲孔法对焊趾区的残余应力进行了实际测试。数值计算结果表明:T型接头焊趾区经过TIG电弧重熔处理后,虽然能够改善焊趾的形状,但该部位仍呈拉伸残余应力状态。焊址残余应力的实际测试也验证了计算结果。     

斜十字接头三维焊接残余应力的数值模拟

为研究全熔透焊接十字接头残余应力空间分布特点,分析十字接头焊缝形式对焊接残余应力分布状态的影响,基于温度场和应力场间接耦合方式,对全熔透焊接十字接头残余应力开展了有限元数值模拟研究. 采用ANSYS有限元软件,选择Q345C钢材典型热力学参数,构建全熔透焊接十字接头有限元模型,分析得到焊接过程结构温度场分布. 将焊接十字接头温度场作为输入条件,基于ANSYS热–力耦合分析得到全熔透焊接斜十字接头三维残余应力场分布. 结果表明,全熔透焊接十字接头残余应力峰值主要分布在焊趾和焊根处,焊缝角度变化会对焊缝处残余应力分布带来较大影响.     

16Mn钢U形焊接接头残余应力和变形

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/APDL语言编写程序,选用U形焊接接头,采用生死单元方法的热源加载模式,进行多步循环,实现了焊接全过程残余应力场的三维动态模拟,获得了焊接接头残余应力和残余变形的分布规律;采用CO2气体保护焊对16Mn钢U形焊接件进行焊接,得到了焊接接头冷却后最终的残余变形情况,仿真结果与实验所得的规律相吻合,为进一步研究和消除焊接残余应力和应变提供了依据。     

Ni-Cr合金钎焊金刚石接头残余应力分析

针对Ni-Cr合金钎焊金刚石冷却过程中产生较大残余应力的问题,利用有限元软件ANSYS建立金刚石六-八面体模型进行模拟分析。结果表明:残余应力在金刚石中心轴线和金刚石与钎料界面垂直方向上变化明显;最大残余应力出现在金刚石六-八面体尖角与钎料界面结合处;金刚石在钎料中包埋深度不同,残余应力最大值不同,包埋深度为60%时,工具性能较好。激光拉曼光谱对钎焊金刚石接头中残余应力测试结果与有限元数值模拟结果相符,误差小于10%。     

分段退焊对角接接头焊接残余应力及变形的影响

基于热-弹塑性有限元理论,以Abaqus软件为平台进行角接接头焊后残余应力及变形的分析,采用分段移动热源模型并利用Fortran语言开发热源子程序,分别采用直通焊和分段退焊两种方式进行角接接头焊接温度场、残余应力及变形的数值模拟分析.结果表明:横向变形是角接接头最主要的变形;角接接头焊接在焊缝端口处的残余应力为压应力,...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.