生物质能源的特点及其环境效应

能源需求的持续增长和化石能源引起的CO2排放以及全球气候变化问题促使人们寻求＂绿色＂可再生能源。生物质能源是潜在的低碳可再生能源,生物质能源的开发与利用已成为世界研究热点领域之一,受到世界各国政府与科学界的关注。同时,生物质能源的开发和利用也受到越来越多的质疑,主要包括生物质能源引发的粮食安全问题、环境问题、水资源问题等。生物质能源十分丰富,了解生物质能源的特点及其环境效应是合理开发生物质能源的前提,简述生物质能源的环境效应及不同生物燃料的特点。     

生物质能发电技术分析

在不可再生能源濒临枯竭,环境污染日益加剧的今天,生物质能源替代化石能源利用的研究和开发,已成为国内外学者研究和关注的热点。介绍了国内外生物质能的主要转化利用技术,分析了生物质直接燃烧发电技术和气化发电技术,提出了符合能量梯级利用原则的生物质能发电方式,将是生物质能利用的主要形式。     

太阳能发电及其展望

能源的潜在危机和生态环境的恶化使世界各国积极开发包括太阳能在内的新能源及可再生能源.太阳能发电主要有热发电和光伏发电两大类型.我国在突破太阳能发电成本过高这一发展障碍的关键技术中取得了令人振奋的进展,为太阳能电力的广泛应用奠定了基础.     

我国直接利用地热资源量居世界首位

2006年11月28目在陕西咸阳召开的全国城市地热资源开发保护与经济评价论坛会上了解到，我国直接利用地热资源量居世界首位，但在我国能源结构中不足0．5％，地热发电也仅占世界地热发电的0．35％。大力开发和有效利用地热资源已成为我国当前能源形势下一个新的命题。     

书介：太阳能LED系统在室内环境艺术设计中的应用探讨

<正>化石能源的使用导致全球气候变暖,对人类生存环境造成严重破坏,能源作为社会发展的基础,以可再生绿色能源取代化石能源,调整能源结构已成为世界各国政府关注的重要问题之一。可再生能源的开发和应用可以有效缓解自然资源的过度消耗,同时助力社会经济持续发展。以光伏发电为首的可再生能源在全球得到广泛关注,我国光伏技术发展、推广应用更是领先于其他国家。分布式光伏发电是给用户端提供日常电力供给。对企业发展而言,企业能源管理与成本控制息息相关,采用光伏发电可以有效降低生产成本,因此分布式光伏发电技术应用广泛,如建筑设计、室内环境设计等。LED用于照明具有使用寿命长、效率高的优势,与光伏发电结合可达到环保、高效、节能的目的。     

海流发电发展方向及技术路线思考

海流能作为海洋能的重要组成部分,越来越多的受到世界各国新能源开发的关注,海流发电两大主要发展方向是作为常规能源补充的近水面的大规模开发利用和深海的特种设备能源补充。介绍了二者的国内外研究现状以及各自的技术问题。构想了深海锚泊系统能源补充的小型海流能发电装置,并给出未来中国发展海流能发电技术的建议。     

借鉴德国新能源消纳的经验

正随着大规模可再生能源的开发使用,如何将这些电更灵活地并入电网并减少对电网稳定性的冲击,如何更加有效地利用可再生能源发电,成为世界各国研究的课题。德国的新能源发电消纳比例相当高,其在政策支撑、管理模式、技术创新等方面对新能源发电采取的措施,值得电力同行借鉴。     

佳木斯风能资源形成分布探讨

风能资源是清洁的可再生能源,风能发电是新能源领域中技术最成熟、最具规模开发条件和商业化发展前景的发电方式之一,也是目前清洁能源中利用最方便、最快捷、最少投入的可再生能源之一。已经成为世界能源可持续发展战略的重要组成部分。因此本文从风的形成原因、影响风速大小的因素、佳木斯风能资源的分布状况和可建风电规模（发展目标）等方面予以阐述,为佳木斯的风电发展提供理论参考根据。     

关于增强型地热系统的技术研究

随着世界能源格局的变化,人类不断开发出更优质、对环境影响更小的新能源,其中干热岩的开发备受关注。干热岩开发的具体工程技术称为增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal Systems,简称EGS)。从资源品质来讲,干热岩资源主要用于发电,可以解决国家能源根本需求;从环境保护来讲,增强型地热系统可用二氧化碳作为携热介质,可以将二氧化碳进行地质埋存,更好地解决环境问题。文中介绍了世界EGS关键技术的新进展,剖析了发展过程中存在的问题以及未来的发展方向。     

国际可再生能源新闻

综合类可再生能源发电成本不断下降11月21日发布的国际可再生能源机构(IRENA)政策简报显示,可再生能源已成为具有成本效益的新能源,可为数以亿计的世界人民产生电力。IRENA发布报告的重点包括:生物质发电已更具竞争力,利用低成本的农业或林业废弃物,最有竞争力的生物质发电项目成本可低至0.06美元/kWh。聚光太阳能热发电利用反射镜将大区域的光线集聚到中央发生器中,成本已下降至0.14美元/kWh。水电是目前世界上最大的可再生能源,在所有可再生能源发电中成本最低。     

新一代能源动力系统的研究方向与进展

基于有关的研究，从世界能源发展与结构变化的趋势以及能源科学开拓发展的背景，归纳分析了新一代能源动力系统发展的5个主要研究方向与进展；热力循环创新与能量转换利用新机理，多功能的能源动力系统，多能源的综合利用系统，无公害的能源动力系统以及中低温能源转换利用系统等。图12本20     

电力工业的储能时代

风电、太阳能发电等新能源的开发利用正迅速发展,由于新能源发电大都具有随机性、间歇性,因而将使电力工业进入储能时代。最近30年来,世界能源领域有3个变化:一是环境问题由区域性问题变成全球性问题;二是因化石能源顶峰论和枯竭论导致化石能源恐慌;三是化石能源价格暴涨。由此把全球能源利用推向第三次能源大转换,用新能源发电替代化石能源发电,并催生了智能电网。电力工业在100多年的历史中,前后经历了舞伴时代、电力需求侧管理时代,现在为了发展新能源和智能电网,电力工业将进入储能时代。中国在最近20年内,无论是在需求侧管理方面还是在需求响应方面的工作都优于工业发达国家,中国电力工业已进入了电力需求侧管理时代。大容量储能是新能源开发的"瓶颈",是智能电网的"瓶颈",要想加快新能源和智能电网的开发,就要把大容量储能放在战略位置上,抓好大容量储能技术的突破。现在技术比较成熟的储能设施是抽水蓄能电站,但是投资大、能量转换损耗大,不可能全靠它来解决大容量储能问题。主要问题还是技术不成熟和政策问题,应加大对大容量储能技术的研究开发力度,在新能源发电规划和智能电网规划中要有相应的大容量储能规划,同时要尽快理顺电价。     

我国风力发电发展现状和问题分析

能源危机的日趋严重,优化能源结构、发展清洁环保的可再生能源迫在眉睫。风能是一种清洁环保的可再生能源,随着国家政策的支持和风力发电技术的不断发展,风力发电越来越得到人们的重视,并将在新能源发电中扮演重要的角色。概述了我国风能资源的储量和分布,介绍了近年来我国风力发电的总体情况、各省(自治区)风力发电的发展概况以及我国风电企业的发展现状,最后指出了我国风力发电目前出现的一些问题,并进行了分析。     

Electric energy generation from small-scale solar and wind power in Brazil: The influence of location,area and shape

Power production from renewable sources is identified as one of the tools to attain sustainable development in economic and social terms in Brazil. Awareness of how to prioritize renewable energy sources and technologies becomes increasingly important. Solar and wind energy have been highlighted in this context as being clean, safe and also relatively mature technologies. In addition, they are also renowned for having great energy potential and allowing different mounting options for energy harvesting systems. This article seeks to contribute to the knowledge of the effects that the key attributes, location, area and shape, of a site can have on the potential of renewable generation. In order to incorporate these attributes into an integrated analysis, a comparison method is developed and subsequently applied in a case study for two Brazilian cities. Results indicate that the amount of energy obtained by a given power generation system can undergo large variations depending on the characteristics of attributes such as site location, area and shape. This variation may ultra-pass 200%, in some cases, which demonstrates the importance of a better understanding of the role of these attributes in determining energy production.     

A hydrogen standard for future energy accounting?

Present methods of energy accounting include both primary energy and final energy consumption. Both these methods have inconsistencies, although today their impact is minor. Some level of inconsistency and approximation in energy accounting is unavoidable when energy inputs come from such heterogeneous sources. We argue that in the decades to come, renewable energy will probably come to dominate the energy supply system, with most from intermittent energy sources, particularly wind and solar. In such an energy system, existing measures will become increasingly irrelevant for tracking energy use over time, for assessing a renewable energy source’s technical potential, and in determining future energy infrastructure needs. Further, conversion of most primary electricity to a storable energy form will be needed, with some then perhaps converted back to electricity as needed. We propose that in this case energy production and demand, and technical potential for renewable energy sources, will be more accurately measured by use of a new energy accounting framework, based on the energy content of hydrogen.     

Solar energy investments in a developing economy

Almost all technical development efforts in both the developed and the developing nations depend on electrical energy. However, the sources of conventional means of electricity generation are fast depleting. Consequently, most industrialised nations have research on solar energy as a way to avert impending energy crisis.This paper presents the investments in energy generation in Nigeria. The efforts made in solar energy research and utilization are highlighted. The financial investments by the Nigerian government to the development of electrical power industry between 1990 and 1994 are presented and discussed. A case is made for a systematic and coordinated financial investments in solar energy research and adaptation to complement power generation from conventional sources.     

Geothermal resources in Iran: The sustainable future

Because of disadvantages of fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are getting importance for sustainable energy development and environmental protection. Among the renewable sources, Iran has geothermal energy potential. The Iranian government is considerable attention to the utilization of renewable energy, especially wind, solar and geothermal energies. Due to recent advancements in geothermal energy, many investors in the country have become interested in investing in this type of energy. Geothermal studies in Iran started in 1975 with a cooperative between the ministry of Energy of Iran and ENEL Company from Italy. Preliminary studies indicated potential for geothermal power generation in four areas in northern Iran (Khoy-Maku, Sabalan, Sahand and Damavand at Azarbaijan Gharbi, Ardebil, Azarbaijan Sharghi and Tehran provinces), respectively. Geothermal development in Iran has gained momentum in the last five years with increased exploration and industry growth in the country. Iran is developing a geothermal plant for power production. Iran government plans to build 2000 MW of renewable energy capacity over the next five years. Total projected use (geothermal capacity) has been estimated 100 MW at the end of 2010. Exploration drilling is currently in-progress for Meshkinshahr project in North-Western Iran. The Sabalan geothermal power plant is expected to produce 50 MW electric powers in 2011. The plants are planned by Iran Ministry of Energy and the Renewable Energy Organization of Iran (SUNA). This study presents a brief introduction to the resource, status and prospect of geothermal energy in Iran.     

A multi‐predictor model to estimate solar and wind energy generations

Recent technological developments in renewable energy systems and significant growth of solar and wind energy have made these 2 renewable sources potential viable alternatives for conventional energy sources. However, due to intermittent nature, their reliability and availability are not similar to traditional sources. Hence, it is crucial to estimate the solar and wind availability and contribution more accurately. There are various factors affecting the generation capacity of renewable sources. There has been a vast research on the impact of factors related to climate condition such as wind speed, air temperature, and humidity on renewable energy generation. However, there are several other factors with indirect impact on renewable capacity and generation mostly overshadowed by the climate factors. In this study, a multi‐predictor regression model is developed and presented for solar and wind energy generation capacity across the USA. Our study of 50 states shows how the generation capacity can be affected by several indexes including human development index. Variables with the more significant impacts have been chosen using a regression analysis. A recommendation on the best transformation of the response variables and sensitivity analysis of the results has also been presented. The results provide a model to estimate the generation capacity using significant predictors. For instance, the impact of population growth on the wind turbine generation can be explored using these models.     

Geothermal energy utilization trends from a technological paradigm perspective

The use of geothermal energy and its associated technologies has been increasing worldwide. However, there has been little paradigmatic research conducted in this area. This paper proposes a systematic methodology to research the development trends for the sustainable development of geothermal energy. A novel data analysis system was created to research the geothermal energy utilization trends, and a technological paradigm theory was adopted to explain the technological changes. A diffusion velocity model was used to simulate and forecast the geothermal power generation development in the diffusion phase. Simulation results showed that the development of installed capacity for geothermal generation had a strong inertia force along with the S-curve. Power generation from geothermal power sources reached a peak in 2008 and is estimated to be saturated by 2030. Geothermal energy technologies in hybrid power systems based on other renewable energy sources look to be more promising in the future.