THE DEHYDRATION OF GARLIC 2. THE EFFECTS OF PRETREATMENTS ON DRYING KINETICS

Abstract

The kinetics of drying of pretreated garlic slices of thickness 1.5 - 5.0 mm were determined at between 40 and 60°C using an air flow rate of 2.5 m/s. Pretreatmenl consisted in immersion of the slices in water or solutions of K₂CO₃, K₂CO₃ with olive oil, Na₂S₂O₅ or NaOH, at 25°C for 60 or ISO s. The effects of each pretreatmenl on the drying kinetics and the quality of the dried product were evaluated, in the latter case by determining its rehydration ratio. Pretreatment with water or the Na₂S₂O₅ solution gave good results regardless of the thickness of the garlic slices, whereas pretreatment with a dilute NaOH solution gave good resuhs for thin slices (≤2.5 mm). The experimental kinetic data were satisfactorily fitted by a difiusional kinetic model developed in Part 1 of this work.     

THE DEHYDRATION OF GARLIC. 1.DESORPTION ISOTHERMS AND MODELLING OF DRYING KINETICS

Desorption isotherms for 1 mm thick garlic slices were determined at between 25 and 50°C and satisfactorily fitted with the G.A.B. equation. The kinetics of drying of slices of thickness 1.5 - 5.0 mm were determined at between 40 and 60°C using an air flow rate of 2.5 m-s^-, and the conditions affording a high-quality product m the shortest time were identified. After establishing how the effective diffusion coefficient of the garlic slices varied with their moisture content during drying, a diffusional model accounting for these variations was developed and satisfactorily fitted to the experimental kinetic data.     

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS ON THE DRYING KINETICS OF Muscatel GRAPES

The drying kinetics of Muscatel grapes at 60°C and a relative air humidity of 22% were determined after various pretreatments had been applied to the grapes. The pretreatment parameters varied were the chemical agent (potassium carbonate solution with or without olive oil, or sodium hydroxide solution); the duration of pretreatment; and the temperature and concentration of the solution. A 3 minute pretreatment with an aqueous solution of K₂CO₃ and olive oil at 60°C reduced drying time from about 80 h to 20 h. Optimal drying load corresponded to a single layer of almost close-packed grapes on each tray. The experimental drying kinetics were satisfactorily reproduced by a model in which both grape size and the effective coefficient of diffusion are functions of moisture content.     

CO2 absorption and regeneration of alkali metal-based solid sorbents

Potassium-based sorbents were prepared by impregnation with potassium carbonate on supports such as activated carbon (AC), TiO₂, Al₂O₃, MgO, SiO₂ and various zeolites. The CO₂ capture capacity and regeneration property were measured in the presence of H₂O in a fixed-bed reactor, during multiple cycles at various temperature conditions (CO₂ capture at 60 °C and regeneration at 130–400 °C). Sorbents such as K₂CO₃/AC, K₂CO₃/TiO₂, K₂CO₃/MgO, and K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃, which showed excellent CO₂ capture capacity, could be completely regenerated above 130, 130, 350, and 400 °C, respectively. The decrease in the CO₂ capture capacity of K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ and K₂CO₃/MgO, after regeneration at temperatures of less than 200 °C, could be explained through the formation of KAl(CO₃)₂(OH)₂, K₂Mg(CO₃)₂, and K₂Mg(CO₃)₂·4(H₂O), which did not completely converted to the original K₂CO₃ phase. In the case of K₂CO₃/AC and K₂CO₃/TiO₂, a KHCO₃ crystal structure was formed during CO₂ absorption, unlike K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ and K₂CO₃/MgO. This phase could be easily converted into the original phase during regeneration, even at a low temperature (130 °C). Therefore, the formation of the KHCO₃ crystal structure after CO₂ absorption is an important factor for regeneration, even at the low temperature. The nature of support plays an important role for CO₂ absorption and regeneration capacities. In particular, the K₂CO₃/TiO₂ sorbent showed excellent characteristics in CO₂ absorption and regeneration in that it satisfies the requirements of a large amount of CO₂ absorption (mg CO₂/g sorbent) and fast and complete regeneration at a low temperature condition (1 atm, 150 °C).     

内插扭带对鼓泡反应器脱硫脱硝效果的影响

在玻璃鼓泡反应器中进行Na₂S₂O₈和H₂O₂两种混合氧化剂吸收SO₂和NO的实验研究,结果表明：在Na₂S₂O₈氧化剂中加入H₂O₂可以促进脱硫脱硝,考虑溶液的成本以及系统的整体脱硫脱硝总效率,选取质量分数为2%的H₂O₂和10%的Na₂S₂O₈混合液具有较高的性价比。基于数值模拟的方法,将扭带引入鼓泡反应器中,研究扭带直径、厚度和扭率对鼓泡反应器脱硫脱硝效率的影响。数值模拟结果表明,与普通鼓泡反应器相比,加入扭带促进脱硫脱硝的效果。脱硫脱硝效率随着扭带直径和扭带厚度的增大而增大,随着扭带扭率的增大而减小,当扭带的直径从16mm增加到24mm时,系统的脱硫率和脱硝率分别增加了3.88%和3.45%;当扭带的厚度从0.2mm增加到1mm时,系统的脱硫率和脱硝率分别增加了4.27%和1.62%;当扭带的扭率从0.25增加到0.75时,系统的脱硫率和脱硝率分别降低了3.91%和1.90%。     

沉淀剂对Cu-Mn-Ce复合氧化物催化剂结构和性能的影响

为了避免柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备过程中环境问题, 采用共沉淀法制备了Cu-Mn-Ce复合氧化物催化剂, 以催化燃烧甲苯为模型反应, 考察了沉淀剂对Cu-Mn-Ce催化结构和性能的影响。结果表明, 以NaOH作为沉淀剂催化剂效果最佳, 其次为NH₃·H₂O、K₂CO₃、Na₂C₂O₄。采用NaOH作为沉淀剂, 氢氧化物前体在焙烧活化过程中更易使Cu、Mn离子进入CeO₂的立方结构, 形成具有缺陷结构的CeO₂固溶体, 从而提高了表面氧浓度和活动性, 在燃烧反应中表现出更优异的催化特性。     

采用响应面法降低湿法氧化脱硫中Na2S2O3生成量

Na₂S₂O₃是湿法脱硫过程外排废液中最主要的副盐,降低Na₂S₂O₃的生成量对绿色生产具有重要意义。首先采用Plackett-Burman实验筛选出影响Na₂S₂O₃生成量的关键因素,即pH、单质硫浓度、温度。在此基础上运用响应曲面法,以Na₂S₂O₃生成量为目标函数,进行三因素三水平的优化设计分析。研究结果表明,pH对Na₂S₂O₃的影响最大,其次是温度和单质硫浓度,因子间交互作用的影响很小。得到最优的操作条件为pH 8.25,单质硫浓度0.47 g/L,温度31.80℃,PDS浓度90 mg/L,氧硫比1.2 mmol/mmol,此时Na₂S₂O₃生成量为1.838 mmol/L。从Na₂S₂O₃反应动力学和多硫离子的平衡反应两方面对各因素的影响规律进行了解释。最后对实际生产过程进行分析,发现实验得出的pH过低,不利于吸收过程的稳定,现有单质硫熔融分离方法不利于降低脱硫液中的单质硫含量,加速了副盐的生成等问题,对此提出了改进意见,并取得了显著效果。     

四元相变材料的制备及改性研究

为探究与制备更加适用于太阳能储能应用的四元相变材料,以Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O为主储热剂,Na₂SO₄·10H₂O,Na₂CO₃·10H₂O,Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O与CH₃COONa·3H₂O为辅储热剂,在四种辅储热剂中任取三种与主储热剂按照设计的配比进行混合,制备四元相变储能材料,并选取纳米TiO₂,ZnO,Al₂O₃以及Na₂SiO₃和Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O作为成核剂分别对其进行改性,通过步冷曲线、DSC、SEM、IR、XRD对样品进行数据分析。结果表明,Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O/Na₂CO₃·10H₂O/Na₂SO₄·10H₂O/Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O为四元PCMs的最佳组合,其最佳配比(质量分数)分别为60%、10%、20%、10%(60/10/20/10)。在多种成核剂中掺加氧化锌的效果最好,当掺量10%(质量分数)时,四元PCMs的过冷度由3.0 ℃降低到0.2 ℃,相变焓由95.11 J/g升至472.39 J/g,相变温度区间从15.44~39.90 ℃改变至50.79~129.64 ℃,且无相分离。     

A facile synthesis of 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde via copper-mediated selective oxidation of 2,4,6-trimethylphenol

2,4,6-Trimethylphenol was selectively oxidized to 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in very good yields using catalytic or equivalent amounts of CuCl₂ in the presence of K₂CO₃ and H₂O₂ in i-PrOH at 65 °C. The effect of the molar ratios of CuCl₂, K₂CO₃ and H₂O₂ on the yields and product distribution was examined. The oxidation reaction was found to proceed smoothly without the use of additives or ligands which were reported to be necessary.     

Low-temperature sintering of PZT ceramics

The required sintering temperature of Pb(Zr_0·52Ti_0·48)O₃ ceramics (abbreviated as PZT 52/48) can be lowered to about 1000°C by incorporating Li₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃ or Bi₂O₃. A dielectric constant of about 1000 and a planar coupling factor of between 45% and 65% are obtained in PZT 52/48 ceramics sintered at 1025°C, with added Li₂CO₃ and Bi₂O₃. The optimal amount of the additives, which can be deduced from the densification, the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the sintered PZT 52/48 ceramics, is 0·375 wt% of Li₂CO₃ together with an equal mole fraction of Bi₂O₃. A planar coupling factor of 65% is obtained. This is explained, with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, by a maximum c/a ratio and consequently by a large spontaneous polarization. The PZT 52/48 ceramics sintered with Li₂CO₃ and Bi₂O₃ under the optimal conditions can have ε₃₃^T of about 1000, k_p higher than 60%, Q_m around 100 and tan δ less than 2·0%.     

钒铬还原渣酸浸液中钒铬初步分离工艺

钒铬还原渣是钠化提钒过程的典型危险固体废弃物,其资源化利用需求迫切。中国科学院过程工程研究所提出钒铬还原渣硫酸酸解-钒铬初步分离-铬/钒/铁络合深度分离技术路线,并在攀钢集团建成万吨级示范工程。本文重点考察钒铬还原渣酸解液中钒铬初步分离原理及工艺,研究了H₂O₂和Na₂S₂O₈两种氧化剂对沉钒效果的影响,并通过实验确定了最佳工艺条件。结果表明：以H₂O₂为氧化剂时,H₂O₂与钒摩尔比为0.75、氧化温度为60℃、初始溶液pH为2.0、氧化时间为60min、水解温度为95℃、水解时间为2.5h的条件下可得到84.2%的沉钒率;以Na₂S₂O₈为氧化剂时,Na₂S₂O₈与钒摩尔比为0.65、氧化温度为90℃、氧化时间为45min、沉钒初始溶液pH为2.5、沉钒温度为90℃、沉钒时间为2.5h的条件下可获得93.1%的沉钒率。过硫酸钠氧化过程温和,沉钒率高,铬损失小,更适合工业推广应用。采用SEM获得了沉淀产物的微观形貌,煅烧后得到V₂O₅产品,采用XRF获得了产品组成,通过X射线衍射确定得到的V₂O₅产品为正交晶型。     

THE DEHYDRATION OF GARLIC. 1.DESORPTION ISOTHERMS AND MODELLING OF DRYING KINETICS

Abstract

Desorption isotherms for 1 mm thick garlic slices were determined at between 25 and 50°C and satisfactorily fitted with the G.A.B. equation. The kinetics of drying of slices of thickness 1.5 - 5.0 mm were determined at between 40 and 60°C using an air flow rate of 2.5 m-s^?, and the conditions affording a high-quality product m the shortest time were identified. After establishing how the effective diffusion coefficient of the garlic slices varied with their moisture content during drying, a diffusional model accounting for these variations was developed and satisfactorily fitted to the experimental kinetic data.     

Na2CO3基吸附剂颗粒制备及其脱碳性能

采用挤压-滚圆法制备Na₂CO₃基CO₂吸附剂微球颗粒,在自行设计的CO₂吸收系统中对制备的样品进行脱碳性能测试。结合相关表征测试,探明不同载体、不同负载量的Na₂CO₃基吸附剂的微观结构、脱碳性能以及机械性能的变化规律和内在原因。研究表明：不同载体的Na₂CO₃基吸附剂颗粒脱碳性能存在明显差异,其中氧化铝负载的吸附剂（Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃）的脱碳性能最好,可达1.14mmol/g。铝酸钙水泥负载的吸附剂（Na₂CO₃/CA）机械性能较好,但其脱碳性能最差。结合吸附剂脱碳和机械性能的综合考量,Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃是最为合适的CO₂吸附剂,并进一步研究不同Na₂CO₃负载量的影响。研究发现随着Na₂CO₃负载量的变化,吸附剂的微观结构、脱碳性能以及机械性能都存在明显的差异。虽然60%负载量的Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸附剂颗粒的机械性能和脱碳效果较好,但其成球度较差,影响其实际应用。质量分数40%负载量的Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸附剂颗粒具有良好的脱碳性能、机械性能以及成球度,CO₂脱除量为1.36mmol/g。总体而言,利用挤压-滚圆法制备的Na₂CO₃基吸附剂颗粒具有良好的流动特性、脱碳性能和机械性能,适用于电厂烟气中的CO₂脱除。     

THERMAL DEHYDRATION OF THE SODIUM CARBONATE HYDRATES

A thermal gravimetric method was employed to explore the course of dehydration of Na₂CO₃ · 10 H₂O, and Na₃CO₃ · H₂O particles. Experimental data were amassed both in the temperature-increasing and constant temperature mode. Very small sample masses were used in an effort to eliminate an effect of heat and mass transfer processes on the rate of reaction. Kinetic equations of Arrhenius type were proposed for two stages of the dehydration and tested against the results collected by experiment.     

臭氧氧化结合硫代硫酸钠溶液喷淋同时脱硫脱硝

采用臭氧氧化结合湿法喷淋硫代硫酸钠溶液的方法开展模拟烟气同时脱硫脱硝实验研究。结果表明,采用臭氧氧化结合Na₂S₂O₃-NaOH溶液湿法喷淋可以实现NO_x和SO₂协同脱除:在O₃/NO摩尔比为1.1～1.2时,溶液中Na₂S₂O₃浓度的增加会提高系统的NO_x脱除效率,烟气中SO₂的存在会促进NO_x的脱除,当SO₂浓度为1030 mg·m^-3、2.0%Na₂S₂O₃溶液作为喷淋液时可实现较高的SO₂脱除效率,同时NO_x脱除效率可达70%以上;喷淋液pH在2.5～9范围内变化时提高浆液pH有利于NO_x的脱除,当pH 9时脱硝效率可达75%。180 min连续同时脱硫脱硝实验结果表明,硫代硫酸钠可有效促进NO_x的脱除,并实现SO₂较高的脱除效率,同时可实现系统同时脱硫脱硝连续稳定运行,喷淋吸收后烟气中NO_x的主要转化产物为NO₂^-, 该方法作为一种有效的同时脱硫脱硝技术,具有一定的工业应用推广前景。     

氧化破胶剂过硫酸钾的安全性

为确保氧化破胶剂在储存、运输中的安全稳定,需要测试氧化破胶剂的氧化性能,并进行安全化处理。根据联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书--试验标准手册》第二部分中的试验方法并结合实际情况,本文选用过硫酸钾（K₂S₂O₈）为主要原料,同时添加其他4种稳定剂形成混合体系,采用差示扫描量热分析仪（DSC）和热重分析仪（TGA）,分别对单独组分和混合体系进行测试,评估氧化性物质过硫酸钾的热稳定性。结果表明,NaCl、KCl、羟甲基纤维素钠（CMC）等无机盐类不能有效改善K₂S₂O₈的热稳定性。而惰性物料炭黑可有效改善K₂S₂O₈的热稳定性,最佳添加量为2.5份。     

Degradation of pesticides in water using solar advanced oxidation processes

Alachlor, atrazine and diuron dissolved in water at 50, 25 and 30 mg/L, respectively were photodegraded by Fe²⁺/H₂O₂, Fe³⁺/H₂O₂, TiO₂ and TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ treatments driven by solar energy at pilot-plant scale using a compound parabolic collector (CPC) photoreactor. All the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) employed mainly compared the TOC mineralisation rate to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Parent compound disappearance, anion release and oxidant consumption are discussed as a function of treatment time. The use of Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ showed no influence on the reaction rate under illumination and the reaction using 10 or 55 mg/L of iron was quite similar. TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ showed a quicker reaction rate than TiO₂ and a similar rate compared to photo-Fenton. The main difference found was between TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ and photo-Fenton, detected during atrazine degradation, where pesticide transformation into cyanuric acid was confirmed only for TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈.     

TPR and infrared measurements with cu/zno/al2o3 based catalysts for the synthesis of methanol and higher alcohols from co + h2

The influence of different promoters (CeO₂, MnO_x, K₂CO₃) on various properties of a standard coprecipitated Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst has been examined. The catalysts prepared were characterized by Cu surface area, PTIR and TPR measurements. It was found that addition of K₂CO₃ reduced the Cu surface area by about 30%, whereas the Cu surface area did not decrease with addition of the other promoters. The reduction behaviour was affected by the addition of K₂CO₃ as well as by MnO_x, but not by CeO₂. The cause of these effects is possibly an electronic interaction between the promoter and Cu ions.The effect of the different promoters on the activity and selectivity has also been studied. The K₂CO₃ promoted catalyst has an optimum selectivity to higher alcohols at 280 °C; addition of Mn made the catalyst more selective towards methanol. At 300 °C, the Ce promoted catalyst had a high selectivity to methanol and iso-butanol. The promoting effect of the additives may be caused by stabilization of the surface intermediates leading to alcohols. Infrared measurements of adsorbed CO or adsorbed methanol on materials with and without K did not, however, provide any evidence for a difference in reaction mechanism.     

Removal of Fe(III) ion from aqueous solution by adsorption on raw and treated clinoptilolite samples

Iron (III) adsorption from aqueous solutions onto raw and pretreated clinoptilolite was investigated here. Various parameters for iron removal; initial solution pH, contact time and metal ion concentration were optimized. The equilibrium data were modeled by both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms at optimal conditions. Adsorption capacities of raw samples and those pretreated with Na₂S₂O₈ at 20 °C , 70 °C and with HNO₃ at 20 °C were all similar but samples pretreated with HNO₃ at 70 °C were significantly different; iron (III) removal from samples pretreated with HNO₃ decreased with increasing pretreatment temperature. Tests with Fe⁺³ solutions containing phenol, CsCl or KCl, indicated the continued presence of these ions in zeolite which either promoted or retarded the adsorption of iron. The Fe⁺³ adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite pretreated with HNO₃ at 70 °C was about two times greater with, than without, CsCl and KCl. The kinetics of iron adsorption from aqueous solution were also investigated using the first-order Lagergren equation and a pseudo-second-order model.     

Simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification of flue gas by pre-ozonation combined with ammonia absorption

A process of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification of flue gas was conducted in this study. The flue gas containing 200 mg·m^-3 NO, 1000-4000 mg·m^-3 SO₂, 3%-9% O₂, and 10%-20% CO₂ was first oxidized by O₃ and then absorbed by ammonia in a bubbling reactor. Increasing the ammonia concentration or the SO₂ content in flue gas can promote the absorption of NO_X and extend the effective absorption time. On the contrary, both increasing the absorbent temperature or the O₂ content shorten the effective absorption time of NO_X. The change of solution pH had substantial influence on NO_X absorption. In the presence of CO₂, the NO_X removal efficiency reached 89.2% when the absorbent temperature was raised to 60 °C, and the effective absorption time can be maintained for 8 h, which attribute to the buffering effect in the absorbent. Besides, both the addition of Na₂S₂O₃ and urea can promote the NO_X removal efficiency when the absorbent temperature is 25 °C, and the addition of Na₂S₂O₃ had achieved better results. The advantage of adding Na₂S₂O₃ became less evident at higher absorbent temperature and coexistence of CO₂. In all experiments, SO₂ removal efficiency was always above 99%, and it was basically not affected by the above factors.