Reciprocation of perceived organizational support.

Four hundred thirteen postal employees were surveyed to investigate reciprocation's role in the relationships of perceived organizational support (POS) with employees' affective organizational commitment and job performance. The authors found that (a) POS was positively related to employees' felt obligation to care about the organization's welfare and to help the organization reach its objectives; (b) felt obligation mediated the associations of POS with affective commitment, organizational spontaneity, and in-role performance; and (c) the relationship between POS and felt obligation increased with employees' acceptance of the reciprocity norm as applied to work organizations. Positive mood also mediated the relationships of POS with affective commitment and organizational spontaneity. The pattern of findings is consistent with organizational support theory's assumption that POS strengthens affective commitment and performance by a reciprocation process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology and ideology.

Comments on the article by E. E. Sampson (see record 1982-04617-001) concerning cognitive psychology as ideology and suggests that Sampson overstates his case. His interpretations are accusatory and simplistic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Open minds and ideology.

G. Dworkin (1974) replies to A. R. Jensen's (1974) response to Dworkin's earlier comment that Jensen shifted his views on the issue of racial and genetic differences in IQ. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Political ideology and science.

Comments on the letter by S. P. Coe (1981) that raises questions of the relationship between belief in the importance of genetic or environmental factors in determining human conduct and political and social attitudes. It is suggested that this alleged conformity of political ideology and scientific stance is erroneous and historically untenable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rehabilitation services as ideology.

Explores the ideology underlying professional rehabilitation services and its influences on practice and research. It is contended that the basic purpose of ideology is to dominate. The ideology of rehabilitation dominates clients by obscuring contradictions between professionals' and clients' interests, by representing its procedures as in the best interests of clients though they frequently are not, and by ignoring the sociopolitical dimensions of disability and implicitly defending the status quo. It is concluded that leaders of disabled people are becoming aware of how the disabled are disadvantaged by that ideology. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive psychology as ideology.

Presents a critical analysis of some of the major work in cognitive social, personality, and developmental psychology. It is argued that cognitivism, by virtue of the primacy it gives to the individual knower, to subjective determinants of behavior, and to formal cognitive operations, represents a set of values and interests that reproduce and reaffirm the existing nature of the social order. However, the joining of cognitive psychology with idealogy is not intended simply to unmask the values carried by the cognitivist approach. The issue of values also raises serious questions about the nature of psychological science. Four case examples are examined as the basis for the claims made in the present article: (1) the deficiencies of interactionism, (2) cognitivism's denial of reality, (3) psychological reifications, and (4) cognitive/developmental theory and the technical interest in knowledge. A concluding comment calls for a new and transformative psychology, not of what is, but of what may yet be. (71 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive style and political ideology.

Employed a systematic coding technique to assess the integrative complexity of policy statements of 45 US Senators who, on the basis of their 1975 and 1976 voting records, had been classified as liberal, moderate, or conservative. Two hypotheses were tested. One hypothesis, derived from research on the authoritarian personality and conservatism, was that Ss who consistently voted for conservative ideological causes would be more prone to rely on simple (good vs bad) evaluative rules in interpreting policy issues than liberal or moderate Ss. The 2nd was that Ss who voted in ideologically consistent patterns (regardless of the liberal or conservative content of the ideology) would be more prone to rely on simple evaluative rules in interpreting issues than Ss who voted in less consistent patterns (moderates). 20 paragraph-sized statements were sampled from the speeches of each S; all material was coded for integrative complexity. Results indicate that conservative Ss made significantly less complex statements than their liberal or moderate colleagues. This finding remained significant after controlling for political party affiliation, education, years of service in the Senate, and age. Alternative interpretations of the data are examined. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Maternal ideology and adolescent problem behavior.

Assessed the relationship of maternal traditional ideology to adolescent problem behavior in a correlational study. Mothers of 184 junior and senior high school students were interviewed about their beliefs about society and morality and about their child-rearing practices; their sons and daughters responded separately to questionnaires that included reports of their own behavior with respect to alcohol and marihuana use, sex, and political activism. Results of the correlational analyses supported the main hypothesis that the more traditional the mother's ideology, the less the adolescent's involvement in problem behavior. A 2nd hypothesis, that maternal affectional interaction and controls, taken in conjunction with ideological beliefs, would account for more of the variation in adolescent problem behavior, was partially supported. In general, the associations between mother's ideology and adolescent behavior were stronger for daughters than for sons. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Authoritarian ideology in Negro college students.

Likert-like opinion-attitude scales of anti-Negro and anti-white ideologies, the California E scale (anti-Negro subscale omitted), F scale, and a revision of the PEC scale were administered to Negro students in colleges with primarily Negro enrollment. Intercorrelations were moderate and positive. Mean scores indicated group tendencies to disagree with ethnocentric and anti-white ideologies but to agree with authoritarian, anti-Negro, and conservative ideologies. Concluded that Negro middle class attempts "to identify with stereotyped white middleclass values and to dissociate itself from other Negroes." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Maternal child-rearing practices and authoritarian ideology.

A study designed to investigate the way in which the mother's authoritarianism affects her selection of behavior control techniques in a variety of socialization situations. The theory of the authoritarian personality was combined with the socialization model of Whiting and Child to yield specific testable predictions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Religious ideology, a neglected variable.

Comments on an article by J. T. Jost (see record 2006-12925-001), which presented interesting data relating some personality dimensions to voting patterns in the last three U.S. presidential elections. R. K. Unger is surprised that in his extensive review of the role of ideology, Jost ignored the role of religious ideology in political attitudes and voting behavior. There is ample evidence that level of religious observance (sometimes labeled religiosity, hierarchical religious beliefs, or religious fundamentalism) played a role in 2004 and earlier presidential elections. The relationship between religious ideology and political attitudes is correlational, and one needs to look further for an explanation of their impact. A number of studies indicate relationships between religious fundamentalism and what Jost has termed "system-justifying ideologies." Unger suggests that religiosity has been largely ignored by psychologists interested in social and political behaviors. It is quite possible that religiosity is related to the various personality dimensions discussed by Jost. But we cannot learn more about these potential connections if we continue to ignore the importance of religious ideology as a psychological variable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Homogeneous Strain Introduction Using Reciprocation Technique in High-Pressure Sliding

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - This study examines strain distribution occurring in the high-pressure sliding (HPS) processing for rods of pure Al and an AZ61 alloy. The strain...     

Authoritarian ideology and attitudes on parent-child relationships.

"The relationship between authoritarian ideology and attitudes about parent-child relationships was investigated by testing 172 native-white, Christian university students." Findings indicate a relationship in females that could be related to personality dispositions. It was proposed that strong authoritarian beliefs may be maladjustive in a democratic society since such beliefs are associated with attitudes similar to those held by parents of problem children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The ideology of logic in contemporary psychology.

Comments on the article "Psychology and Phenomenology: A Clarification" by H. H. Kendler (see record 2005-05480-003). In this article, Kendler sought to resolve the methodological issue that divides much of contemporary psychology--namely, the difference between natural science and human science in their respective views of psychological life. Whereas Kendler provided an evocative historical account of conflicts over how psychology has interpreted consciousness, the force of his analysis depends on the extent to which the proverbial "is/ought" distinction, invoked any time the question of "science" is at stake, can have any meaningful purchase in the face of a radical phenomenology like that of Martin Heidegger. Regrettably, Kendler's position in the end eclipses any intention to clarify our understanding of the relationship between "natural" and "human" science. The consequence of his article will not likely resolve the controversy he put before us, but if it does nothing more than provoke further discussion, Kendler will have provided our profession with an opportunity to understand more fully this business we call psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Science, ideology, and facilitated communication.

Comments on a paper by J. W. Jacobson et al (see record 1996-12698-001) on the history of facilitated communication. W. Sailor states that he is not a facilitated communication proponent, and that the authors took his quote (W. Sailor, 1994) out of context in their indictment of postmodernism. Sailor claims that the point of his talk was to illustrate that facilitated communication represents a case where the postmodernist position is both positivist and subjectivist. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavior therapy and the ideology of modernity.

Analyzes the moral and epistemological underpinnings of behavior therapy from a sociohistorical, hermeneutic perspective. The Weltanschauung of behavior therapy is shown to be closely linked with the values and patterns of thought characteristic of modernity. The implications of behavior therapy's close association with modern ideological positions are discussed. (99 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The end of the end of ideology.

The "end of ideology" was declared by social scientists in the aftermath of World War II. They argued that (a) ordinary citizens' political attitudes lack the kind of stability, consistency, and constraint that ideology requires; (b) ideological constructs such as liberalism and conservatism lack motivational potency and behavioral significance; (c) there are no major differences in content (or substance) between liberal and conservative points of view; and (d) there are few important differences in psychological processes (or styles) that underlie liberal versus conservative orientations. The end-of-ideologists were so influential that researchers ignored the topic of ideology for many years. However, current political realities, recent data from the American National Election Studies, and results from an emerging psychological paradigm provide strong grounds for returning to the study of ideology. Studies reveal that there are indeed meaningful political and psychological differences that covary with ideological self-placement. Situational variables--including system threat and mortality salience--and dispositional variables--including openness and conscientiousness--affect the degree to which an individual is drawn to liberal versus conservative leaders, parties, and opinions. A psychological analysis is also useful for understanding the political divide between "red states" and "blue states." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The end of ideology in behavior modification.

Contends that behavior modification should be considered a technology which developed as an ideological response to medical and clinical models, rather than a science based on new theory. Distinctions are made between theory, paradigm, and analogy, and it is argued that behavior modification represents the latter 2 conceptual schemes. Desensitization and implosion therapy are considered analogies because they require the use of language, unlike the classical conditioning studies from which they were derived. Shaping and aversion techniques are considered paradigms because their effects can be accurately predicted and measured without relying on cognitive processes as the critical stimuli. Biofeedback research is discussed as an example of technology promoting scientific discovery. It is concluded that instead of searching for new principles or refuting old ones, behavior therapists should use technology to turn analogy and paradigm into theory. (36 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)