红外焦平面失效现象仿真研究

在性能较差的红外焦平面器件中，其背景图像经常出现一些现象，比如“黑线”、“锯齿”、“滴落圆”等，其原因可能是红外焦平面器件有缺陷或其读出电路存在问题。本文针对红外焦平面可能出现的各种缺陷，将其等效为失效性模型，用EDA软件分别对采用DI和CTIA两种读出结构的红外焦平面进行失效性等效模拟分析。通过对3×3和10×10规模的红外焦平面输出信号进行模拟，分析了背景图像中失效现象产生的原因。红外焦平面失效现象模拟分析得出的结果，为红外焦平面读出电路结构的改进提供了参考依据。     

红外焦平面失效现象仿真研究

在性能较差的红外焦平面器件中,其背景图像经常出现一些现象,比如"黑线"、"锯齿"、"滴落圆"等,其原因可能是红外焦平面器件有缺陷或其读出电路存在问题.本文针对红外焦平面可能出现的各种缺陷,将其等效为失效性模型,用EDA软件分别对采用DI和CTIA两种读出结构的红外焦平面进行失效性等效模拟分析.通过对3×3和10×10规模的红外焦平面输出信号进行模拟,分析了背景图像中失效现象产生的原因.红外焦平面失效现象模拟分析得出的结果,为红外焦平面读出电路结构的改进提供了参考依据.     

红外探测器背景抑制读出结构设计研究

长波红外焦平面探测器一般工作在高背景下，信号电流小于背景电流，器件本身暗电流也较大，信号读出时积分电容极易饱和，这都不利于获得理想的信噪比。通过在读出电路输入级中增加电流抑制结构，可有效提高积分时间，改善动态范围和对比度。本文介绍了红外焦平面读出电路中几种典型的背景电流及暗电流抑制技术，依次叙述不同结构背景及暗电流抑制的实现原理，并比较各个结构的优缺点，针对不同电路结构的特点，通过典型电路仿真分析，确定了它们在各种红外焦平面读出电路输入级中的应用范围。     

红外探测器背景抑制读出结构设计研究

长波红外焦平面探测器一般工作在高背景下，信号电流小于背景电流，器件本身暗电流也较大，信号读出时积分电容极易饱和，这都不利于获得理想的信噪比。通过在读出电路输入级中增加电流抑制结构，可有效提高积分时间，改善动态范围和对比度。本文介绍了红外焦平面读出电路中几种典型的背景电流及暗电流抑制技术，依次叙述不同结构背景及暗电流抑制的实现原理，并比较各个结构的优缺点，针对不同电路结构的特点，通过典型电路仿真分析，确定了它们在各种红外焦平面读出电路输入级中的应用范围。     

红外探测器背景抑制读出结构设计研究

长波红外焦平面探测器一般工作在高背景下,信号电流小于背景电流,器件本身暗电流也较大,信号读出时积分电容极易饱和,这都不利于获得理想的信噪比.通过在读出电路输入级中增加电流抑制结构,可有效提高积分时间,改善动态范围和对比度.本文介绍了红外焦平面读出电路中几种典型的背景电流及暗电流抑制技术,依次叙述不同结构背景及暗电流抑制的实现原理,并比较各个结构的优缺点,针对不同电路结构的特点,通过典型电路仿真分析,确定了它们在各种红外焦平面读出电路输入级中的应用范围.     

红外焦平面器件的信息获取电路技术

红外焦平面阵列器件是现代红外成像系统的关键器件,它包括红外探测器阵列和读出电路两部分。其信号获取电路是处理焦平面输出信号的部分,主要指与读出电路接口的放大电路。本文主要综合了红外焦平面器件的信息获取电路及其相关技术,并就其中的关键技术进行简要分析。     

红外焦平面读出电路辐射特性研究

红外焦平面阵列在宇宙空间中使用时,受到各种辐射导致性能退化甚至功能失效。作为红外焦平面阵列的重要组成部分,CMOS读出电路受到各种辐射主要体现为电离辐射效应。通过对红外焦平面CMOS读出电路进行空间模拟辐射实验后,测试读出电路的功能以及性能参数,研究了辐射对读出电路的影响。实验结果为红外焦平面CMOS读出电路的抗辐射设计提供了参考依据。     

红外焦平面读出电路技术及发展趋势

从红外焦平面技术的发展背景出发,论述了读出电路在红外焦平面信号传输中的作用并介绍其基本框图,讨论了CCD读出电路和CMOS读出电路各自的特点,并分析了国内外红外焦平面读出电路的现状,最后提出了红外焦平面阵列读出电路今后的研究方向.     

1280 × 1024，10 μm数字红外焦平面读出电路设计（特邀）

焦平面红外探测器的数字读出是其发展的一个重要方向,相比传统的模拟红外焦平面探测器,数字红外焦平面探测器具有诸多优势。数字红外焦平面探测器的核心在于数字读出电路。文中详细介绍了1280 × 1024, 10 μm数字焦平面读出电路的设计和实现。通过对读出电路的测试得到其噪声为157 μV,在50 Hz帧频下功耗为165 mW,列级固定图案噪声为0.1%。所设计的数字读出电路与短波红外探测器成功实现了倒装焊互连并完成了成像,所成图像清晰、细节丰富。测试结果和探测器成像效果表明,所设计的数字读出电路具有低噪声、高传输带宽、高抗干扰性等特点,有助于提升红外焦平面探测器的各项性能。     

面向QWIP焦平面阵列的快照模式低温读出电路

介绍了应用于GaAs/AlGaAs量子阱红外焦平面阵列的快照模式的低温读出电路的设计方法与测试结果。读出电路采用CTIA作为输入电路,提出在单元输入电路中引入内建电注入器件进行读出电路封装前测试。对读出电路的低温和低功耗进行了优化设计。基于该方法采用0.35um CMOS工艺设计制造了阵列尺寸为128×128的读出电路实验芯片。测试结果表明,读出电路能够在77K的温度下正常工作,功耗为35mW。该读出电路象元级的电荷容量为2.57×106电子,跨导系数为1.4×107Ω。分析表明,在3.3V电源电压下,当输出速率为10MHz时,实验芯片的非均匀性小于5%。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.