面向非多媒体程序的SIMD向量化算法的研究及改进

利用微处理器的多媒体扩展对非多媒体程序的向量化已成为提高程序性能的一个重要手段,然而目前几乎所有的商业编译器对非多媒体程序的向量化的结果,都无法说明其编译器有效的向量能力.本文通过分析典型的非多媒体程序——SPECCPU2000浮点程序,归纳出非多媒体程序的SIMD向量化特征,并依此提出局部数据重组的向量化方法、针对外层循环的向量化方法、部分语句SLP的向量化方法几种新的向量化方法和相关的向量化优化技术.通过对比Intel编译器对SPEC CPU2000的向量化性能测试,可以发现本文提出的改进方法有效的提高了程序的向量化.     

基于GCC的高性能DSP Matrix向量指令集扩展

自动向量化技术是编译器提高程序并行性的优化方法。随着支持SIMD结构处理器的计算平台的广泛应用,自动向量化技术也成为编译器技术研究的热点。GCC编译器是一种开源、跨平台的编译器。本文基于GCC内部自动向量化算法,结合Matrix芯片的体系结构和指令集特点,完成了Matrix向量指令集在GCC后端扩展,实现了基本的自动向量化支持。测试结果表明,扩展后的编译器能够支持Matrix向量指令集,进行基本的自动向量化,同时支持以内建函数方式开发基于Matrix的并行程序。     

带类型恢复的编译器源源翻译技术

源源翻译是使编译器的分析和优化可重定向的一种重要方式.它被广泛用来支持并行语言扩展或者各种体系结构无关的优化,并且可以帮助程序员进行正确性或者性能的调试.在多核/众核时代,程序分析和优化倾向于让用户更多地参与,这种平台无关而且用户友好的代码生成方式也越来越受到欢迎.在简单的编译器中添加源源翻译的支持很容易,但在实现了复杂的程序分析和激进的优化的编译器中,却很少有编译器提供健壮的源源翻译支持.优化对程序结构的改变是造成翻译困难的首要原因.结合大量出错实例对优化给源源翻译带来的困难进行分析,提出了一套基于类型恢复的翻译技术,并在Open64编译器中实现了这种方法.通过supertest和spec2000测试集的测试,验证了这种方法对源源翻译的健壮性有很大改善.该方法的实现模块集成在源源翻译器内,与编译器各种分析优化模块独立,所以该方法容易移植到其他编译器中.     

基于数据对齐属性指导的GCC自动向量化优化

主流通用处理器都已经实现了多核并行以及处理器核内的SIMD并行。虽然GCC编译器实现了面向SIMD并行的自动向量化,但是编译器针对OpenMP并行程序的自动向量化效果仍很不理想。针对多线程并行的OpenMP程序,基于GCC的OpenMP编译实现,扩展了数据对齐属性指导语句,使编译器在自动向量化时能够进行更准确的数据对齐与否的判断,优化了GCC编译器的自动向量化。     

动态二进制翻译中动态优化的成本与收益分析

传统的静态编译器优化存在着各种限制,为此,提出了一种运行期动态优化的对策。在程序的执行过程中,持续检测程序运行的profile信息,并根据这些信息对程序代码进行优化变换,创建并运行程序代码的优化版本。这种运行期动态优化操作是直接针对程序的二进制代码的,不针对程序语言或编译器。这不仅带来优化的透明性,还使得老版本的源代码即遗留代码也可以从优化技术中获得性能提升。     

基于GCC关键变量数据流分析算法的程序切片技术

随着程序的规模的扩大和复杂度的提高,通过直接分析源码进行程序切片,变得十分困难。在现有的利用编译优化技术来优化程序切片的方法中,存在无法有效利用程序的编译时信息和编译器的优化技术,以及对语言的支持不完善的问题。为此,分析了GCC编译器在编译时的中间表示,首次提出了基于GCC关键变量数据流分析算法的程序切片技术,以程序的GIMPLE中间表示为基础,以程序基本块为单位,通过迭代求解数据流方程,分析程序基本块内和不同基本块间的关键变量数据流信息。该程序切片技术可以获取源程序中仅与预设目标函数相关的关键变量和关键语句,缩减程序规模。最后通过实验,证明了该算法的可行性。     

一种支持SIMD体系结构的高效分布式堆栈——HEDSSA

随着问题规模的增大和对实时性要求的提高,SIMD向量处理器尤其是带有向量运算单元的处理器在业界得到广泛应用。处理器上程序的运行状态一般由编译器通过堆栈进行管理。已有编译器堆栈设计机制在SIMD体系结构中严重影响了整个应用程序的运行性能。根据SIMD体系结构特点,提出了一种高效分布式堆栈设计方法——HEDSSA。实验结果表明,HEDSSA堆栈使得应用程序在进行局部数据访问、函数调用、发生中断以及动态分配数据时能够以更高的效率访问堆栈数据。     

分支嵌套循环的自动并行化研究

GCC编译器是一种受广大研究者青睐的开源优化编译器,但它仅仅能够对完美嵌套循环进行依赖分析。为了更好地挖掘嵌套循环粗粒度的并行,深入研究了GCC5.1数据依赖分析过程,提出了一种能够处理分支嵌套循环的依赖测试方法。首先识别出分支嵌套循环,然后分析数组下标与分支嵌套循环外层索引变量的关系,最后计算出外层循环索引变量的距离向量,并通过检测距离向量判断循环是否存在依赖。实验结果表明,该方法能够正确、有效地分析出分支嵌套循环的依赖关系。     

一种用于测试编译优化的程序控制结构生成算法

代码优化是编译器的重要阶段,是编译技术的研究重点。优化算法复杂度高,需要有效地测试用例生成方法对其进行充分的测试。提出了一种测试用例自动生成方法,能直观简单地生成具有可优化成分的程序,有针对性地对编译优化进行有效测试。重点介绍了该方法的基础、程序控制结构生成算法,并介绍了基于本方法实现的一个编译器自动测试工具。     

基于LLVM的RISC-V向量扩展栈帧布局优化

为了能够生成正确、优化的机器指令代码,需要在编译器后端代码的生成阶段,设计和使用合适的程序栈帧布局.由于RISC-V向量扩展架构具有可伸缩性、其向量寄存器的长度在编译时不可知,传统的栈帧布局无法适用.之前LLVM中针对向量扩展实现的栈帧布局虽然能够生成正确的机器指令,但存在访存指令较多,栈帧空间较大,以及预留寄存器较多等问题.我们对原有实现所存在的问题进行分析,在此基础上提出了新的布局方式以及向量对象地址计算方式,并通过巴塞罗那超算中心开发的测试集进行验证.实验表明新的栈帧布局能够有效减少访存指令数和栈空间大小.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.