低分子量聚乙烯胺的合成及其分子量测定

以N-乙烯甲酰胺为单体,异丙醇为溶剂和链转移剂,通过AIBN引发自由基聚合反应制备了聚(N-乙烯甲酰胺),并将聚(N-乙烯甲酰胺)在碱性条件下,80℃水解6h,成功制备了分子量在10000以下的低分子量聚乙烯胺。通过红外、~1H-NMR表征了产物结构。通过GPC测定了聚乙烯胺的分子量。研究了引发剂用量对聚乙烯胺分子量的影响,结果表明,通过调控单体与引发的配比从100∶1增加到100∶10时,聚乙烯胺的数均分子量从8028g/mol降低至5355g/mol。     

聚N-乙烯基甲酰胺的合成与表征

以K2S2O8为引发剂由N-乙烯基甲酰胺(NVF)合成了聚N-乙烯基甲酰胺,并用红外光谱仪和X-射线光电子能谱仪对产物进行了表征。结果表明NVF的质量分数和反应温度对单体转化率和聚合物特性黏度的影响较大,在70℃时NVF的最佳单体质量分数为20%,NVF的转化率随温度的升高而增大,在80℃时单体的转化率可达到90%以上。     

N—乙烯基甲酰胺

日本三菱化学公司1993年开始工业化生产N-乙烯基甲酰胺,主要用于生产聚乙烯基甲酰胺,并进而制备聚乙烯胺和聚脒。     

P2VP-b-PS-b-PI三嵌段共聚物的RAFT合成及表征

以S-十二烷基-S’-(α,α’-二甲基-α’’-乙酸)-三硫代碳酸酯(DDMAT)为链转移剂,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)方法制备了窄分布的聚2-乙烯基吡啶。再以该聚合物为大分子链转移剂,引发苯乙烯的RAFT聚合,得到聚2-乙烯基吡啶-b-聚苯乙烯(P2VP-b-PS)的两嵌段共聚物。以P2VP-b-PS为RAFT试剂,合成聚2-乙烯基吡啶-b-聚苯乙烯-b-聚异戊二烯(P2VP-b-PS-b-PI)的三嵌段共聚物。运用1H NMR、IR和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等技术对产物的结构和分子量及分子量分布进行表征,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察三嵌段共聚物薄膜的微相分离结构。结果表明,所得三嵌段共聚物P2VP72-b-PS136-b-PI300分子量分布较窄(PDI=1.69),合成过程具有活性/可控聚合特征,聚合物薄膜经溶剂退火处理后出现了明显的微观相分离结构。     

沉淀聚合制备低分子量聚丙烯酸及残液循环利用

以偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为自由基引发剂,石油醚为溶剂,异丙醇为链转移剂,通过沉淀聚合制备了低相对分子质量(简称分子量,下同)的聚丙烯酸。考察了引发剂用量、链转移剂用量、单体质量浓度对聚合收率的影响,确定最佳聚合条件为:AIBN用量为单体质量的10%,链转移剂用量为单体质量的100%,单体质量浓度100g/L,反应温度80℃,反应时间4 h。反应结束后产品在底部沉淀析出,溶剂可循环利用,在最佳聚合条件下,残液循环利用5次,单体的累计转化率达到92.6%。凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析表明,通过残液循环制备的产品重均分子量(Mw)变化不大,保持在1 000～1 300,多分散性(PDI)为1.92～3.38。     

用MADIX/RAFT聚合合成聚(N-乙烯基己内酰胺)

MADIX/RAFT聚合是黄原酸酯调控的可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合,它可用于调控非共轭单体的活性/可控自由基聚合。以乙二醇为原料,将乙二醇的两个羟基转化为O-乙基黄原酸酯,得到黄原酸酯双官能团链转移剂(CTA)。用这个CTA调控N-乙烯基己内酰胺(NVCL)的MADIX/RAFT聚合,合成了聚(N-乙烯基己内酰胺)。用1H NMR谱证明了所得聚合物和中间产物的结构。     

PS-b-PNVIm(Bu)BF_4离子液体嵌段聚合物的RAFT合成及表征

以S-十二烷基-S’-(α,α’-二甲基-α’’-乙酸)-三硫代碳酸酯为链转移剂,制备了窄分布的聚苯乙烯大分子链转移剂,再用该大分子链转移剂制备聚苯乙烯-b-聚N-乙烯基咪唑(PS-b-PNVIm)两嵌段聚合物。通过与溴代正丁烷发生季铵化反应并与氟硼酸钠进行阴离子交换,得到聚苯乙烯-b-聚1-丁基-3-乙烯基咪唑氟硼化物[PS-bPNVIm(Bu)BF4]。运用1H NMR、IR和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等技术对产物的结构和分子量及分子量分布进行表征,结果表明,嵌段聚合物为PS160-b-PNVIm82,分子量分布为1.52,合成过程具有活性/可控聚合特征。PS-bPNVIm具有两亲性,原子力显微镜观察到水溶性球形胶束,胶束以PNVIm链段为壳,PS链段为核。     

链转移剂调控DMDAAC均聚物分子量

以工业级二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为反应单体、甲酸钠或甲醇为链转移剂,选择过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠氧化还原引发体系,采用水溶液聚合法得到分子量在800～9000的PDMDAAC.通过正交实验考察了单体质量分数、聚合温度、聚合时间、聚合体系pH值、引发剂用量、还原剂用量和链转移剂用量对聚合产物特性粘数和单体转化率的影响.研究了链转移剂对PDMDAAC分子量的调控作用及其用量对聚合物特性粘数和单体转化率的影响规律.     

PS-b-PNVIm(Bu)BF_4离子液体嵌段聚合物的RAFT合成及表征

以S-十二烷基-S’-(α,α’-二甲基-α’’-乙酸)-三硫代碳酸酯为链转移剂,制备了窄分布的聚苯乙烯大分子链转移剂,再用该大分子链转移剂制备聚苯乙烯-b-聚N-乙烯基咪唑(PS-b-PNVIm)两嵌段聚合物。通过与溴代正丁烷发生季铵化反应并与氟硼酸钠进行阴离子交换,得到聚苯乙烯-b-聚1-丁基-3-乙烯基咪唑氟硼化物[PS-bPNVIm(Bu)BF4]。运用1H NMR、IR和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等技术对产物的结构和分子量及分子量分布进行表征,结果表明,嵌段聚合物为PS160-b-PNVIm82,分子量分布为1.52,合成过程具有活性/可控聚合特征。PS-bPNVIm具有两亲性,原子力显微镜观察到水溶性球形胶束,胶束以PNVIm链段为壳,PS链段为核。     

NVF/SM/DADMAC三元共聚物的合成

以偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐为引发剂,采用无皂乳液聚合法,合成了N-乙烯基甲酰胺(NVF)、苯乙烯(SM)和N,N-二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DADMAC)三元共聚物。探讨了单体质量分数、引发剂用量、单体配比和反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明,在单体配比m(NVF)∶m(SM)∶m(DADMAC)为5∶4∶1,单体质量分数40%,引发剂质量分数1.0%,反应温度75℃下反应5 h时,DADMAC转化率可达99%。红外光谱及DSC分析表明,NVF、SM和DADMAC均参与了聚合反应。     

Living radical dispersion photopolymerization of styrene by a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent

In this study, an addition-fragmentation chain transfer agent bearing dithioester group is synthesized and applied to conventional dispersion photopolymerization of styrene in ethanol medium in the presence of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) stabilizer with varying amounts of the RAFT agent and optionally with conventional initiator, azobisisobutyronitril (AIBN) at various temperatures. Monomer conversion, molecular weight evolution, polydispersity index (PDI), and final particle sizes are measured. The PDI of the formed polymer is between 1.5 and 2.5 in the presence of RAFT agent. Higher concentration of RAFT agent or elevated temperature leads to the acceleration of the polymerization rate resulting in fast conversion, and reducing molecular weight and PDI. Stable polystyrene beads above 1 μm in diameter are successfully prepared by means of RAFT method applied in dispersion polymerization. The weight average particle sizes are between 1.08 and 2.04 μm, and the uniformity (D_w/D_n) is ranged from 1.26 to 2.51.     

悬浮聚合法制取不同分子量级别的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯

采用粉状MgCO3 作为分散剂 ,悬浮聚合制取了分子量从 2 4× 10 4 ～ 2 5 4× 10 4 的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。考察了温度、引发剂种类和浓度、分子量调节剂、转化率对聚合物分子量的影响规律 ,用粘度法测量了聚合物聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA)的分子量。结果表明 :温度的升高、引发剂浓度的增大、分子量调节剂的加入都会导致分子量的减小 ,随着转化率的提高 ,聚合物的分子量增大。在同等条件下 ,引发剂过氧化苯甲酰 (BPO)聚合所得的分子量较偶氮二异丁腈 (AIBN)高。通过实验 ,得到了满足作者需求的分子量 (96× 10 4 ～ 10 0× 10 4 )的聚合物的聚合条件为 :分散剂MgCO3 用量 1% ,单体∶水相 =1∶2 5 (质量比 ) ,引发剂BPO浓度 0 5 % ,反应温度 70℃ ,反应时间 3h。     

Polymer networks based on α,ω-methacrylate-terminated poly(1,3-dioxolane)

α,ω-Methacrylate-terminated poly(1,3-dioxolane)s (polyDXL) were synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization of DXL in the presence of methylene-bis(oxyethylmethacrylate) as transfer agent. If the initiator concentration is small compared with the transfer agent concentration, the molecular weights of the polymers are governed by the ratio of the reacted monomer to the reacted transfer agent. The α,ω-methacrylate-terminated polyDXLs obtained undergo free radical polymerization with formation of polyacetal networks. The properties of the networks as function of the molecular weight of the corresponding prepolymers are reported.     

甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯的ATRP聚合

2-溴代异丁酸-Ⅳ-丁二酰亚胺酯（NHS—BIBA酯）由2-溴代异丁酸和,v-羟基丁二酰亚胺通过酯化反应制得。以它为引发剂,2,2＇-联吡啶（bpy）／CuBr为催化体系、水为溶剂,采用原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）合成了带有功能基团的聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯（PDMAEMA）高分子。研究了引发剂、温度、反应时间、pH值和浓度对聚合产率的影响,利用凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）和核磁共振（1HNMR）测定了聚合物的分子量、多分散指数（PDI）和链结构。由GPC可知在最高产率下,Mn和Mw／Mn分别为8674和1．59,结果表明,NHS-BIBA酯引发的PDMAEMA实际数均分子量高于理论分子量,并具有低分散度,链结构上氢原子出峰符合特有的化学位移。     

Aqueous solution polymerization of neutralized acrylic acid using Na 2 S 2 O 5 /(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 redox pair system under atmospheric conditions

Thickening is one of the main attributes of high molecular weight poly(sodium acrylate) as a water-soluble polymer. The acrylate polymer was prepared through polymerization of NaOH-neutralized acrylic acid in aqueous solution. The reaction mixture was open to the atmosphere, providing unrestricted access to oxygen. The sodium metabisulfite/ammonium persulfate redox system was used as an initiator in the free-radical polymerization. After prevailing on a few synthetic practical problems, certain parameters affecting the reaction and product characteristics were studied. The parameters were the initiator and monomer concentration, reaction temperature, pH, and chain transfer agent (i.e., isopropanol). As-synthesizedpolymers were purified and evaluated viscometrically by a Brookfield viscometer (0.5 Wt% polymer solution in distilled water at 25°C). Intrinsic viscosity, [ m ], was also measured to calculate the viscosity average molecular weight (M v ) based on the corresponding Mark-Hawink-Sakurada equation. Changes of the isolated polymer yield, viscosity, M v , and a couple of indirect kinetic factors including gelation/reaction times and temperature were investigated according to the mechanism and known kinetic relationships of the free-radical addition polymerization. Finally, a useful Brookfield viscosity-M v curve was obtained and suggested to use for facile estimation of the average molecular weight of a typical poly(sodium acrylate) sample having medium to high molecular weight.     

Preparation of ultrahigh molecular weight syndiotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) microfibrillar fibers by low‐temperature solution polymerization of vinyl pivalate in tertiary butyl alcohol and saponification

Vinyl pivalate (VPi) was solution polymerized in tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) and in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with a low chain transfer constant using a low temperature initiator, 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐ dimethylvaleronitrile) (ADMVN). The effects of polymerization temperature and initiator concentration were investigated in terms of polymerization behavior and molecular structures of poly(vinyl pivalate) (PVPi) and its saponification product poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). TBA was absolutely superior to DMSO in increasing the syndiotacticity and molecular weight of PVA. In contrast, TBA was inferior to DMSO in causing conversion to polymer, indicating that the initiation rate of VPi production in TBA was lower than that in DMSO. These effects could be explained by a kinetic order of ADMVN concentration, calculated by the initial rate method. Low‐temperature solution polymerization of VPi in TBA or DMSO by adopting ADMVN proved to be successful in obtaining PVA of ultrahigh molecular weight [maximum number‐average degree of polymerization (P_n): 13,500–17,000] and of high yield (ultimate conversion of VPi into PVPi: 55–83%). In the case of bulk polymerization of VPi at the same conditions, maximum P_n and conversion were 14,500–17,500 and 22–36%, respectively. The P_n and syndiotactic diad content were much higher and the degree of branching was lower with PVA prepared from PVPi polymerized at lower temperatures in TBA. Moreover, PVA from the TBA system was fibrous, with a high degree of orientation of the crystallites, indicating the syndiotactic nature of TBA polymerization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1992–2003, 2002     

Semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate: Effect of ethoxylation degree of nonionic emulsifiers

Poly(vinyl acetate) latices were prepared in the presence of an ammonium persulfate initiator, 10–50 mol of an ethoxylated nonylphenol nonionic emulsifier, and a poly(vinyl alcohol) colloid stabilizer by applying semicontinuous emulsion polymerization (delayed monomer and initiator addition process) in a laboratory scale similar to industrial practice. Two approaches were applied: the molar concentration of the nonionic emulsifier was kept constant and the weight ratios in the polymerization recipe varied or the weight ratios were kept constant. The effects of the change in the ethoxylation degree of the emulsifier to the final latex viscosity, average polymer molecular weight, polymer grafting degree, surface tension of the latex, and the surface free energy of the dried films were investigated. It was determined that the resultant latex viscosity decreases and the viscosity‐average polymer molecular weight increases with increase of the nonionic emulsifier ethoxylation degree. The increase of the ethoxylation degree does not seriously affect the surface tension of the resultant latex or the surface free energy of the dried poly(vinyl acetate) films. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 844–851, 2002     

RAFT synthesis of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and poly(methacrylic acid) homopolymers and block copolymers: Kinetics and characterization

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was used successfully to synthesize temperature‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), and their temperature‐responsive block copolymers. Detailed RAFT polymerization kinetics of the homopolymers was studied. PNIPAAm and PMAA homopolymerization showed living characteristics that include a linear relationship between M _n and conversion, controlled molecular weights, and relatively narrow molecular weight distribution (PDI < 1.3). Furthermore, the homopolymers can be reactivated to produce block copolymers. The RAFT agent, carboxymethyl dithiobenzoate (CMDB), proved to control molecular weight and PDI. As the RAFT agent concentration increases, molecular weight and PDI decreased. However, CMDB showed evidence of having a relatively low chain transfer constant as well as degradation during polymerization. Solution of the block copolymers in phosphate buffered saline displayed temperature reversible characteristics at a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) transition of 31°C. A 5 wt % solution of the block copolymers form thermoreversible gels by a self‐assembly mechanism above the LCST. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1191–1201, 2006     

低分子量AN/AA共聚物的制备

以过硫酸钾—亚硫酸氢钠的氧化还原体系为引发剂,采用水相沉淀聚合法制备了AN/AA共聚物,用不同链转移剂控制共聚物的分子量。研究了反应时间、引发剂含量、链转移剂含量对聚合物转化率以及聚合物分子量的影响。结果表明,选用N,N-二乙基羟胺为链转移剂,其用量为5%,反应时间为2 h时,共聚物分子量最小,控制在15000左右。